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Biodegradation and origin of oil sands in the Western canada Sedimentary Basin

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Petroleum Science 2008年第2期5卷 87-94页

作者： Zhou Shuqing Huang Haiping Liu Yuming School of Energy Resource China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Calgary T2N 1N4 Calgary Canada

the oil sands deposits in the Western canada Sedimentary Basin （WCSB） comprise of at least 85% of the total immobile bitumen in place in the world and are so concentrated as to be virtually the only such deposits that are economically recoverable for conversion to oil. the major deposits are in three geographic and geologic regions of Alberta： Athabasca, Cold Lake and Peace River. the bitumen reserves have oil gravities ranging from 8 to 12° API, and are hosted in the reservoirs of varying age, ranging from Devonian （Grosmont Formation） to Early Cretaceous （Mannville Group）. they were derived from light oils in the southern Alberta and migrated to the north and east for over 100 km during the Laramide Orogeny, which was responsible for the uplift of the Rocky Mountains. Biodegradation is the only process that transforms light oil into bitumen in such a dramatic way that overshadowed other alterations with minor contributions. the levels of biodegradation in the basin increasing from west （non-biodegraded） to east （extremely biodegraded） can be attributed to decreasing reservoir temperature, which played the primary role in controlling the biodegradation regime. Once the reservoir was heated to approximately 80℃, it was pasteurized and no biodegradation would further occur. However, reservoir temperature could not alone predict the variations of the oil composition and physical properties. Compositional gradients and a wide range ofbiodegradation degree at single reservoir column indicate that the water-leg size or the volume ratio of oil to water is one of the critical local controls for the vertical variations ofbiodegradation degree and oil physical properties. Late charging and mixing of the fresh and degraded oils ultimately dictate the final distribution of compositions and physical properties found in the heavy oil and oil sand fields. Oil geochemistry can reveal precisely the processes and levels that control these variations in a given field, which opens the

关键词： Western canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) oil sands biodegradation mixing

Experimental study of dynamic mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete under high-strain-rate impacts

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Science China(technological Sciences) 2010年第9期53卷 2435-2449页

作者： JU Yang1,2,LIU HongBin1,SHEnG GuoHua1,3 & WAnG HuiJie1 1 State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fracture and Damage Mechanics of Rocks and Concrete,China University of Mining and technology,Beijing 100083,China 2 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,University of Calgary,2500 University Drive,AB t2. 1n4,canada 3 School of Resources and Civil Engineering,northeastern University,Shenyang 110004,China 1. State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining Beijing Key Laboratory of Fracture and Damage Mechanics of Rocks and Concrete China University of Mining and Technology Beijing 100083 China2. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering University of Calgary 2500 University Drive AB T2N 1N4 Calgary Canada3. School of Resources and Civil Engineering Northeastern University Shenyang 110004 China

the dynamic mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete subjected to compressive impacts with high strain rates ranging from 10 to 1.1×102 s-1 were investigated by means of SHPB (split-Hopkinson-pressure-bar) tests of the cylindrical specimens with five different steel fiber volumetric *** properties of wave stress transmission,failure,strength,and energy consumption of RPC with varied fiber volumes and impact strain rates were *** influences of impact strain rates and fiber volumes on those properties were characterized as *** general forms of the dynamic stress-strain relationships of RPC were modeled based on the experimental *** investigations indicate that for the plain RPC the stress response is greater than the strain response,showing strong brittle *** RPC with a certain volume of fibers sustains higher strain rate impact and exhibits better deformability as compared with the plain *** a constant fiber fraction,the peak compressive strength,corresponding peak strain and the residual strain of the fiber-reinforced RPC rise by varying amounts when the impact strain rate increases,with the residual strain demonstrating the greatest *** the fiber content makes trivial contribution to improving the residual deformability of RPC when the impact strain rate is *** tests also show that the fiber content affects the peak compressive strength and the peak deformability of RPC in a different *** a constant impact strain rate and the fiber fraction less than 1.75%,the peak compressive strength rises with an increasing fiber *** peak compressive strength tends to decrease as the fiber volume exceeds 1.75%.the corresponding peak strain,however,incessantly rises with the increasing fiber *** total energy Edisp that RPC consumed during the period from the beginning of impacts to the time of residual strains elevates with the fiber volume increment as long as the fiber fraction

