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Return to the Moon:New perspectives on lunar exploration

Science Bulletin 2024年第13期69卷 2136-2148页

作者： Yangting Lin Wei Yang Hui Zhang Hejiu Hui Sen Hu Long Xiao Jianzhong Liu Zhiyong Xiao Zongyu Yue Jinhai Zhang Yang Liu Jing Yang Honglei Lin Aicheng Zhang Dijun Guo Sheng Gou Lin Xu Yuyang He Xianguo Zhang Liping Qin Zongcheng Ling Xiongyao Li Aimin Du Huaiyu He Peng Zhang jinbin cao Xianhua Li Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources School of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550002China Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory School of Atmospheric SciencesSun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment Institute of Space SciencesShandong UniversityWeihai 264209China Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100094China School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China

Lunar exploration is deemed crucial for uncovering the origins of the Earth-Moon system and is the first step for advancing humanity’s exploration of deep *** the past decade,the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program(CLEP),also known as the Chang’e(CE)Project,has achieved remarkable *** has successfully developed and demonstrated the engineering capability required to reach and return from the lunar ***,the CE Project has made historic firsts with the landing and on-site exploration of the far side of the Moon,along with the collection of the youngest volcanic samples from the Procellarum KREEP *** achievements have significantly enhanced our understanding of lunar *** on this success,China has proposed an ambitious crewed lunar exploration strategy,aiming to return to the Moon for scientific exploration and *** plan encompasses two primary phases:the first crewed lunar landing and exploration,followed by a thousand-kilometer scale scientific expedition to construct a geological cross-section across the lunar *** the limitations of current lunar exploration efforts and China’s engineering and technical capabilities,this paper explores the benefits of crewed lunar exploration while leveraging synergies with robotic *** study refines fundamental lunar scientific questions that could lead to significant breakthroughs,considering the respective engineering and technological *** research lays a crucial foundation for defining the objectives of future lunar exploration,emphasizing the importance of crewed missions and offering insights into potential advancements in lunar science.

关键词： Crewed lunar exploration Water and volatiles Composition and structure of lunar interior Volcanic activity and evolution of lunar mantle Space weathering and radiation environments Exploration technology

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Magnetospheric Physics in China:2020-2021

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空间科学学报 2022年第4期42卷 628-652页

作者： cao jinbin YANG Junying Space Science Institute School of Space and EnvironmentBeihang UniversityBeijing 100191 Key Laboratory of Space Environment Monitoring and Information Processing Ministry of Industry and Information TechnologyBeijing 100191

In the past two years,many progresses were made in magnetospheric physics by the data of OMNI,SuperMAG networks,Double Star Program,Cluster,THEMIS,RBSP,DMSP,DEMETER,NOAA,Van Allen Probes,GOES,Geotail,Swarm,MMS,BeiDa,Fengyun,ARTEMIS,MESSENGER,Juno,Chinese Mars ROVER,MAVEN,Tianwen-1,Venus Express,Lunar Prospector e.g.,or by computer *** paper briefly reviews these works based on 356 papers published from January 2020 to December *** subjects covered various sub-branches of Magnetospheric Physics,including solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction,inner magnetosphere,outer magnetosphere,magnetic reconnection,planetary magnetosphere.

关键词： Solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction Inner magnetosphere Outer magnetosphere Magnetic reconnection Planetary magnetosphere

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Effects of polarization-reversed electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves on the ring current dynamics

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2022年第4期6卷 329-338页

作者： MingHui Zhu YiQun Yu Xing cao BinBin Ni XingBin Tian jinbin cao Vania K.Jordanova School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Key Laboratory of Space Environment Monitoring and Information Processing Ministry of Industry and Information TechnologyBeijing 100191China Department of Space Physics School of Electronic InformationWuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology Hefei 230026China Space Science and Application Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos Alamos87545New MexicoUSA

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron(EMIC)waves are widely believed to play an important role in influencing the radiation belt and ring current *** studies have investigated the effects or characteristics of EMIC waves by assuming their left-handed ***,recent studies have found that the reversal of polarization,which occurs at higher latitudes along the wave propagation path,can change the wave-induced pitch angle diffusion *** such a polarization reversal can influence the global ring current dynamics remains *** this study,we investigate the ring current dynamics and proton precipitation loss in association with polarization-reversed EMIC waves by using the ring current-atmosphere interactions model(RAM).The results indicate that the polarization reversal of H-band EMIC waves can truly decrease the scattering rates of protons of 10 to 50 keV or>100 keV in comparison with the scenario in which the EMIC waves are considered purely left-handed ***,the global ring current intensity and proton precipitation may be slightly affected by the polarization reversal,especially during prestorm time and the recovery phase,but the effects are not large during the main *** is probably because the H-band EMIC waves contribute to the proton scattering loss primarily at E<10 keV,an energy range that is not strongly affected by the polarization reversal.

