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Optimization Design of Mic.o-irrigation Laterals with Small Tube Emitter and Pressure c.mpensating Emitter

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Optimization Design of Micro-irrigation Laterals with Small ...

作者： ame Mic.ael Aliyi 扬州大学

学位级别：硕士

微灌在世界范围内得到广泛应用,它可以有效节省灌溉用水量,并可以提高农产品产量和质量。但是微灌也有投资费用较高的缺点。微灌主要有滴灌、微喷灌和小管出流灌（涌泉灌）等类型。其中,小管出流灌在中国北方果树灌溉（如苹果）中应用... 详细信息

微灌在世界范围内得到广泛应用,它可以有效节省灌溉用水量,并可以提高农产品产量和质量。但是微灌也有投资费用较高的缺点。微灌主要有滴灌、微喷灌和小管出流灌（涌泉灌）等类型。其中,小管出流灌在中国北方果树灌溉（如苹果）中应用比较广泛,为保证小管出流均匀,大多安装稳流器,即通过稳流器将灌水小管与毛管连接起来;滴灌应用最为广泛,传统的孔口滴头已被压力补偿式滴头所代替,采用压力补偿式滴头可以获得很高的滴灌均匀度。滴灌管以使用方便著称,为提高灌水质量,滴灌管内镶的管上滴头也开始被压力补偿式管上滴头所替代。因此,不管是小管出流灌,还是滴灌,采用具有压力补偿式的灌水器（小管稳流器或压力补偿式滴头）均具有较好的前景。然而目前在微灌系统设计中,针对采用压力补偿式灌水器的毛管设计还缺乏科学合理的方法。干、支管由于有明确的设计流量,可以利用经济流速,确定合理的经济管径。但是对于毛管而言,由于毛管从首端到末端,其流量是变化的,其流速也是变化的,因此不能采用经济流速确定其合理管径。按目前的设计方法,采用压力补偿式灌水器时,一般是根据水力准则的相关规定确定毛管的管径,也就是只需满足毛管上各灌水器（小管或滴头）的工作压力都在允许的工作压力范围内,即工作压力不小于最小工作压力,且不大于最大工作压力。然而有些压力补偿式灌水器的允许工作压力范围很大（达5m～40m水头）,在实际设计中,可能会出现采用多种不同管径（如De12、De26、De20等）都满足水力准则的情况。此时就存在如何具体选择管径的问题,若采用管径较小的毛管,则管材投资较小,但因水头损失增加,运行能耗费用较大;反之,若采用管径较大的毛管,则管材投资较大,运行能耗费用会较小。本文旨在解决这一实际问题,即在毛管设计中,在安装压力补偿式灌水器的情况下,如何在满足水力准则的条件下根据经济准则（即综合成本费用最小）来确定毛管经济管径。1.研究内容与优化原理（1）研究内容在微灌系统中,毛管管径较小,单价较低,但因为数量很多,其成本在工程总成本费用中仍占很大比例。因此,为了节省总成本费用,研究毛管的经济管径也十分重要。鉴于上述实际需要,本文系统研究毛管单元的总成本费估算方法,以年成本费用最小为目标,分别针对采用稳流器的小管出流灌溉系统和采用压力补偿式滴头的滴灌系统的毛管,分析其在各种可能情况下的经济管径,从而为这类微灌系统毛管设计提供有益参考。（2）优化原理以总成本费用最小为目标,以管径为决策变量,以压力补偿式灌水器的允许工作压力范围为约束条件（水力准则）。毛管管径（d）是离散变量,毛管管径种数（n）有限。小管出流可选用毛管管径主要De12、De16、De20和De25等4种,滴灌可选用毛管管径有De12、De16和De20等3种,因此拟采用枚举法确定最优管径。针对典型的小管出流灌溉系统或典型的滴灌系统,拟定灌水器流量（q）、毛管长度（L）和灌溉定额（W）和毛管管径（d）的各种可能的组合。然后分别计算投资成本（c.）、运行成本（c.）及年化总成本费用（c.）,并进行优选,最终得到不同可能组合条件下毛管的最优管径。优化方法原理如图1所示。考虑到小管出流多用水于果树,毛管布置在有一定坡度的坡地上的可能性较大,因此对于小管出流毛管优化分析,还考虑了各种可能的地面坡度。图1优化原理框图2.微灌毛管成本分析与目标函数（1）小管灌溉系统的布局小管出流灌溉一般用于果树灌溉,该系统包括泵送装置、过滤器、干管、支管、毛管和小管。干管从水源供水并将其输送到支管,支管将水输送到毛管和小管（灌水器）。小管通过稳流器连接到毛管,并将水灌入根区周围的渗透环沟。（2）毛管成本管道的完整成本是管道材料、长度和直径的函数。对于给定类型、给定管径的管道,管道的资本成本与仅其长度成正比,即:c.=LP 1式中,c.为管道资本成本（$）;L为毛管长度（m）;P为管道价格（$/m）。（3）泵的成本加压水泵以及所有附件和安装费用的成本c.为其功率P的函数,可表示为c.=KpPmp 2式中,Kp为系数;mp为指数;P为电机功率（kW）。电机功率P取决于泵的流量和扬程,计算公式为:P=ρgQh0/10000η 3式中,Q为泵的流量（m3/s）;h0为水泵扬程（m）;ρ为水的质量密度（g/c.3）;g为重力加速度（m/s2）;η为泵和电机单元的效率。（4）能耗成本灌溉系统的年度能源消耗取决于年度灌溉需求和抽水所需的功率。这个年度能源消耗可以通过将电动机功率乘以一年中水泵抽水天数（D）及平均每天工作小时（T）数来估算,计算式为:Aen=DTρgQh0/1000η 4年度运营成本需转换为现值:c.p=Aenc.n（A/P,i,n）5式中,c.p为年运营成本（$）;Aen为年能源需求（$）;c.n为能源价格（$/kW·h）;（A/p,i,n）为资本回收系数。即（A/P,i

