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Same place, different time, head up: Multiple antipredator responses to a recolonizing apex predator

Current Zoology 2023年第6期69卷 703-717页

作者： bruno esattore Agnese Carlotta Rossi Francesco Bazzoni Chiara Riggio Raquel Oliveira Ivan Leggiero Francesco Ferretti Department of Ethology Institute of Animal SciencePratelstvi 81510400UhrinevesPragueCzech Republic Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science Faculty of AgrobiologyFood and Natural ResourcesCzech University of Life SciencesKamycka 12916500SuchdolPragueCzech Republic Department of Life Sciences Research Unit of Behavioral EcologyEthology and Wildlife ManagementUniversity of SienaVia Pier Andrea Mattioli 453100SienaItaly NBFC National Biodiversity Future CenterPalermo 90133Italy

Prey adjust their antipredator behavioral tactics to minimize the risk of an encounter with *** responses of prey to pred-ators have been reported,but the nature of antipredator response is not ubiquitous and it is the object of increasing interest,especially consid-ering the recent recovery of large carnivores in Europe,and the potential for behavioral antipredator responses to elicit consequences at the ecosystem *** have tested multiple antipredator responses by fallow deer Dama dama to wolf Canis lupus in a Mediterranean protected area recently recolonized by this apex *** intensive camera trapping,we tested for temporal and spatial association between predator and prey,and we have also studied deer vigilance in forest habitats where focal observations are usually *** detection rates were spatially associated with those of fallow ***,no evidence was found for fallow deer avoiding sites with higher predator detection *** activity patterns were significantly different between the 2 species,with the wolf being mainly nocturnal whereas fallow deer was active especially during daylight.A comparison with a preliminary study strongly suggests an increase in the diurnal activity of fallow deer along with the stabilization of wolf presence in the *** the rate and the duration of vigilance of female fallow deer increased with the local frequency of wolf *** suggest an antipredator response based on temporalrather than spatialavoidance,as well as increasedvigilance.

关键词： antipredator responses deer interspecific interactions temporal patterns vigilance

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