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Reversible Data Hiding Based on Varying Radix Numeral System

computers, Materials & continua 2021年第10期69卷 283-300页

作者： J.Hemalatha S.Geetha R.Geetha c.balasubramanian Daniela Elena Popescu D.Jude Hemanth AAA college of Engineering and Technology SivakasiIndia ScOPE VIT UniversityChennaiIndia SENSE VIT UniversityChennaiIndia Department of cSE Kalasalingam Academy of Research and EducationIndia Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology University of OradeaOradeaRomania Department of EcE Karunya Institute of Technology and SciencesCoimbatoreIndia

A novel image reversible data-hiding scheme based on primitive and varying radix numerical model is presented in this *** varying radix,variable sum of data may be embedded in various pixels of *** scheme is made adaptive using the correlation of the neighboring *** are embedded as blocks of non-uniform length in the high-frequency regions of the rhombus mean interpolated image.A higher amount of data is embedded in the high-frequency regions and lesser data in the low-frequency regions of the *** size of the embedded data depends on the statistics of the pixel distribution in the cover *** of the major issues in reversible data embedding,the location map,is minimized because of the interpolation *** technique,which is actually LSB matching,embeds only the residuals of modulo radix into the LSBs of each *** attacks on this RDH technique will be able to decode the hidden content in the marked *** proposed scheme delivers a prominent visual quality despite high embedding *** tests carried out on over 100 natural image data sets and medical images show an improvement in results compared to the existing *** the algorithm is based on the variable radix number system,it is more resistant to most of the steganographic *** results were compared with a higher embedding capacity of up to 1.5 bpp reversible schemes for parameters like Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR),Embedding capacity(Ec)and Structural Similarity Index Metric(SSIM).

关键词： Data hiding spatial correlation radix system prediction error embedding capacity

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Evaluation of Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Plasma Transferred Arc Hardfaced Stainless Steel

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2009年第4期16卷 49-54页

作者： c S Ramachandran V balasubramanian R Varahamoorthy centre for Materials Joining and Research(cEMAJOR) Department of Manufacturing EngineeringAnnamalai University

The effects of different experimental conditions on the dry sliding wear behavior of stainless steel surface produced by plasma transferred arc （PTA） hardfacing process were studied. The wear test was conducted in a pinon-roller wear testing machine, at constant sliding distance of 1 kin. Mathematical models were developed to estimate wear rate incorporating with rotational speed, applied load and roller hardness using statistical tools such as design of experiments, regression analysis and analysis of variance. It is found that the wear resistance of the PTA hardfaced stainless steel surface is better than that of the carbon steel substrate.

关键词： dry sliding wear plasma transferred arc hardfacing carbon steel stainless steel variance analysis experimental design

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Establishing empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of china 2010年第10期20卷 1863-1872页

作者： S.RAJAKUMAR c.MURALIDHA RAN V.balasubramanian Department of Manufacturing Engineering Annamalai University

AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy(Al-Mg-Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high specific strength and good corrosion *** with the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys,friction stir welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material welded does not melt and *** strength is influenced by the grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget ***,an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy *** empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology(RSM) incorporating FSW tool and process parameters.A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget of FSW joints.

关键词： AA 6061-T6 alloy friction stir welding analysis of variance regression analysis grain size tensile strength

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Electroless nickel fabrication on surface modified magnesium substrates

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2019年第4期15卷 636-644页

作者： Ayushi Thakur Swaroop Gharde balasubramanian Kandasubramanian Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology Hazratbal Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir 190006 India Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering DIAT (DU) Ministry of Defence Girinagar Pune 411025 Maharashtra India

In recent years,magnesium(Mg)has evolved as a salient material,in affiliation with electroless nickel(Ni)coating,which have found applications in automobiles,aerospace and confederate fields attributing to its excellent inherent weight sensitive ***,being acknowledged for its remarkable auxiliary properties like flexible machining,appreciable weight sensitivity and ability to be patently diecast into mesh constructs,magnesium is prejudiced by aeronautical standards predominantly for its inferior corrosion resistance *** this sense,electroless nickel plating on magnesium and its alloys has been suggested to extricate it from corrosion problem and make it more competitive in industrial and defence *** fixation of metal ions onto respective substrates accrues and alters their mechanical,electrochemical and tribological properties,destitute of any electric current *** proficiently identified technique is prosecuted with the assistance of a series of sequenced operations involving a prior pretreatment,which corresponds to the chemical cleaning of the substrate surface;electroless coating;and a later activation process which is a mild etching of the electroless coated *** susceptibility of magnesium to this methodology has advanced and propagated its exercise and applicability in aircraft,satellites and allied aeronautical ***,researchers have proposed various eco-friendly and modified duplex and composite coatings which have transmuted properties of these appendages by tailoring alloy compositions and reagents *** review article systematically colligates various considerations and evaluations on electroless nickel applications of magnesium and its alloys and explicates how it anchors its practice in the respective ***,a comprehensive analysis is devised based on the pre-existing treatment methods for accomplishing the same.