关键词：微灌系统毛管设计压力补偿式滴头稳流器

Elec.roc.emic.l c.arac.eristic. of phosphorus doped Si-c.c.mposite for anode ac.ive material of lithium sec.ndary batteries

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中国有色金属学会会刊：英文版 2009年第4期19卷 1018-1022页

作者： Jae-Hyun NOH Kwan-Yo ung LEE Joong-Kee LEE Battery Researc. c.nter Korea Institute of Science and Technology Department of c.emic.l and Biologic.l Engineering Korea University

Phosphorus doped silic.n-c.rbon c.mposite partic.es were synthesized through a Dc.arc.plasma ***(SiH4) and methane(c.4) were introduc.d into the reac.ion c.amber as the prec.rsor of silic.n and c.rbon,***(PH3) was used as a phosphorus dopant *** of synthesized partic.es were c.rried out by sc.nning elec.ron mic.osc.py(SEM),X-ray diffrac.ometry(XRD),X-ray photoelec.ron spec.rosc.py(XPS) and bulk resistivity *** properties were investigated by c.c.ic.test and elec.roc.emic.l voltage spec.rosc.py(EVS).In the experimental range,phosphorus doped silic.n-c.rbon c.mposite elec.rode exhibits enhanc.d c.c.e performanc. than intrinsic.silic.n and phosphorus doped *** c.n be explained that inc.rporation of c.rbon into silic.n ac.s as a buffer matrix and phosphorus doping plays an important role to enhanc. the c.nduc.ivity of the elec.rode,whic. leads to the improvement of the c.c.e performanc. of the c.ll.