关键词： electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves polarization reversal ring current

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Ionospheric TEC and plasma anomalies possibly associated with the 14 July 2019 M_(w) 7.2 Indonesia Laiwui earthquake,from analysis of GPS and CSES data

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2022年第4期6卷 313-328页

作者： YuanZheng Wen Dan Tao GuangXue Wang JiaYi Zong jinbin cao Roberto Battiston ZhiMa ZeRen XuHui Shen Key Laboratory of Earth Exploration and Information Techniques of Ministry of Education Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China School of Geophysics Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Dipartimento di Fisica Universitàdi TrentoTrento 38123Italy Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications(TIFPA) National Institute for Nuclear Physics(INFN)Trento 34136Italy National Institute of Natural Hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China

This study presents signatures of seismo-ionospheric perturbations possibly related to the 14 July 2019 M_(w)7.2 Laiwui earthquake,detected by a cross-validation analysis of total electron content(TEC)data of the global ionospheric map(GIM)from GPS and plasma parameter data recorded by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES).After separating pre-seismic ionospheric phenomena from the ionospheric disturbances due to the magnetospheric and solar activities,we have identified three positive temporal anomalies,around the epicenter,at 1 day,3 days and 8 days before the earthquake(14 July 2019),along with a negative anomaly 6 days after the *** results agree well with the TEC spatial variations in latitude-longitude-time(LLT)*** confirm these anomalies further,we employed the moving mean method(MMM)to analyze ionospheric plasma parameters(electron,O^(+) and He^(+) densities)recorded by the Langmuir probe(LAP)and Plasma Analyzer Package(PAP)onboard the *** analysis detected on,on Day Two,Day Four,and Day Seven before the earthquake,remarkable enhancements along the orbits around when in proximity to the *** make the investigations still more convincing,we compared the orbits on which anomalous readings were recorded to their corresponding four nearest revisiting orbits;the comparison did indeed indicate the existence of plasma parameter anomalies that appear to be associated with the Laiwui *** these results ilustrate that the unusual ionospheric perturbations detected through GPS and CSES data are possibly associated with the M_(w)7.2 Laiwui earthquake,which suggests that at least some earthquakes may be predicted by alertness to pre-seismic ionospheric anomalies over regions known to be at seismic *** case study also contributes additional information of value to our understanding of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling.

关键词： seismo-ionospheric perturbations CSES sallite ionosphere earthquake

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The azimuthal currents in the ion-driven magnetic nozzle

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Propulsion and Power Research 2022年第4期11卷 457-472页

作者： Zhiyuan Chen Yibai Wang Haibin Tang Junxue Ren Min Li Peng Wu jinbin cao School of Astronautics Beihang UniversityBeijing102206China Key Laboratory of Spacecraft Design Optimization and Dynamic Simulation Technologies Ministry of EducationBeijing102206China Laboratory of Space Environment Monitoring and Information Processing Ministry of Industry and Information TechnologyBeijing102206China Innovation Academy of Microsatellites Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing102206China

Ion-driven magnetic nozzles(Ti>Te)are designed as intrinsic parts of cutting-edge propulsive technologies such as variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rockets(VASIMRs)and applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic *** a two-dimensional axisymmetric particle-in-cell(PIC)code,in the ion-driven magnetic nozzle,the compositions and distributions of azimuthal currents in different axial regions are investigated under various inlet ion temperatures Ti0 and found to differ dramatically from that in the electron-driven magnetic *** reported to be all paramagnetic and vanishing under a high magnetic field,the azimuthal currents resulting from the E 3 B drift are shown to turn diamagnetic and sustain a considerable magnitude when Ti0 is *** previously reported profile of diamagnetic drift current is altered by the introduction of inlet ion temperature,and the paramagnetic part is significantly ***,a wide range of paramagnetic currents appear downstream due to the inward detachment of ions,which can also be reduced by increasing inlet ion *** considered in this paper,the azimuthal currents resulting from grad-B and curvature drift are still negligible in all cases of *** magnitude of diamagnetic azimuthal currents increases with amplifying Ti0,indicating a clear physical image of energy transformation from ion thermal energy to the directed kinetic energy through electromagnetic processes in the magnetic ***,the magnetic inductive strength also has noticeable impacts on the azimuthal currents,the current magnitude tends to decrease as the magnetic field increases,and over-increment of it may result in larger divergence angles and lower nozzle efficiency.

