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作者： ame.Michael Aliyi 扬州大学

学位级别：硕士

微灌在世界范围内得到广泛应用,它可以有效节省灌溉用水量,并可以提高农产品产量和质量。但是微灌也有投资费用较高的缺点。微灌主要有滴灌、微喷灌和小管出流灌（涌泉灌）等类型。其中,小管出流灌在中国北方果树灌溉（如苹果）中应用... 详细信息

微灌在世界范围内得到广泛应用,它可以有效节省灌溉用水量,并可以提高农产品产量和质量。但是微灌也有投资费用较高的缺点。微灌主要有滴灌、微喷灌和小管出流灌（涌泉灌）等类型。其中,小管出流灌在中国北方果树灌溉（如苹果）中应用比较广泛,为保证小管出流均匀,大多安装稳流器,即通过稳流器将灌水小管与毛管连接起来;滴灌应用最为广泛,传统的孔口滴头已被压力补偿式滴头所代替,采用压力补偿式滴头可以获得很高的滴灌均匀度。滴灌管以使用方便著称,为提高灌水质量,滴灌管内镶的管上滴头也开始被压力补偿式管上滴头所替代。因此,不管是小管出流灌,还是滴灌,采用具有压力补偿式的灌水器（小管稳流器或压力补偿式滴头）均具有较好的前景。然而目前在微灌系统设计中,针对采用压力补偿式灌水器的毛管设计还缺乏科学合理的方法。干、支管由于有明确的设计流量,可以利用经济流速,确定合理的经济管径。但是对于毛管而言,由于毛管从首端到末端,其流量是变化的,其流速也是变化的,因此不能采用经济流速确定其合理管径。按目前的设计方法,采用压力补偿式灌水器时,一般是根据水力准则的相关规定确定毛管的管径,也就是只需满足毛管上各灌水器（小管或滴头）的工作压力都在允许的工作压力范围内,即工作压力不小于最小工作压力,且不大于最大工作压力。然而有些压力补偿式灌水器的允许工作压力范围很大（达5m～40m水头）,在实际设计中,可能会出现采用多种不同管径（如De12、De26、De20等）都满足水力准则的情况。此时就存在如何具体选择管径的问题,若采用管径较小的毛管,则管材投资较小,但因水头损失增加,运行能耗费用较大;反之,若采用管径较大的毛管,则管材投资较大,运行能耗费用会较小。本文旨在解决这一实际问题,即在毛管设计中,在安装压力补偿式灌水器的情况下,如何在满足水力准则的条件下根据经济准则（即综合成本费用最小）来确定毛管经济管径。1.研究内容与优化原理（1）研究内容在微灌系统中,毛管管径较小,单价较低,但因为数量很多,其成本在工程总成本费用中仍占很大比例。因此,为了节省总成本费用,研究毛管的经济管径也十分重要。鉴于上述实际需要,本文系统研究毛管单元的总成本费估算方法,以年成本费用最小为目标,分别针对采用稳流器的小管出流灌溉系统和采用压力补偿式滴头的滴灌系统的毛管,分析其在各种可能情况下的经济管径,从而为这类微灌系统毛管设计提供有益参考。（2）优化原理以总成本费用最小为目标,以管径为决策变量,以压力补偿式灌水器的允许工作压力范围为约束条件（水力准则）。毛管管径（d）是离散变量,毛管管径种数（n）有限。小管出流可选用毛管管径主要De12、De16、De20和De25等4种,滴灌可选用毛管管径有De12、De16和De20等3种,因此拟采用枚举法确定最优管径。针对典型的小管出流灌溉系统或典型的滴灌系统,拟定灌水器流量（q）、毛管长度（L）和灌溉定额（W）和毛管管径（d）的各种可能的组合。然后分别计算投资成本（cc）、运行成本（c0）及年化总成本费用（ct）,并进行优选,最终得到不同可能组合条件下毛管的最优管径。优化方法原理如图1所示。考虑到小管出流多用水于果树,毛管布置在有一定坡度的坡地上的可能性较大,因此对于小管出流毛管优化分析,还考虑了各种可能的地面坡度。图1优化原理框图2.微灌毛管成本分析与目标函数（1）小管灌溉系统的布局小管出流灌溉一般用于果树灌溉,该系统包括泵送装置、过滤器、干管、支管、毛管和小管。干管从水源供水并将其输送到支管,支管将水输送到毛管和小管（灌水器）。小管通过稳流器连接到毛管,并将水灌入根区周围的渗透环沟。（2）毛管成本管道的完整成本是管道材料、长度和直径的函数。对于给定类型、给定管径的管道,管道的资本成本与仅其长度成正比,即:cP=LP 1式中,cp为管道资本成本（$）;L为毛管长度（m）;P为管道价格（$/m）。（3）泵的成本加压水泵以及所有附件和安装费用的成本cP为其功率P的函数,可表示为cp=KpPmp 2式中,Kp为系数;mp为指数;P为电机功率（kW）。电机功率P取决于泵的流量和扬程,计算公式为:P=ρgQh0/10000η 3式中,Q为泵的流量（m3/s）;h0为水泵扬程（m）;ρ为水的质量密度（g/cm3）;g为重力加速度（m/s2）;η为泵和电机单元的效率。（4）能耗成本灌溉系统的年度能源消耗取决于年度灌溉需求和抽水所需的功率。这个年度能源消耗可以通过将电动机功率乘以一年中水泵抽水天数（D）及平均每天工作小时（T）数来估算,计算式为:Aen=DTρgQh0/1000η 4年度运营成本需转换为现值:cop=Aencen（A/P,i,n）5式中,cop为年运营成本（$）;Aen为年能源需求（$）;cen为能源价格（$/kW·h）;（A/p,i,n）为资本回收系数。即（A/P,i

