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PUB22 and PUB23 U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases negatively regulate 26S proteasome activity under proteotoxic stress conditions

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2022年第3期64卷 625-631页

作者： Min Yong Ahn Dong Hye seo Woo taek Kim Department of Systems Biology Division of Life ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoul 03722Korea Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology Yonsei UniversitySeoul 03722Korea

The mechanism regulating proteasomal activity under proteotoxic stress conditions remains unclear.Here,we showed that arsenite-induced proteotoxic stress resulted in upregulation of Arabidopsis homologous PUB22 and PUB23 U-boxE3 ubiquitin ligases and that pub22 pub23 double mutants displayed arsenite-insensitive seed germination and root growth phenotypes.PUB22/PUB23 downregulated 26 S proteasome activity by promoting the dissociation of the 19 S regulatory particle from the holo-proteasome complex,resulting in intracellular accumulation of UbG76 VGFP,an artificial substrate of the proteasome complex,and insoluble poly-ubiquitinated proteins.These results suggest that PUB22/PUB23 play a critical role in arsenite-induced proteotoxic stress response via negative regulation of 26 S proteasome integrity.

关键词： Arabidopsis thaliana proteotoxic stress sodium arsenite U-box E3 ligases PUB22/23 26S proteasome complex

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Programmable Logic Controller Block Monitoring System for Memory Attack Defense in Industrial Control Systems

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第11期77卷 2427-2442页

作者： Mingyu Lee Jiho Shin Jung taek seo Department of Information Security Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Korea Police Science Institute Korean National Police UniversityAsan31539Korea Department of Computer Engineering Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Korea

Cyberattacks targeting industrial control systems(ICS)are becoming more sophisticated and advanced than in the past.A programmable logic controller(PLC),a core component of ICS,controls and monitors sensors and actuators in the field.However,PLC has memory attack threats such as program injection and manipulation,which has long been a major target for attackers,and it is important to detect these attacks for ICS security.To detect PLC memory attacks,a security system is required to acquire and monitor PLC memory directly.In addition,the performance impact of the security system on the PLC makes it difficult to apply to the ICS.To address these challenges,this paper proposes a system to detect PLC memory attacks by continuously acquiring and monitoring PLC memory.The proposed system detects PLC memory attacks by acquiring the program blocks and block information directly from the same layer as the PLC and then comparing them in bytes with previous data.Experiments with Siemens S7-300 and S7-400 PLC were conducted to evaluate the PLC memory detection performance and performance impact on PLC.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system detects all malicious organization block(OB)injection and data block(DB)manipulation,and the increment of PLC cycle time,the impact on PLC performance,was less than 1 ms.The proposed system detects PLC memory attacks with a simpler detection method than earlier studies.Furthermore,the proposed system can be applied to ICS with a small performance impact on PLC.

关键词： Programmable logic controller industrial control system attack detection

Solar Power Plant Network Packet-Based Anomaly Detection System for Cybersecurity

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第10期77卷 757-779页

作者： Ju Hyeon Lee Jiho Shin Jung taek seo Department of Information Security Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Korea Police Science Institute Korean National Police UniversityAsan31539Korea Department of Computer Engineering Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Korea

As energy-related problems continue to emerge,the need for stable energy supplies and issues regarding both environmental and safety require urgent consideration.Renewable energy is becoming increasingly important,with solar power accounting for the most significant proportion of renewables.As the scale and importance of solar energy have increased,cyber threats against solar power plants have also increased.So,we need an anomaly detection system that effectively detects cyber threats to solar power plants.However,as mentioned earlier,the existing solar power plant anomaly detection system monitors only operating information such as power generation,making it difficult to detect cyberattacks.To address this issue,in this paper,we propose a network packet-based anomaly detection system for the Programmable Logic Controller(PLC)of the inverter,an essential system of photovoltaic plants,to detect cyber threats.Cyberattacks and vulnerabilities in solar power plants were analyzed to identify cyber threats in solar power plants.The analysis shows that Denial of Service(DoS)and Manin-the-Middle(MitM)attacks are primarily carried out on inverters,aiming to disrupt solar plant operations.To develop an anomaly detection system,we performed preprocessing,such as correlation analysis and normalization for PLC network packets data and trained various machine learning-based classification models on such data.The Random Forest model showed the best performance with an accuracy of 97.36%.The proposed system can detect anomalies based on network packets,identify potential cyber threats that cannot be identified by the anomaly detection system currently in use in solar power plants,and enhance the security of solar plants.