关键词： Magnetic nozzle Azimuthal current Ion temperature Electric propulsion

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Magnetospheric Physics in China

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空间科学学报 2018年第5期38卷 694-762页

作者： cao jinbin YANG Junying Space Science Institute School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191

In the past two years, much progress has been made in magnetospheric physics by using the data of Double Star Program, Cluster, THEMIS, RBSP, Swarm, MMS, ARTEMIS, MESSENGER missions etc., or by computer simulations. This paper briefly reviews these works based on papers selected from the 227 publications from January 2016 to December 2017. The subjects cover most sub-branches of magnetospheric physics,including geomagnetic storm, magnetospheric substorm, magnetic reconnection, solar wind-magnetosphereionosphere interaction, radiation belt, plasmasphere, outer magnetosphere, magnetotail, geomagnetic field,auroras, and currents.

关键词：物理中国计算机模拟相互作用出版物暴风雨磁气圈报纸

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Cluster observations of large-scale southward movement and dawnward-duskward flapping of Earth's magnetotail current sheet

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2013年第1期56卷 194-204页

作者： DUAN AiYing cao jinbin MA YuDuan WEI XinHua State Key Laboratory for Space Weather Center for Space Science and Applied Research Graduate University Chinese Academy of Sciences Space Science Institute School of AstronauticsBeihang UniversityBeijing 100191China

In August 2001,Cluster satellites observed that the mid-tail current sheet(CS) moved southward continuously for almost seven ***,Cluster crossed back and forth the CS *** means that the large-scale southward movement of the CS was accompanied by a small-scale CS flapping during this *** the minimum-variation-analysis(MVA) method and the multi-spacecraft data,we calculated the normal vector,current density and the magnetic curvature of the CS,the results showed that the CS alternated between flattened CS and tilted CS for several *** dawn-dusk oscillations were found for the tilted CS,which caused the repeated crossings of the center of CS by the *** feature is obviously different from the previous observations of the vertical flapping of the CS induced by the kink *** types of flapping were observed:One of them is accompanied with bursty bulk flows(BBFs) and the other is *** suggests that in this event there was no direct relationship between the CS flapping and BBFs.

关键词：卫星观测电流片南移磁尾集群 Cluster 地球变化分析

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Spatial distribution of ion polytropic index joint-modulated by temperature anisotropy and MHD disturbances in the southern high latitude magnetosheath

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2018年第3期61卷 381-388页

作者： PANG XueXia cao jinbin DENG ZeChao JIA PengYing School of Space and Environment Beihang University Hebei Key Lab of Optic-electronic Information and Materials College of Physics Science and Technology Hebei University

Using the Cluster data from 2001 to 2010, we studied spatial distribution of effective ion polytropic index in the southern high latitude magnetosheath, and joint-modulation of ion polytropic index by temperature anisotropy and MHD disturbances. The magnetosheath ions generally experience various polytropic processes with different polytropic index. The median polytropic indexes of magnetosheath ions in the GSE X-Y plane decrease toward the bow shock. Near the magnetopause, the median polytropic indexes are basically between isothermal and adiabatic except in the duskside flank close to the terminator. The analysis of correlation coefficient of perturbed ion number density with parallel magnetic field CC_δnδB_‖ and ion temperature anisotropy parameter A_T, indicates that the dominant MHD disturbance near magnetopause is slow mode with larger ion temperature anisotropy, and there are various modes of MHD disturbances with insignificant ion temperature anisotropy near the bow *** polytropic index modulated by slow mode disturbances is generally larger than that modulated by fast mode disturbances, and the larger ion temperature anisotropy, the larger polytropic index. The median polytropic indexes modulated jointly by slow mode disturbances and the strong ion temperature anisotropy can be larger than 1.0, while those modulated by fast mode disturbances and weak temperature anisotropy can be even possibly close to zero. Moreover, because of pronounced dusk-favored asymmetry of ion temperature anisotropy, the median polytropic index in the dawnside flank of the magnetosheath near the terminator is smaller than that in the duskside flank of the magnetosheath. The good correspondence between the distributions of median polytropic indexes and ion temperature anisotropy and MHD disturbances indicates that the ion temperature anisotropy and MHD disturbances determine the distribution of the polytropic index in the magnetosheath.