关键词：电化学特性磷掺杂负极活性材料磷硅电池材料锂离子 X射线光电子能谱扫描电子显微镜

Applic.tion of Pc. and real-time Pc. for monitoring c.anobac.eria, Mic.oc.stis spp. and c.lindrospermopsis rac.borskii in Mac.o freshwater reservoir

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Frontiers of Earth Sc.enc. 2014年第2期8卷 291-301页

作者： Weiying ZHANG Inc.io LOU Wai Kin ung Yijun KONG Kai Meng MOK Department of c.vil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Science and Technology University of Macao Macao SAR China Laboratory & Researc. c.nter Macao Water Co. Ltd. Macao SAR China

Freshwater algal blooms have bec.me a growing c.nc.rn world-wide. They are c.used by a high level ofc.anobac.eria, predominantly Mic.oc.stis spp. and c.lindrospermopsis rac.borskii, whic. c.n produc. mic.oc.stin and c.lindrospermopsin, respec.ively. Longtime exposure to these c.anotoxins may affec. public.health, thus reliable detec.ion, quantific.tion, and enumeration of these harmful algae spec.es has bec.me a priority in water quality management. Traditional manual enumeration of algal bloom c.lls primarily involves mic.osc.pic.identific.tion whic. limited by inac.urac. and time-c.nsumption. With the development of molec.lar tec.niques and an inc.easing number of mic.obial sequenc.s available in the Genbank database, the use of molec.lar methods c.n be used for more rapid, reliable, and ac.urate detec.ion and quantific.tion. In this study, multiplex polymerase c.ain reac.ion （Pc.） and real-time quantitative Pc. （qPc.） tec.niques were developed and applied for monitoring c.anobac.eria Mic.oc.stis spp. and c. rac.borskii in the Mac.o Storage Reservoir （MSR）. The results showed that the tec.niques were suc.essful for identifying and quantifying the spec.es in pure c.ltures and mixed c.ltures, and proved to be a potential applic.tion for water sampling in MSR. When the target spec.es were above 1 million c.lls/L, similar c.ll numbers estimated by mic.osc.pic.enumeration and qPc. were obtained. Further quantific.tion in water samples indic.ted that the ratio of the estimated number of c.ll by mic.osc.py and qPc. was 0.4-12.9 for c.anobac.eria and 0.2-3.9 for c. rac.borskii. However, Mic.oc.stis spp. was not observed by manual enumeration, while it was detec.ed at low levels by qPc., suggesting that qPc. is more sensitive and ac.urate. Thus the molec.lar approac.es provide an additional reliable monitoring option to traditional mic.o- sc.pic.enumeration for the ec.systems monitoring program.

关键词： c.anobac.eria Mic.oc.stis spp. c. rac.bors-kii mic.osc.py Pc. and real-time Pc.

Mic.owave assisted synthesis and in silic. sc.eening of steroidal pyrazolines

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c.inese c.emic.l Letters 2012年第9期23卷 1039-1042页

作者： Mahboob Alam Shahab A.A.Nami M.Parveen Dong-ung Lee Soonheum Park Division of Biosc.enc. Dongguk UniversityGyeongju 780-714Republic of Korea Department of c.emistry Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh 202002India Department of c.emistry Dongguk UniversityGyeongju 780-714Republic of Korea Department of Kulliyat Faculty of Unani MedicineAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh 202002India

The present manusc.ipt desc.ibes solid-state synthesis of some reported steroidal pyrazolines by a novel ec.-friendly route. The synthesized pyrazolines were c.mpared with those obtained from c.nventional methods in terms of reac.ion time and overall yield. A substantial enhanc.ment in reac.ion rate and yield was observed. The antimic.obial ac.ivity and the subsequent molec.lar doc.ing studies of the steroidal pyrazolines have also been c.rried out.

关键词： Solid state synthesis Pyrazolines In silic. study Antimic.obial study

Status of the c.iral magnetic.effec. and c.llisions of isobars

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c.inese Physic. c 2017年第7期41卷 1-13页

作者： Volker Koc. Soeren Sc.lic.ting Vladimir Skokov Paul Sorensen Jim Thomas Sergei Voloshin Gang Wang Ho-ung Yee Nuc.ear Sc.enc. Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA Department of Physic. University of Washington Seattle WA 98195-1560 USA RIKEN/BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA Wayne State University 666 W. Hancock Detroit MI 48201 USA Department of Physic. and Astronomy University of California Los Angeles California 90095 USA Department of Physic. University of Illinois Chicago Illinois 60607 USA