关键词：微灌系统毛管设计压力补偿式滴头稳流器

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The ame.020 atomic mass evaluation (I). Evaluation of input data, and adjustment procedures

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chinese Physics c 2021年第3期45卷 181-522页

作者：黄文嘉王猛 F.g.Kondev 欧乔治 S.Naimi Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Advanced Energy Science and Technology guangdong Laboratory Huizhou 516003China University of chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100084China Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik Saupfercheckweg 169117 HeidelbergGermany School of Nuclear Science and Technology University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Physics Division Argonne National LaboratoryLemontIL 60439USA RIKEN Nishina center WakoSaitama 351-0198Japan

This is the first of two articles(Part I and Part II)that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation,*** includes complete information on the experimental input data that were used to derive the tables of recommended values which are given in Part *** article describes the evaluation philosophy and procedures that were implemented in the selection of specific nuclear reaction,decay and mass-spectrometric data which were used in a least-squares fit adjustment in order to determine the recommended mass values and their *** input data,including both the accepted and rejected ones,are tabulated and compared with the adjusted values obtained from the least-squares fit *** with the previous ame.016 evaluation are discussed and specific examples are presented for several nuclides that may be of interest to ame.users.

关键词： atomic mass evaluation mass spectrometry nuclear decays nuclear reactions least-squares adjustment trends from the mass surface(TMS) atomic-mass tables

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The NUBASE2012 evaluation of nuclear properties

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chinese Physics c 2012年第12期36卷 1157-1286页

作者： g.Audi F.g.Kondev M.Wang B.Pfeiffer X.Sun J.Blachot M.Maccormick centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse CSNSMCNRS/IN2P3Universlte Paris-SudBat.108F-91405 Orsay CampusFrance Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S.Cass AvenueArgonneIL 60439USA Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik Saupfercheckweg 1D-69117 HeidelbergGermany Institute of Modem Physics CAS509 Nanchang Rd.Lanzhou 730000China gSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung Planckstr.1D-64291 DarmstadtGermany Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS/IN2P3Universite Paris-SudF-91406 Orsay cedexFrance

This paper presents the NUBASE2012 evaluation that contains the recommended values for nuclear and decay properties of nuclides in their ground and excited isomeric （T1/2≥ 100 ns） states. All nuclides for which some experimental information is known are considered. NUBASE2012 covers all up to date experimental data published in primary （journal articles） and secondary （mainly laboratory reports and conference proceedings） references, together with the corresponding bibliographical information. During the development of NUBASE2012, the data available in the ＂Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File＂（ENSDF） database were consulted, and critically assessed of their validity and completeness. Furthermore, a large amount of new and somewhat older experimental results that were missing in ENSDF were compiled, evaluated and included in NUI3ASE2012. The atomic mass values were taken from the ＂Atomic Mass Evaluation＂（ame.012, second and third parts of the present issue）. In cases where no experimental data were available for a particular nuclide, trends in the behavior of specific properties in neighboring nuclei （TNN） were examined. This approach allowed to estimate, whenever possible, values for a range of properties, and are labeled in NUBASE2012 as ＂non-experimental＂（flagged ＂#＂）. Evaluation procedures and policies that were used during the development of this database are presented, together with a detailed table of recommended values and their uncertainties.