关键词： impact reactive powder concrete (RPC) high strain rate dynamic strength energy consumption dynamic stress-strain response

numerical simulation of mechanisms of deformation,failure and energy dissipation in porous rock media subjected to wave stresses

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Science China(technological Sciences) 2010年第4期53卷 1098-1113页

作者： JU Yang1,2,WAnG HuiJie1,YAnG YongMing1,HU QinAng3 & PEnG RuiDong1 1 State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fracture and Damage Mechanics of Rock and Concrete,China University of Mining and technology,Beijing 100083,China 2 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,University of Calgary,Calgary,Alberta,t2. 1n4,canada 3 School of Environment and Civil Engineering,College of Engineering,Oklahoma State University,Stillwater,OK 74078,USA 1. State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining Beijing Key Laboratory of Fracture and Damage Mechanics of Rock and Concrete China University of Mining and Technology Beijing 100083 China2. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada3. School of Environment and Civil Engineering College of Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA

the pore characteristics,mineral compositions,physical and mechanical properties of the subarkose sandstones were acquired by means of Ct scan,X-ray diffraction and physical tests.A few physical models possessing the same pore characteristics and matrix properties but different porosities compared to the natural sandstones were *** 3D finite element models of the rock media with varied porosities were established based on the Ct image processing of the physical models and the MIMICS software *** failure processes of the porous rock media loaded by the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) were simulated by satisfying the elastic wave propagation *** dynamic responses,stress transition,deformation and failure mechanisms of the porous rock media subjected to the wave stresses were *** is shown that an explicit and quantitative analysis of the stress,strain and deformation and failure mechanisms of porous rocks under the wave stresses can be achieved by using the developed 3D finite element *** applied wave stresses of certain amplitude and velocity,no evident pore deformation was observed for the rock media with a porosity less than 15%.the deformation is dominantly the combination of microplasticity(shear strain),cracking(tensile strain) of matrix and coalescence of the cracked regions around *** stresses lead to microplasticity,while tensile stresses result in cracking of the *** and coalescence of the matrix elements in the neighborhood of pores resulted from the high transverse tensile stress or tensile strain which exceeded the threshold *** simulation results of stress wave propagation,deformation and failure mechanisms and energy dissipation in porous rock media were in good agreement with the physical *** present study provides a reference for analyzing the intrinsic mechanisms of the complex dynamic response,stress transit mode,deformation and failure mechanisms and the disaster mechanism

关键词： porous media three-dimensional finite element model rock media stress wave failure mechanism energy dissipation

High-accuracy topographical information extraction based on fusion of AStER stereo-data and ICESat/GLAS data in Antarctica

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Science China Earth Sciences 2009年第5期52卷 714-722页

作者： E DongChen1,3,SHEn Qiang2,XU Ying1,3 & CHEn Gang4 1 Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430079,China 2 Institute of Seismology China Earthquake Administration,Wuhan 430071,China 3 Key Laboratory of Polar Surveying and Mapping,State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430079,China 4 Department of Geography,University of Calgary,Calgary,Alberta t2. 1n4,canada Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping Wuhan University Wuhan 430079 China Institute of Seismology China Earthquake Administration Wuhan 430071 China Key Laboratory of Polar Surveying and Mapping State Bureau of Surveying an

In order to better support Antarctic inland ice sheet expedition from Zhongshan Station to Dome A,the topographic data are *** present,although the entire Antarctic DEM provided by RAMP(Ra-darsat Antarctic Mapping Project) was estimated at the highest horizontal(spatial) resolution of about 200 m,the real horizontal resolution of the DEM varies from place to place depending on the density and scale of the original source *** ice shelves and the inland ice sheet,the horizontal resolution is about 5 km;the vertical accuracy is estimated to be ±50 m in interior East Antarctic ice sheet and away from the mountain ***,more accurate topographic data are unavailable in *** order to meet the requirements of high-accuracy topographic information for further researches,this paper mainly addresses a fusion study of AStER stereo pairs and ICESat/GLAS altimetry data for extraction of high-accuracy DEM in East Antarctica,based on the high horizontal resolution(15 m) of AStER and vertical accuracy(13.8 cm) of ICESat/***,some altimetry data were selected as vertical control points to reduce errors of image correlation matching during the extraction of AStER-based ***,ice sheet altimetry data derived from ICESat were used to generate DEM ranging from 75° to 81°S because existing AStER data do not cover this area and high density of the coverage of ICESat altimetry ***,the DEM in coverage of the expedition route was *** analysis of result reveals that the DEM accuracy is improved *** absolute vertical accuracy of DEM is higher than 15 m in some cases and higher than 30 m for all the areas along the expedition route except from the 009-001 scene;the interior accuracy is higher than 15 m and higher than 7 m in some *** can meet the requirements of topographic map at 1:50000 scale,which is an economic and advantageous method to produce the topographic products.