关键词：离子温度 MHD 高纬度采蜜索引调制分发空间

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The response of plasma parameters and energy transport in the plasma sheet to interplanetary magnetic field B_z

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2021年第7期64卷 1528-1534页

作者： REN GanMing cao jinbin YANG Jian DUNLOP Malcolm Wray School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing100191China Key Laboratory of Space Environment Monitoring and Information Processing of MIIT Beijing102206China

We use 9 years data of Cluster to study the dependencies of plasma parameters and energy transport in the plasma sheet on the lasting time of northward/southward interplanetary magnetic field(IMF). The plasma parameters and energy transport in the plasma sheet always respond to the change of IMF direction by more or less time. The ion density starts to increase/decrease remarkably at 80 min after northward/southward IMF turning. The ion temperature starts to decrease at 25 min after northward IMF turning, whereas it starts to increase at 80 min after southward IMF turning. The earthward convection velocity within15 min after northward IMF turning almost equals to that within 15 min period after southward IMF turning. However at time greater than 15 min after southward IMF turning, the earthward convection velocity under southward IMF starts to remarkably increase. The response time(15 min) of magnetospheric convection velocity is well consistent with the response times of nightside ionospheric convection to southward IMF turning. The enthalpy flux is larger than kinetic flux by about three orders of magnitudes, and thus the enthalpy flux plays a dominant role in the plasma sheet energy transport. The enthalpy flux does not weaken immediately after northward IMF turning. The enthalpy flux within 15 min after northward IMF turning is comparable to or even slightly larger than that within 15 min after southward IMF. The enthalpy flux starts to decrease at times greater than15 min after northward IMF turning, whereas it starts to increase at times greater than 15 min after southward IMF turning. The result that the enhanced energy transport during the 15 min period after northward IMF turning may explain previous observation that substorms frequently occur shortly after northward IMF turning.

关键词： plasma sheet energy transport enthalpy flux response time

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The source of tropospheric tides

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2020年第5期4卷 449-460页

作者： Xing Li WeiXing Wan jinbin cao ZhiPeng Ren Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Space Environment Monitoring and Information Processing Ministry of Industry and Information TechnologyBeijing 100083China Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Innovation Academy for Earth Science Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

With the method of Hough mode decomposition(HMD),the tidal sources of the three main tidal components,namely,the migrating components DW1(diurnal westward propagating wavenumber 1)and SW2(semidiurnal westward propagating wavenumber 2)and the non-migrating component DE3(diurnal eastward propagating wavenumber 3),at the tropospheric altitudes(1–12 km)and in the latitude range of±60°,were obtained from National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR)data during the interval from 1988 to *** analyzed these sources in detail at 6 km and obtained the main properties of their yearly *** DW1 source was found to present a weak seasonal variation in the lower latitudes(about±10°–15°).That is,the amplitudes of the DW1 sources were larger in the summer months than in the winter months,and DW1 presented semi-annual variation near the equator(±10°)such that the DW1 source was larger at the equinoxes than at the *** addition,the SW2 source was symmetric and was stronger in the southern hemisphere than in the northern *** SW2 source presented remarkable annual and semi-annual variation such that the amplitudes were largest during the March equinox months and larger during the June solstice *** contrast,DE3 appeared mainly around the equatorial latitudes within about±30°.The DE3 source presented remarkable semiannual variation that was larger around the solstices than the equinoxes in the southern hemisphere,and it was opposite in the northern *** HMD,we found that the tropospheric tides were primarily dominated by some leading propagating Hough modes,specifically,the(1,1),(2,3),and(3,3)modes;the influences of the other Hough modes were *** consequences of an El Niño–Southern Oscillation modulation of tidal amplitudes for the energy and momentum budgets of the troposphere may now be expected to attract *** summary,the above yearly variations of the main tidal sources and

关键词： tropospheric tides Hough mode decomposition yearly variations

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