关键词： Electroless nickel plating Magnesium Magnesium alloys corrosion-resistance Micro arc oxidation(MAO)

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Spatiotemporal detection of land use/land cover changes and land surface temperature using Landsat and MODIS data across the coastal Kanyakumari district, India

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Geodesy and Geodynamics 2023年第2期14卷 172-181页

作者： S.chrisben Sam Gurugnanam balasubramanian centre for Applied Geology The Gandhigram Rural Institute Deemed to Be UniversityDindigulTamil NaduIndia

This study assesses the changes in land use/land cover(LULc) and land surface temperature(LST) to identify their impacts from 2000 to 2020 along the coast of Kanyakumari district, India using remote sensing techniques. Landsat images are used to estimate the LULc changes and the MODIS data for *** Maximum Likelihood classification(MLc) method is used, and the LULc is classified into six categories: Agriculture Land, Barren Land, Salt Pan, Sandy Beach, Settlement, and Waterbody. Within the two decades of the present change detection study, upheave in the Settlement area of 49.89% is noticed, and the Agriculture Land is exploited by 20.09%. Salt Pan emits a high LST of 31.57°c, and the Waterbodies are noticed with a low LST of 28.9°c. However, the overall rate of LST decreased by 0.56°c during this period. This study will help policymakers make appropriate planning and management to overcome the impact of LULc and LST in the forthcoming years.

关键词： Land use/land cover Land surface temperature Landsat MODIS and remote sensing

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Feasibility of surface-coated friction stir welding tools to join AISI 304grade austenitic stainless steel

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2014年第4期10卷 360-370页

作者： A.K.LAKSHMINARAYANAN c.S.RAMAcHANDRAN V.balasubramanian Department of Mechanical Engineering SSN College of Engineering Kalavakkam 603 110 Chennai Tamil Nadu India centre for Materials Joining & Research (cEMAJOR) Department of Manufacturing Engineering Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar608 002Tamil Nadu India

An attempt is made to develop the tools that are capable enough to withstand the shear, impact and thermal forces that occur during friction stir welding of stainless steels. The atmospheric plasma spray and plasma transferred arc hardfacing processes are employed to deposit refractory ceramic based composite coatings on the Inconel 738 alloy. Five different combinations of self-fluxing alloy powder and 60% ceramic reinforcement particulate mixtures are used for coating. The best friction stir welding tool selected based on tool wear analysis is used to fabricate the austenitic stainless steel joints.

关键词：摩擦搅拌焊接 304不锈钢奥氏体不锈钢焊接工具 AISI 表面涂层大气等离子喷涂自熔性合金粉末

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Development of processing windows for diffusion bonding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy and 304 stainless steel with silver as intermediate layer

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of china 2015年第9期25卷 2932-2938页

作者： M.balasubramanian Department of Mechanical Engineering R.M.K.College of Engineering and Technology

As titanium alloy is chemically reactive,it is very difficult to join by conventional welding *** alloys can easily pick up nitrogen and oxygen from the *** the fusion welding method,brittle intermetallic compounds are formed when joining titanium alloy and stainless steel,which decrease the mechanical behavior of the ***,for joining of titanium alloy,diffusion bonding is *** work dealt with the measurement of feasible process parameters for diffusion bonding of Ti-6Al-4V and AISI 304 stainless steel with silver as an intermediate *** quality of the bonds was confirmed by the lap shear test and microstructural *** the experimental results obtained,diffusion bonding windows were constructed and this will act as reference maps to identify the process parameters for obtaining defect free *** was successful in the temperature range of 750-800 °*** lap shear strength was achieved under a bonding pressure of 5 MPa and holding time of 90 min.

关键词： Ti-6Al-4V alloy silver AISI 304 stainless steel interlayer diffusion bonding

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Breeding and mass scale rearing of clownfish Amphiprion percula: feeding and rearing in brackishwater

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chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2012年第4期30卷 528-534页

作者： DHANEESH Kottila Veettil AJITH KUMAR Thipramalai Thankappan SWAGAT Ghosh balasubramanian Thangavel centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine Sciences Annamalai University

Breeding and mass scale larval rearing of clownfish Amphiprion percula is very limited in brackishwater. We designed an indoor program of A. percula culture in brackishwater with a salinity of 24±1, during which the impacts of feed type, water temperature, and light intensity, on the efficiency of its reproduction, were revealed. The fish were accommodated along with sea anemones in fibre glass tanks to determine the influence of brooder diet on breeding efficiency. Higher reproductive efficiency [number of eggs laid （276±22.3 eggs）] was observed when fish were fed live Acetes sp. rather than clam （204±16.4 eggs）, trash fish （155±12 eggs） and formulated feed （110±10 eggs）. The spawning rate was increased during September and October （water temperature, 28.74±0.55℃） on average of 2.4 spawning per month; and low spawning rate was in January （water temperature, 24.55±0.45℃） on average of I spawning per month. Among three light intensities （100, 500, and 900 1x） set to evaluate larval survival rate, larvae showed the highest survival rate （65.5%） at 900 lx. The breeding method specifically in brackishwater developed in the present study is a new approach, will help the people from the regions of estuary and backwater to enhance their livelihood and it will lead to reduce the exploitation from the wild habitat.