关键词： Renewable energy solar power plant cyber threat cybersecurity anomaly detection machine learning network packet

Improving Method of Anomaly Detection Performance for Industrial IoT Environment

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第9期72卷 5377-5394页

作者： Junwon Kim Jiho Shin Ki-Woong Park Jung taek seo Department of Information Security Engineering Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Korea Police Science Institute Korea National Police UniversityAsan31539Korea SysCore Lab. Sejong UniversitySeoul05006Korea Department of Computer Engineering Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Korea

Industrial Control System(ICS),which is based on Industrial IoT(IIoT),has an intelligent mobile environment that supports various mobility,but there is a limit to relying only on the physical security of the ICS environment.Due to various threat factors that can disrupt the workflow of the IIoT,machine learning-based anomaly detection technologies are being presented;it is also essential to study for increasing detection performance to minimize model errors for promoting stable ICS operation.In this paper,we established the requirements for improving the anomaly detection performance in the IIoT-based ICS environment by analyzing the related cases.After that,we presented an improving method of the performance of a machine learning model specialized for IIoT-based ICS,which increases the detection rate by applying correlation coefficients and clustering;it provides a mechanism to predict thresholds on a per-sequence.Likewise,we adopted the HAI dataset environment that actively reflected the characteristics of IIoT-based ICS and demonstrated that performance could be improved through comparative experiments with the traditional method and our proposed method.The presented method can further improve the performance of commonly applied error-based detection techniques and includes a primary method that can be enhanced over existing detection techniques by analyzing correlation coefficients between features to consider feedback between ICS components.Those can contribute to improving the performance of several detection models applied in ICS and other areas.

关键词： Industrial IoT industrial control system anomaly detection clustering algorithm correlation coefficient

Network Traffic Obfuscation System for IIoT-Cloud Control Systems

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第9期72卷 4911-4929页

作者： Yangjae Lee Sung Hoon Baek Jung taek seo Ki-Woong Park SysCore Lab. Sejong UniversitySeoul05006Korea Department of Computer System Engineering Jungwon UniversityChungcheongbuk-do28024Korea Department of Computer Engineering Gachon UniversityGyeonggi-do13120Korea

One of the latest technologies enabling remote control,operational efficiency upgrades,and real-time big-data monitoring in an industrial control system(ICS)is the IIoT-Cloud ICS,which integrates the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)and the cloud into the ICS.Although an ICS benefits from the application of IIoT and the cloud in terms of cost reduction,efficiency improvement,and real-time monitoring,the application of this technology to an ICS poses an unprecedented security risk by exposing its terminal devices to the outside world.An adversary can collect information regarding senders,recipients,and prime-time slots through traffic analysis and use it as a linchpin for the next attack,posing a potential threat to the ICS.To address this problem,we designed a network traffic obfuscation system(NTOS)for the IIoT-Cloud ICS,based on the requirements derived from the ICS characteristics and limitations of existing NTOS models.As a strategy to solve this problem wherein a decrease in the traffic volume facilitates traffic analysis or reduces the packet transmission speed,we proposed an NTOS based on packet scrambling,wherein a packet is split into multiple pieces before transmission,thus obfuscating network analysis.To minimize the ICS modification and downtime,the proposed NTOS was designed using an agentbased model.In addition,for the ICS network traffic analyzer to operate normally in an environment wherein the NTOS is applied,a rule-based NTOS was adopted such that the actual traffic flow is known only to the device that is aware of the rule and is blocked for attackers.The experimental results verified that the same time requested for response and level of difficulty of analysis were maintained by the application of an NTOS based on packet scrambling,even when the number of requests received by the server per second was reduced.The network traffic analyzer of the ICS can capture the packet flow by using the pre-communicated NTOS rule.In addition,by designing an NTOS using an agent-based model,the impact on the

关键词： Cloud computing system moving-target defense container orchestration

Design the IoT Botnet Defense Process for Cybersecurity in Smart City

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第9期37卷 2979-2997页

作者： Donghyun Kim Seungho Jeon Jiho Shin Jung taek seo Department of Information Security Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Korea Department of Smart Security Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Korea Police Science Institute Korean National Police UniversityAsan31539Korea Department of Computer Engineering Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Korea

The smart city comprises various infrastructures,including health-care,transportation,manufacturing,and energy.A smart city’s Internet of Things(IoT)environment constitutes a massive IoT environment encom-passing numerous devices.As many devices are installed,managing security for the entire IoT device ecosystem becomes challenging,and attack vectors accessible to attackers increase.However,these devices often have low power and specifications,lacking the same security features as general Information Technology(IT)systems,making them susceptible to cyberattacks.This vulnerability is particularly concerning in smart cities,where IoT devices are connected to essential support systems such as healthcare and transportation.Disruptions can lead to significant human and property damage.One rep-resentative attack that exploits IoT device vulnerabilities is the Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)attack by forming an IoT botnet.In a smart city environment,the formation of IoT botnets can lead to extensive denial-of-service attacks,compromising the availability of services rendered by the city.Moreover,the same IoT devices are typically employed across various infrastructures within a smart city,making them potentially vulnerable to similar attacks.This paper addresses this problem by designing a defense process to effectively respond to IoT botnet attacks in smart city environ-ments.The proposed defense process leverages the defense techniques of the MITRE D3FEND framework to mitigate the propagation of IoT botnets and support rapid and integrated decision-making by security personnel,enabling an immediate response.