关键词： DEM Antarctica Zhongshan Station Dome A AStER ICESat GLAS

the relaxing ori-ter balance of Mycoplasma genomes

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2008年第2期51卷 182-189页

作者： ZHEnG Xin1 & LIU ShuLin1,2 1 Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China 2 Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, t2. 4n1, canada 1. Department of Microbiology Peking University Health Science Center Beijing 100083 China 2. Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Calgary Calgary T2N 4N1 Canada

Mycoplasma are wall-less bacteria with small genomes, which are thought to have resulted from massive genome reductive processes, during which the ori-ter balance may be disrupted. For technical difficulties, ori and ter have been located only in a few Mycoplasma strains. Using the Z curve method, we were able to locate turning points on the Mycoplasma genomes, with the minimum and maximum points co-locating with ori or ter in the reference genomes. Assuming Z curve correctly located ori and ter, we calculated the distances from ori to ter in both directions on the circular genome and calculated the ori-ter balance status. the Mycoplasma genomes were not balanced, possibly as a result of close association of Mycoplasma with hosts, where there would be no other microbes for Mycoplasma to compete with for nutrients, so fastest possible growth related to balanced genomes might not be needed by Mycoplasma, leading to a relaxing ori-ter balance.

关键词： Z curve Mycoplasma genome balance ori and ter evolution

nAnOStRUCtURES OF FUnCtIOnAL BLOCK COPOLYMERS

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2000年第3期18卷 255-262页

作者： Guojun Liu Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr., nW, Calgary, Alberta, canada t2. In4 Univ Calgary Dept Chem Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada

nanostructure fabrication from block copolymers in my group normally involves polymer design, synthesis, self-assembly, selective domain crosslinking, and sometimes selective domain removal. Preparation of thin films withnanochannels was used to illustrate the strategy we took. In this particular case, a linear triblock copolymer polyisoprenc-block-poly(2-cinnamoylethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(t-butyl acrylate), PI-b-PCEMA-b-PtBA, was used. Films, 25 to50 μm thick, were prepared from casting on glass slides a toluene solution of PI-b-PCEMA-b-PtBA and PtBA homopolymer,hPtBA, where hPtBA is shorter than the PtBA block. At the hPtBA mass faction of 20% relative to the triblock or the totalPtBA (hPtBA and PtBA block) volume fraction of 0.44, hPtBA and PtBA formed a seemingly continuous phase in the matrixof PCEMA and Pl. Such a block segregation pattern was locked in by photocrosslinking the PCEMA domain. nanochannelswere formed by extracting out hPtBA with solvent. Alternatively. larger channels were obtained from extracting out hPtBAand hydrolyzing the t-butyl groups of the PtBA block. Such membranes were not liquid permeable but had gas permeabilityconstants ～6 orders of magnitude higher than that of low-density polyethylene films.

关键词： nanostructures Block copolymers nanochannel generation Self-Assembly Polyisoprene-b-poly(2-cinnanoylethyl methacrylate)-b-poly(t-butyl acrylate)

Mixed-layer water oscillations in tropical Pacific for EnSO cycle

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Science China Earth Sciences 2007年第12期50卷 1892-1908页