关键词： Amphiprion percula brackishwater feed larval rearing light intensity

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Investigation on mechanical properties of aluminium 7075-boron carbide-coconut shell fly ash reinforced hybrid metal matrix composites

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china Foundry 2018年第6期15卷 449-456页

作者： Balasubramani Subramaniam Balaji Natarajan balasubramanian Kaliyaperumal Samson Jerold Samuel chelladurai Department of Mechanical Engineering Sri Eshwar College of EngineeringCoimbatore-641202Tamilnadulndia Department of Mechanical Engineering Sri Krishna College of Engineering and TechnologyCoimbatore-641008India

The present research work reports the fabrication and evaluation of the mechanical properties of hybrid aluminium matrix composites(HAMc). Aluminium 7075(Al7075) alloy was reinforced with particles of boron carbide(B_4 c) and coconut shell fly ash(cSFA). Al7075 matrix composites were fabricated by stir casting method. The samples of Al7075 HAMc were fabricated with different weight percentages of(0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 wt.%) B_4 c and 3 wt.% of cSFA. The mechanical properties discussed in this work are hardness, tensile strength, and impact strength. Hardness of the composites increased 33% by reinforcements of 12 wt.% B_4 c and 3 wt.% cSFA in aluminium 7075 alloy. The tensile strength of the composites increased 66% by the addition of 9 wt.% B_4 c and 3 wt.% cSFA in aluminium 7075 alloy. Further addition of reinforcements decreased the tensile strength of the composites. Elongation of the composites decreased while increasing B_4 c and cSFA reinforcements in the matrix. The impact energy of the composites increased up to 2.3 J with 9 wt.% B_4 c and 3 wt.% cSFA addition in aluminium alloy. Further addition of reinforcement decreased the impact strength of the composites. The optical micrographs disclosed the homogeneous distribution of reinforcement particles(B_4 c and cSFA) in Al7075 matrix. The homogeneously distributed B_4 c and cSFA particles added as reinforcement in the Al7075 alloy contributed to the improvement of hardness, tensile strength, and impact strength of the composites.

关键词： aluminium 7075 boron carbide fly ash casting hardness tensile strength impact energy

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Effective removal of automobile exhausts over flower-like ce_(1-x)cu_xO_2 nanocatalysts exposed active {100} plane

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Journal of Rare Earths 2018年第6期36卷 603-612页

作者： A.Selvamani K.Shanthi D.Santhanaraj c.M.Babu V.V.Srinivasan P.Thirukumaran V.Ramkumar A.Shakilaparveen R.balasubramanian Department of chemistry Anna University Department of chemistry Loyola College Department of chemistry Department of chemical Engineering Yeungnam University

This work elucidates the synthesis and characterization of copper ions incorporated ceria(ce1-xcuxO2)nanocatalysts with 3 D flower-like and nanocrystalline morphology for the purification of automobile exhausts. XRD and Raman results confirm the presence of copper ions in ceria. The 3 D flower-like and nanocrystalline morphology exhibited by these catalysts were seen by FESEM images. HRTEM and SAED results confirm that(100) plane is dominantly presented in 3 D flower-like ce1-xcuxO2catalysts when compared to nanocrystalline morphology. The textural properties of synthesized catalysts was done with the help of N2 sorption study, which confirms that flower-like ce1-xcuxO2catalysts show high surface area and pore volume. The existence of ce3+, ce4+, cu+and cu2+ions in the catalyst were examined by XPS and DR UV-Vis techniques. Oxygen storage capacity(OSc) of the catalysts was studied by H2-TPR analysis. These characterization results elucidate the presence of dominant active sites(ce3+, ce4+, cu+and cu2+) and {100} plane in the flower-like morphology compared to nanocrystalline. The catalytic activity of synthesized ce1-xcuxO2catalysts was tested for removal of cO, Hcxand NO gases from automobile emission with respect to the copper content and morphology. The obtained results indicate that the presence of optimum amount of copper in ceria with flower-like morphology is essential for the removal of cO, Hcxand NO at low temperature via redox process, which is due to the presence of active sites on the dominant {100} plane.

关键词： Automobile exhausts Flower-like ceria Morphology Rare earths

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