关键词： IT Ru The NUBASE2012 evaluation of nuclear properties

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The ame.012 atomic mass evaluation(Ⅱ).Tables,graphs and references

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chinese Physics c 2012年第12期36卷 1287-1602页

作者： M.Wang g.Audi A.H.Wapstra F.g.Kondev M.Maccormick X.Xu B.Pfeiffer Institute of Modem Physics CAS509 Nanchang Rd.Lanzhou 730000China centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse CSNSMCNRS/IN2P3Universite Paris-SudBt.108F-91405 Orsay CampusFrance Max-Planck-Institut fr Kernphysik Saupfercheckweg 1D-69117 HeidelbergGermany National Institute of Nuclear Physics and High-Energy Physics NIKHEF1009DB AmsterdamThe Netherlands Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S.Cass AvenueArgonneIL 60439USA Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS/IN2P3Universite Paris-SudF-91406 Orsay cedexFrance graduate University of chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049People's Republic of China gSI Helmholtzzentram fr Schwerionenforschung Planckstr.1D-64291 DarmstadtGermany

This paper is the first of two articles （Part I and Part II） that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation, ame.012. It includes complete information on the experimental input data （including not used and rejected ones）, as well as details on the evaluation procedures used to derive the tables with recommended values given in the second part. This article describes the evaluation philosophy and procedures that were implemented in the selection of specific nuclear reaction, decay and mass-spectrometer results. These input values were entered in the least-squares adjustment procedure for determining the best values for the atomic masses and their uncertainties. calculation procedures and particularities of the ame.are then described. All accepted and rejected data, including outweighed ones, are presented in a tabular format and compared with the adjusted values （obtained using the adjustment procedure）. Differences with the previous ame.003 evaluation are also discussed and specific information is presented for several cases that may be of interest to various ame.users. The second ame.012 article, the last one in this issue, gives a table with recommended values of atomic masses, as well as tables and graphs of derived quantifies, along with the list of references used in both this ame.012 evaluation and the NUBASE2012 one （the first paper in this issue）.

关键词： ame Tables,graphs and references

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The ame.012 atomic mass evaluation(Ⅰ).Evaluation of input data,adjustment procedures

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chinese Physics c 2012年第12期36卷 1603-2014页

作者： g.Audi M.Wang A.H.Wapstra F.g.Kondev M.Maccormick X.Xu B.Pfeiffer centre de Spectrométrie Nucleate et de Spectrométrie de Masse CSNSMCNRS/IN2P3Université Paris-SudBt.108F-91405 Orsay CampusFrance Institute of Modem Physics CAS509 Nanchang Rd.Lanzhou 730000China Max-Planck-Institut fr Kernphysik Saupfercheckweg 1D-69117 HeidelbergGermany National Institute of Nuclear Physics and High-Energy Physics NIKHEF1009DB AmsterdamThe Netherlands Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S.Cass AvenueArgonneIL 60439USA Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS/IN2P3Universite Paris-SudF-91406 Orsay cedexFrance graduate University of chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049People's Republic of China gSI Helmholtzzentram fr Schwerionenforschimg Planckstr.1D-64291 DarmstadtGermany

This paper is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses, ame.012. From the results of a leastsquares calculation, described in Part I, for all accepted experimental data, we derive here tables and graphs to replace those of ame.003. The first table lists atomic masses. It is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides, a table of separation energies and reaction energies, and finally, a series of graphs of separation and decay energies. The last section in this paper lists all references to the input data used in Part I of this ame.012 and also to the data included in the NUBASE2012 evaluation （first paper in this issue）.

关键词： ame The ame.012 atomic mass evaluation Evaluation of input data,adjustment procedures data

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The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties

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chinese Physics c 2017年第3期41卷 1-138页

作者：欧乔治 F.g. Kondev 王猛黄文嘉 S. Naimit cSNSM Univ Paris-Sud CNRS/IN2P3 Universite Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA Institute of Modem Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China Joint Department for Nuclear Physics Institute of Modern Physics CAS and Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China RIKEN Nishina center Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan

This paper presents the NUBASE2016 evaluation that contains the recommended values for nuclear and decay properties of 3437 nuclides in their ground and excited isomeric （T1/2〉 100 ns） states. All nuclides for which any experimental information is known were considered. NUSASE2016 covers all data published by October 2016 in primary （journal articles） and secondary （mainly laboratory reports and conference proceedings） references, together with the corresponding bibliographical information. During the development of NUBASE2016, the data available in the ＂Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File＂（ENSDF） database were consulted and critically assessed for their validity and completeness. Furthermore, a large amount of new data and some older experimental results that were missing from ENSDF were compiled, evaluated and included in NUBASE2016. The atomic mass values were taken from the ＂Atomic Mass Evaluation＂（ame.016, second and third parts of the present issue）. In cases where no experimental data were available for a particular nuclide, trends in the behavior of specific properties in neighboring nuclides （TNN） were examined. This approach allowed to estimate values for a range of properties that are labeled in NUBASE2016 as ＂non-experimental＂（flagged ＂#＂）. Evaluation procedures and policies used during the development of this database are presented, together with a detailed table of recommended values and their uncertainties.