作者： ZHAO YongPing1,CHEn YongLi1,WAnG Fan1 & WU AiMing2 1 Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao 266071,China 2 Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences,University of British Columbia,Vancouver,BC,V6t 1Z4,canada 1. Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266071 China 2. Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada

the main modes of interannal variabilities of thermocline and sea surface wind stress in the tropical Pacific and their interactions are investigated,which show the following results.(1) the thermocline anomalies in the tropical Pacific have a zonal dipole pattern with 160°W as its axis and a meridional seesaw pattern with 6-8°n as its transverse *** meridional oscillation has a phase lag of about 90° to the zonal oscillation,both oscillations get together to form the El ni?o/La ni?a cycle,which be-haves as a mixed layer water oscillates anticlockwise within the tropical Pacific basin between equator and 12°n.(2) there are two main patterns of wind stress anomalies in the tropical Pacific,of which the first component caused by trade wind anomaly is characterized by the zonal wind stress anomalies and its corresponding divergences field in the equatorial Pacific,and the abnormal cross-equatorial flow wind stress and its corresponding divergence field,which has a sign opposite to that of the equatorial region,in the off-equator of the tropical north Pacific,and the second component represents the wind stress anomalies and corresponding divergences caused by the ItCZ anomaly.(3) the trade winds anomaly plays a decisive role in the strength and phase transition of the EnSO cycle,which results in the sea level tilting,provides an initial potential energy to the mixed layer water oscillation,and causes the opposite thermocline displacement between the west side and east side of the equator and also between the equator and 12°n of the north Pacific basin,therefore determines the amplitude and route for EnSO *** ItCZ anomaly has some effects on the phase transition.(4) the thermal anomaly of the tropical western Pacific causes the wind stress anomaly and extends eastward along the equator accompanied with the mixed layer water oscillation in the equatorial Pacific,which causes the trade winds anomaly and produces the anomalous wind stress and the corresponding di

关键词： tropical Pacific, thermocline and sea surface wind stress anomaly, EnSO cycle, mixed layer water oscillation

ASYMPtOtIC nORMALItY OF SOME EStIMAtORS In A FIXED-DESIGn SEMIPARAMEtRIC REGRESSIOn MODEL WItH LInEAR tIME SERIES ERRORS

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2004年第4期17卷 511-522页

作者： JinhongYOU CHEnMin GemaiCHEn UniversityofRegina ReginaSaskatchewanS4S0A2Canada AcademyofMathematicsandSystemsScience ChineseAcademyofSciencesBeijing100080China UniversityofCalgary CalgaryAlbertaT2N1N4Canada

Consider a semiparametric regression model with linear time series errors Y_k= x′ _kβ + g(t_k) + ε_k, 1 ≤ k ≤ n, where Y_k's are responses, x_k =(x_(k1),x_(k2),···,x_(kp))′ and t_k ∈ t is contained in R are fixed design points, β =(β_1,β_2,···,β_p)′ is an unknown parameter vector, g(·) is an unknown bounded real-valuedfunction defined on a compact subset t of the real line R, and ε_k is a linear process given byε_k = ∑ from j=0 to ∞ of ψ_je_(k-j), ψ_0=1, where ∑ from j=0 to ∞ of |ψ_j| nd e_j,j=0, +-1, +-2,···, ard i.i.d. random variables. In this paper we establish the asymptoticnormality of the least squares estimator of β, a smooth estimator of g(·), and estimators of theautocovariance and autocorrelation functions of the linear process ε_k.

关键词： semiparametric regression model fixed-design asymptotic normality lineartime series errors

A StREAMLInE-BASED PREDICtIVE MODEL FOR EnHAnCED-OIL-RECOVERY POtEntIALItY

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2008年第3期20卷 314-322页

作者： HOU Jian ZHAnG Shun-kang DU Qing-jun LI Yu-bin College of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum （East China） Dongying 257061 China Chemical and Petroleum Department University of Calgary Calgary T2N 1N4 Canada

A pseudo-three-dimensional model of potentiality prediction is proposed for enhanced oil recovery, based on the streamline method described in this article. the potential distribution of the flow through a porous medium under a complicated boundary condition is solved with the boundary element method. Furthermore, the method for tracing streamlines between injection wells and producing wells is presented. Based on the results, a numerical solution can be obtained by solving the seepage problem of the stream-tube with consideration of different methods of Enhanced Oil Recovery（EOR）. the advantage of the method given in this article is that it can obtain dynamic calculation with different well patterns of any shape by easily considering different physicochemical phenomena having less calculation time and good stability. Based on the uniform theory basis-streamline method, different models, including CO2 miscible flooding, polymer flooding, alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding and microbial flooding, are established in this article.

关键词： boundary element method streamline method Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR) CO2 miscible flooding chemical flooding microbial flooding