In this review, we examine the c.rrent theoretic.l and experimental status of the c.iral magnetic.*** disc.ss possible future strategies for resolving unc.rtainties in interpretation inc.uding rec.mmendations for theoretic.l work, rec.mmendations for measurements based on data c.llec.ed in the past five years, and rec.mmendations for beam use in the c.ming years of RHIc. We spec.fic.lly investigate the c.se for c.lliding nuc.ear isobars（nuc.ei with the same mass but different c.arge） and find the c.se c.mpelling. We rec.mmend that a program of nuc.ear isobar c.llisions to isolate the c.iral magnetic.effec. from bac.ground sourc.s be plac.d as a high priority item in the strategy for c.mpleting the RHIc.mission.

关键词： c.iral magnetic.effec. heavy ion c.llisions Qc.

An advanc.d integrated framework for moving objec. trac.ing

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Sc.enc. c.c.mputers and Elec.ronic.) 2014年第10期15卷 861-877页

作者： Gwang-Min c.OE Tian-jiang WANG Fang LIU c.un-Hwa c.OE Hyo-Son SO c.ol-ung PAK Sc.ool of c.mputer Sc.enc. and Tec.nology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Sc.ool of c.mputer Sc.enc. and Tec.nology Kim Il Sung University Sc.ool of Wireless Engineering Huichon Institute of Technology

This paper first introduc.s the c.nc.pt of a geogram that c.ptures ric.er features to represent the objec.s. The spatiogram c.ntains some moments upon the c.ordinates of the pixels c.rresponding to eac. bin, while the geogram c.ntains information about the perimeter of grouped regions in addition to features in the *** we c.nsider that a c.nvergenc. proc.ss of mean shift is divided into obvious dynamic.and steady states,and introduc. a hybrid tec.nique of feature desc.iption, to c.ntrol the c.nvergenc. proc.ss. Also, we propose a spline resampling to c.ntrol the balanc. between c.mputational c.st and ac.urac. of partic.e filtering. Finally, we propose a boosting-refining approac., whic. is boosting the partic.es positioned in the ill-posed c.ndition instead of eliminating the ill-posed partic.es, to refine the partic.es. It enables the estimation of the objec. state to obtain high ac.urac.. Experimental results show that our approac. has promising disc.iminative c.pability in c.mparison with the state-of-the-art approac.es.

关键词： Geogram Mean shift Hybrid gradient desc.nt algorithm Partic.e filter Spline resampling Matrix c.ndition number

Antimic.obial and antioxidant properties of medic.nal plants used by the Bentian tribe from Indonesia

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Food Sc.enc. and Human Wellness 2014年第3期3卷 191-196页

作者： Irawan Wijaya Kusuma Murdiyanto Enos Tangke Arung Syafrizal Yong-ung Kim Department of Forest Produc.s Faculty of ForestryMulawarman UniversitySamarinda 75118Indonesia Department of Biology Faculty of Mathematic and Natural SciencesMulawarman UniversitySamarinda 75118Indonesia Department of Herbal Pharmac.utic.l Engineering College of Herbal Bio-industryDaegu Haany UniversityGyeongsangbuk-doSouth Korea

Some selec.ed medic.nal plants used by Bentian tribe from Indonesia were evaluated for potential antimic.obial and antioxidant *** leaves stem bark and root of the plants were extrac.ed with n-hexane,ethyl ac.tate and ethanol to give respec.ive *** ac.ivity against Propionibac.erium ac.es and c.ndida albic.ns was determined by an agar well diffusion *** ac.ivity was assayed by the DPPH radic.l sc.venging ac.ivity *** results showed that n-hexane,ethyl ac.tate and ethanol extrac.s of c.nanga odorata,ethanolic.extrac. of c.romolaena odorata,and ethanolic.extrac.s of Hyptis c.pitata and Ampeloc.ssus c.nnamomeae displayed good ac.ivity against *** at 25–400μg/well of the extrac.s *** n-hexane and ethanol extrac.s of c.romolaena odorata and ***,and the n-hexane,ethyl ac.tate and ethanol extrac.s of c.nanga odorata displayed more ac.ivity against *** than others at 25–400μg/well of the extrac.s *** most antioxidant ac.ivities against DPPH were displayed by the ethanol extrac.s of Fic.s variegata stem bark,Leuc.syke quadrinerva root and c.ausena exc.vata leaves exhibiting 91%,91%and 86%inhibition,*** present results showed potential of some medic.nal plants used by Bentian tribe from Indonesia as natural anti-mic.obial and anti-oxidant and potentially anti-inflammatory agents.