关键词： Smart city IoT botnet cybersecurity

Relationship between treatment types and blood–brain barrier disruption in patients with acute ischemic stroke:Two case reports

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2022年第7期10卷 2351-2356页

作者： Youngbeom seo Jonghoon Kim Min Cheol chang Hyungkyu Huh Eun-Hee Lee Department of Neurosurgery College of MedicineYeungnam UniversityDaegu 42415South Korea Department of Rehabilitation Medicine College of MedicineYeungnam UniversityDaegu 42415South Korea Medical Interdisciplinary Team Medical Device Development CenterDaegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation FoundationDaegu 41061South Korea

BACKGROUND Blood-brain barrier(BBB)disruption plays an important role in the development of neurological dysfunction in ischemic stroke.However,diagnostic modalities that can clearly diagnose the degree of BBB disruption in ischemic stroke are limited.Here,we describe two cases in which the usefulness of dynamic contrastenhanced magnetic resonance imaging(DCE-MRI)in detecting BBB disruption was evaluated after treatment of acute ischemic stroke using two different methods.CASE SUMMARY The two patients of similar age and relatively similar cerebral infarction locations were treated conservatively or with thrombectomy,although their sex was different.As a result of analysis by performing DCE-MRI,it was confirmed that BBB disruption was significantly less severe in the patient who underwent thrombectomy(P=3.3×10^(-7)),whereas the average Ktrans of the contralateral hemisphere in both patients was similar(2.4×10^(-5)min^(-1) and 2.0×10^(-5)min^(-1)).If reperfusion is achieved through thrombectomy,it may indicate that the penumbra can be saved and BBB recovery can be promoted.CONCLUSION Our cases suggest that BBB disruption could be important if BBB permeability is used to guide clinical treatment.

关键词： Blood-brain barrier Ischemic stroke Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Thrombectomy Penumbra Case report

A Novel Transparent and Auditable Fog-Assisted Cloud Storage with Compensation Mechanism

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2020年第1期25卷 28-43页

作者： Donghyun Kim Junggab Son Daehee seo Yeojin Kim Hyobin Kim Jung taek seo Department of Computer Science Kennesaw State UniversityMariettaGA 30060USA Department of Information Security Engineering Soonchunhyang UniversityAsan 31538South Korea

This paper introduces a new fog-assisted cloud storage which can achieve much higher throughput compared to the traditional cloud-only storage architecture by reducing the traffics toward the cloud storage. The fog-storage service providers are transparency to end-users and therefore, no modification on the end-user devices is necessary. This new system is featured with(1) a stronger audit scheme which is naturally coupled with the proposed architecture and does not suffer from the replay attack and(2) a transparent and efficient compensation mechanism for the fog-storage service providers. We provide rigorous theoretical analysis on the correctness and soundness of the proposed system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to discuss about a storage data audit scheme for fog-assisted cloud storage as well as the compensation mechanism for the service providers of the fog-storage service providers.

关键词： fog computing cloud computing network storage data audit merkle hash tree integer factorization payment transparency

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Bi-directional and concurrent proof of ownership for stronger storage services with de-duplication

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2018年第3期61卷 84-94页

作者： taek-Young YOUN Ku-Young chang Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute

In storage service, data de-duplication is a specialized technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data in storage. Especially, client-side de-duplication has more merits than server-side deduplication since they can improve both the space efficiency and the communication bandwidth. For secure client-side de-duplication, we need a way to prove the ownership of a file to be stored. In the upload step,the server should verify the ownership of a client to give the right of the file without uploading it. On the contrary, the client also want to verify the retrievability for the file since he will delete it from his storage after protocol execution. Existing proof of ownership techniques have been designed for server’s need. In this paper, we first point out that we need the second property in client’s view point, and give a very simple and practical solution which can support the server and the client to prove that they have the same file. We first describe a generic strategy which can help us to construction a bi-directional and concurrent proof of ownership technique from an ordinary proof of ownership technique, and then give an efficient hash-based scheme with security proof in the random oracle model.

关键词： cloud storage secure de-duplication data out-source proof of ownership bi-directional and concurrent proof