关键词： NUBASE2016 evaluation nuclear properties Atomic Mass Evaluation (ame. excitation energies of isomers Evalu-ated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF)

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The ame.020 atomic mass evaluation(II).Tables,graphs and references

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chinese Physics c 2021年第3期45卷 523-1034页

作者：王猛黄文嘉 F.g.Kondev 欧乔治 S.Naimi Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China University of chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100084China Advanced Energy Science and Technology guangdong Laboratory Huizhou 516003China Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik Saupfercheckweg 169117 HeidelbergGermany Universite Paris-Saclay CNRS/IN2P3IJCLab91405 OrsayFrance Physics Division Argonne National LaboratoryLemontIL 60439USA RIKEN Nishina center WakoSaitama 351-0198Japan

This is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses,*** least-squares adjustments to all evaluated and accepted experimental data,described in Part I,we derived tables with numerical values and graphs which supersede those given in *** first table presents the recommended atomic mass values and their *** is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides,a table of various reaction and decay energies,and finally,a series of graphs of separation and decay *** last section of this paper provides all input data references that were used in the ame.020 and the Nubase2020 evaluations.

关键词： atomic mass evaluation atomic mass table separation and reaction energies trends from the mass surface

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The ame.020 atomic mass evaluation (Ⅰ). Evaluation of input data, and adjustment procedures

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chinese Physics c 2021年第3期45卷 183-524页

作者：黄文嘉王猛 F.g.Kondev 欧乔治 S.Naimi Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Advanced Energy Science and Technology guangdong Laboratory Université Paris-Saclay Max-Planck-Institut f?r Kernphysik School of Nuclear Science and Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Physics Division Argonne National Laboratory RIKEN Nishina center

This is the first of two articles(Part I and Part II) that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation, ame.020. It includes complete information on the experimental input data that were used to derive the tables of recommended values which are given in Part II. This article describes the evaluation philosophy and procedures that were implemented in the selection of specific nuclear reaction, decay and mass-spectrometric data which were used in a least-squares fit adjustment in order to determine the recommended mass values and their uncertainties. All input data, including both the accepted and rejected ones, are tabulated and compared with the adjusted values obtained from the least-squares fit analysis. Differences with the previous ame.016 evaluation are discussed and specific examples are presented for several nuclides that may be of interest to ame.users.

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The ame.020 atomic mass evaluation (Ⅱ). Tables, graphs and references

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chinese Physics c 2021年第3期45卷 525-767页

作者：王猛黄文嘉 F.g.Kondev 欧乔治 S.Naimi Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences University of chinese Academy of Sciences Advanced Energy Science and Technology guangdong Laboratory Max-Planck-Institut f?r Kernphysik Université Paris-Saclay Physics Division Argonne National Laboratory RIKEN Nishina center

This is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses, ame.020. Using least-squares adjustments to all evaluated and accepted experimental data, described in Part I, we derived tables with numerical values and graphs which supersede those given in ame.016. The first table presents the recommended atomic mass values and their uncertainties. It is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides, a table of various reaction and decay energies, and finally, a series of graphs of separation and decay energies. The last section of this paper provides all input data references that were used in the ame.020 and the Nubase2020 evaluations.

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The ame.016 atomic mass evaluation (Ⅰ).Evaluation of input data;and adjustment procedures

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chinese Physics c 2017年第3期41卷 141-484页

作者：黄文嘉欧乔治王猛 F.g.Kondev S.Naimi 徐星 cSNSM Univ Paris-Sud CNRS/IN2P3 Université Paris-Saclay Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Joint Department for Nuclear Physics Institute of Modern Physics CAS and Lanzhou University Argonne National Laboratory RIKEN Nishina center

This paper is the first of two articles(Part Ⅰ and Part Ⅱ) that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation,*** includes complete information on the experimental input data(also including unused and rejected ones),as well as details on the evaluation procedures used to derive the tables of recommended values given in the second *** article describes the evaluation philosophy and procedures that were implemented in the selection of specific nuclear reaction,decay and mass-spectrometric *** input values were entered in the least-squares adjustment for determining the best values for the atomic masses and their *** of the calculation and particularities of the ame.are then *** accepted and rejected data,including outweighted ones,are presented in a tabular format and compared with the adjusted values obtained using the least-squares fit *** with the previous ame.012 evaluation are discussed and specific information is presented for several cases that may be of interest to ame.*** second ame.016 article gives a table with the recommended values of atomic masses,as well as tables and graphs of derived quantities,along with the list of references used in both the ame.016 and the NUBASE2016 evaluations(the first paper in this issue).

关键词： ame trends from the mass surface(TMS) atomic-mass tables least-squares adjustment

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