Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus(SARS-CoV)-2 infection induces an exacerbated inflammation driven by innate immunity *** cells(DCs)play a key role in the defense against viral infections,for instance plas...
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus(SARS-CoV)-2 infection induces an exacerbated inflammation driven by innate immunity *** cells(DCs)play a key role in the defense against viral infections,for instance plasmacytoid DCs(pDCs),have the capacity to produce vast amounts of interferon-alpha(IFN-α).In COVID-19 there is a deficit in DC numbers and IFN-αproduction,which has been associated with disease *** this work,we described that in addition to the DC deficiency,several DC activation and homing markers were altered in acute COVID-19 patients,which were associated with multiple inflammatory ***,previously hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients remained with decreased numbers of CD1c+myeloid DCs and pDCs seven months after SARS-CoV-2 ***,the expression of DC markers such as CD86 and CD4 were only restored in previously nonhospitalized patients,while no restoration of integrinβ7 and indoleamine 2,3-dyoxigenase(IDO)levels were *** findings contribute to a better understanding of the immunological sequelae of COVID-19.
AIM To investigate physicochemical stability of sevoflurane in dimethyl sulfoxide using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).METHODS Undiluted sevoflurane, plus dilut...
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AIM To investigate physicochemical stability of sevoflurane in dimethyl sulfoxide using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).METHODS Undiluted sevoflurane, plus dilutions 1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:25, and 1:50 in dimethyl sulfoxide were prepared in a vertical laminar flow cabinet class Ⅱ type B and stored at different temperatures(23 ℃, 6 ℃, and-10 ℃) for 45 d. Sterile 1 mL polypropylene amber syringes to minimize light degradation, caps and needles were used. The presence of sevoflurane and its degradation products in the samples was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector(260 ℃, 40 min), and by ~1H, ^(19) F, and proton-decoupled ^(19) F nuclear magnetic *** The gas chromatography analysis showed sevoflurane and dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) retention times were 2.7 and 13.0 min, respectively. Pure DMSO injection into the column resulted in two additional peaks at 2.1 and 2.8 min. The same sevoflurane peak at 2.7 min was observed in all the dilutions at-10 ℃, 4 ℃ and 25 ℃. The NMR spectra showed signals consistent with the sevoflurane structure in all the dilutions at-10 ℃, 4 ℃ and 25 ℃. In the ~1H spectrum, two signals corresponding to the sevoflurane molecule were observed at 5.12 and 4.16 parts per million(ppm5). In the ^(19)F-NMR spectrum, two signals were observed at-76.77 ppm and-157.13 ppm. In the ^(19)F NMR CPD, two signals were observed at-76.77 ppm and-157.13 ppm. The first one showed a doublet(JF-F = 3.1 Hz) which integrated by six fluorine nuclei from the hexafluoro-isopropyl group. The second signal was integrated by a fluorine atom and showed a septuplet(JF-F = 3.1 Hz).CONCLUSION This study shows that different concentrations of sevoflurane in dimethyl sulfoxide retain their chemical composition after exposure to different temperatures for a period of 45 d.
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