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Vascular plants distribution in relation to topography and environmental variables in alpine zone of Kedarnath Wild Life Sanctuary,West Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2018年第9期15卷 1936-1949页

作者： chandra sudeep SINGH Ankit SINGH C.P. NAUTIYAL M.C. RAWAT L.S. High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre(HAPPRC)H.N.B.Garhwal University Srinagar Garhwal-246174UttarakhandIndia Space Applications Centre (Indian Space Research Organization)Ahmedabad 380015India Govind Ballabh Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment&Sustainable Development Garhwal Unit Srinagar Garhwal-246174UttarakhandIndia

The present study was carried out in Tungnath alpine meadows of Kedarnath Wild Life Sanctuary, Western Himalaya from subalpine to upper alpine zone. A total of four summits were selected along an altitudinal gradient and sampled for detailed vegetation analysis using multi summit approach as per Global observation research initiative in alpine environments(GLORIA). Species richness, diversity, and evenness among four summits as well as the interaction between environmental variables with plant communities were assessed. Monthly mean soil temperature was calculated using data retrieved from geo-precision temperature logger in order to identify the trend of soil temperature among different season and altitudinal gradient and its implications to plant communities. Soil samples were analyzed fromeach summit by collecting randomized composite soil samples. The indirect non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS) and direct canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) tools of ordination techniques to determine the linkage between plant species from various sample summits and biotic/abiotic environmental gradients were used in the present study. The results of the study demonstrated increase in species richness as soil temperature increases, the ecotone representing summits were found most warm summits followed by highest species richness. Annual soil temperature increased by 1.43°C at timberline ecotone. Whereas, at upper alpine zone the soil temperature increased by 0.810 C from year 2015 to 2016. S?rensen's similarity index was found to be increased between subalpine and upper alpine zone with increase in the presence of subalpine plant species at upper alpine zone. Both the ordination tools separate the subalpine summit and their respective vegetation from summits representingtimberline ecotone and upper alpine zone. Soil p H, altitude, soil cation exchange capacity were found as the key abiotic drivers for distribution of plant species.

关键词： GLORIA Non-metric multidimensionalscaling (NMDS) Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) Ecotone West Himalaya

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Outcome of application of primary versus secondary Illizarov＇s fixator in open tibial shaft fractures

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World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2016年第3期7卷 221-226页

作者： Anil Joshi Saurabh Singh sudeep Jain Narender Rohilla Vivek Trikha chandra Yadav Medical College V.C.S.G. Government Medical Sciences and Research Institute Srinagar Pauri Garhwal India H.N.B. Base & Teaching Hospital P O.-Srikot Srinagar Srinagar Garhwal Uttarakhand 246174 India Department of Orthopaedics IMS BHU Varanasi India Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 221005 India Fortis Flt Lt Rajah Dhall Hospital Ringgold Standard Institution Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi Delhi 110070 India Fortis Hospital Shalimar Bagh Ringgold Standard Institution Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi Delhi 110033 India Department of Orthopaedics All India Institute of Medical Sciences Ringgold Standard Institution New Delhi Delhi 110029 India

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to compare outcome of primary and secondary Illizarov's fi xator application as a treatment method for type III open tibial fractures in terms of nonunion and wound ***: This prospective study was done in a tertiary care center. Forty-eight type III tibial fractures were treated with Illizarov's apparatus between 2008 and 2011. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the treatment protocol, timing of wound closure and Illizarov's application, primary(n=28) and secondary(n=20).RESULTS: In the primary group, healing was achieved in all 28 patients. The median time to recovery was 24 weeks, and the median number of operations was 3. There were 6 patients with a bone defect. In the secondary group, complete recovery was achieved in 18 out of 20 patients. The median time to recovery was 30 weeks, and the median number of operations 5. There were 9 patients with a bone defect. The median time to recovery and the number of operations were signifi cantly smaller in patients undergoing primary operation. Union was 100% in the primary group and more than 95% in the secondary group. Chronic osteomyelitis persisted in one patient and below amputation was done in one patient in the secondary ***: Primary wound closure and Illizarov's fixation required a smaller number of operations and shorter time to recovery than secondary wound closure and Illizarov's fi xation, mostly due to a signifi cantly less number of patients with a bone defect in the primary group.

关键词： Open fractures Limb salvage Debridement Illizarov’s fi xator Tibial fractures

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