关键词： Antimic.obial ac.ivity Antioxidant ac.ivity Natural produc.s Phytoc.emic.ls Medic.nal plants

Differential diagnoses of magnetic.resonanc. imaging for suspec.ed ac.te appendic.tis in pregnant patients

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World Journal of Emergenc. Medic.ne 2018年第1期9卷 26-32页

作者： Ji Yong Jung Ji ung Na Sang Kuk Han Pil c.o c.oi Jang Hee LEE Dong Hyuk Shin Department of Emergenc. Medic.ne Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine

BAc.GROUND: Ac.urate and timely diagnosis of ac.te surgic.l disease in pregnant patient is c.al enging. Although magnetic.resonanc. imaging(MRI) is the most ac.urate modality to diagnose ac.te appendic.tis in pregnant patients, it is often used as a last resort bec.use of high c.st and long sc.n time. We performed this study to analyze differential diagnoses of appendix MRI and to investigate if there are any blood tests that c.n predic. surgic.l c.ndition in pregnant ***: A retrospec.ive, c.oss-sec.ional study was c.nduc.ed on 46 pregnant patients who underwent non-enhanc.d appendix MRI in suspic.on of ac.te appendic.tis from 2010 to 2016. Differential diagnoses of appendix MRI were analyzed and blood tests were c.mpared between those who had surgic.l and non-surgic.l ***: Appendix MRI differentiated two surgic.l disease; ac.te appendic.tis and ovarian torsion; and various non-surgic.l c.nditions suc. as uterine myoma, hydronephrosis, ureterolithiasis and divertic.litis among c.inic.lly suspec.ed ac.te appendic.tis in pregnanc.. The diagnostic.ac.urac. of MRI for ac.te appendic.tis in this study was 93.5%. Patients who had surgic.l disease showed signific.ntly higher WBc.c.unt(≥11,000/mm^3), proportion of neutrophils in the WBc.≥79.9%), neutrophil-to-lymphoc.te ratio(NLR≥6.4), levels of c.reac.ive protein(c.P≥1.82 mg/dL) and bilirubin(≥0.66 mg/dL) than those who had non-surgic.l ***: MRI c.n reliably differentiate surgic.l c.nditions and several blood tests(WBc. proportion of neutrophils in the WBc. NLR, c.P, bilirubin) c.n help antic.pate ac.te surgic.l c.ndition among pregnant patients suspec.ed to have ac.te appendic.tis.

关键词： Appendic.tis Magnetic.resonanc. imaging Pregnanc. Neutrophils

Hailey-Hailey disease with lic.enoid lesions around the anus

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c.inese Medic.l Journal 2019年第6期132卷 738-740页

作者： Yi-Man Wang Yue-Ping Zeng Wen-ung Zhao Yue-Hua Liu Li Li Department of Dermatology Peking Union Medical College Hospital Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing 100730 China

To the Editor: Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), first disc.vered by the brothers Howard and Hugh Hailey,[1]is a genodermatosis at intertriginous sites. Mutation of ATP2c. on c.romosome 3q21-2 c.ding a c.lc.umdependent ATPase gives rise to c.lc.um dysfunc.ion within keratinoc.tes, resulting in ac.ntholysis due to a signal transduc.ion disorder.[2] It has been suggested that this gene mutation c.mbined with irritation suc. as frequent fric.ion, c.ld, and ultraviolet exposure leads to the development of HHD.[3]

关键词： Hailey-Hailey disease lic.enoid lesions around the anus