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Approaches to antiretroviral therapy in China

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Cell research 2005年第Z1期15卷 895-902页

作者： bruce L GILLIAM robert r rEDFIELD Division of Clinical Care and research Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA

China has recognized the threat of HIV to its population and responded with a national antiretroviral treatment (ArT) program. However, high ArT failure rates and the spread of resistance within populations are important realities to consider when developing and managing ArT programs in China and worldwide. Concepts which will define treatment success and local and national programmatic goals are 1) access to ArT, 2) durability of ArT at the patient level, 3) scalability of treatment modalities, and the 4) sustainability of the program at the community or national level. In the face of limited resources, China must also consider when to start ArV therapy, which agents to use, when to switch them, and how to treat highly experienced patients with drug resistance. The optimal ArV regimen to start with is changing frequently with the introduction of new agents and the presentation of new data. Currently, a regimen including tenofovir, emtricitabine or lamivudine and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor appears to have optimal characteristics to treat HIV/AIDS in China. However, critical to all of these choices is the evaluation of programs implemented to insure wide scale success. China has wisely begun this process of evaluating the perfor- mance of local programs through systematic monitoring and evaluation of treatment outcomes. This will allow regi- mens and programs that work to be expanded, and programs with high failure rates to be eliminated. In the end, evidence based data supporting treatment strategies will allow China to successfully confront its AIDS epidemic early and prevent its tragic consequences

关键词： antiretroviral therapy scalability HIV/AIDS.

The role of preoperative immune modulating nutrition

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Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 2020年第2期9卷 221-222页

作者： bruce r.Bistrian Department of Medicine Harvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMAUSA

The meta-analysis by Adiamah et al.(1)clearly identifies the value of preoperative feeding with immune modulating nutrition(IMN)preoperatively in patients undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal cancer sufficient to make this a general recommendation by the relevant nutrition societies such as in future ESPEN and the Society of Critical Care Medicine-ASPEN guidelines(2,3).Previously ESPEN has recommended IMN in malnourished patients following major cancer surgery(2,4),but there has been some controversy as to whether IMN offered benefit beyond that seen with standard supplemental feeding in preoperative patients(5).However this present analysis appears to firmly establish the value of IMN in preoperative preparation of the gastrointestinal cancer patient undergoing *** said there are significant and important characteristics of their analysis of 16 randomized trials of solely preoperative feeding in patients with gastrointestinal cancer that may have been critical in determining the significant outcomes of a marked reduction in infectious complications by nearly 1/2(Or=0.52)with a Pre was no impact on non-infectious complications,which might be anticipated,since enhancement of immune function would be expected to principally impact on the risk of infectious complications which could then secondarily influence length of *** the authors restricted the included studies to have only those patients with malignant disease with the preoperative feeding period to be at least 3 days,which included studies up to a total of 8 days *** former restriction tends to identify a group most likely to benefit from immune enhancement.

关键词： preoperative nutrition likely

Fracturing,caving propagation and influence of mining on groundwater above longwall panels–a review of predictive models

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2020年第1期30卷 49-54页

作者： bruce Hebblewhite School of Minerals and Energy resources Engineering University of New South WalesSydney 2052Australia

Historically there have been a number of different hypotheses and empirical models developed in an attempt to describe the nature of fracturing above longwall panels in underground coal *** motivation for suchmodels varies,ranging fromunderstanding the impact ofmining on surface subsidence,to back-analysis of caving behaviour in the immediate roof behind the longwall *** of the most critical motivating factors that is taking on increased importance in many coalfields,is the need for better understanding,and hence prediction of the impact of mining on overlying strata,particularly strata units acting as aquifers for different groundwater *** paper reviews some of the major prediction models in the context of observed behaviour of strata displacement and fracturing above longwall panels in the southern coalfields of New South Wales,south of *** paper discusses the parameter often referred to as"height of fracturing"in terms of the critical parameters that influence it,and the relevance and appropriateness of this terminology in the context of overlying sub-surface subsidence and groundwater *** paper proposes an alternative terminology for this parameter that better reflects what it is and how it is *** paper also addresses the potential role of major bedding shear planes mobilised by mining and their potential influence on overlying subsidence and groundwater interference.

关键词： Longwall mining Subsidence Groundwater Caving Underground coal mining

Analysis of Bio-inspired Fishbone Based Corrugated rib for Adaptive Camber Morphing

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2023年第3期20卷 1083-1102页

作者： r.Jini raj J.bruce ralphin rose A.Vasudevan Department of Mechanical Engineering Anna University Regional CampusTirunelveli627007India Saveetha School of Engineering SIMATSChennai600124India

Bioinspired active camber morphing is an innovative solution for the aerodynamic performance enhancement of flight vehicles such as Micro Aerial Vehicles(MAVs)and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs).In the present article,a bio-inspired Fish Bone Active Camber(FishBAC)corrugated rib design concept with and without a spine for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)is *** wing model is composed of multiple corrugated ribs and a splitted spar for connecting each *** rib geometry is subjected to static structural analysis using ANSYS Finite Element Analysis(FEA)module under the unit load *** deformation modes are first extracted from the solution of the wind tunnel test and the elastically deformed NACA 4412 profile will be used to perform Fluid-Structure Interaction(FSI)studies as a partly coupled *** corrugated rib with spine design is a stable structure as inspired from nature species that can withstand elastic and inertial *** fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation is performed to compute the coefficient of lift(Cl),coefficient of drag(Cd)at different Angle of Attack(AoA)for a modified NACA 4412 airfoil and the pressure loads acting on the deformed shape is *** Cl obtained for the modified airfoil at lower AoA is about 60–80%higher and the maximum Cl(Clmax)is 62%higher than the baseline *** Cd of modified airfoil is reduced about 20%at the AoAα=3°as compared with the baseline *** proposed corrugated rib structure has been successfully 3D printed with Polylactic Acid plus(PLA+)material and the wind tunnel testing is done to validate the Cl,Cd values obtained through CFD simulations and the results are presented.

关键词： Bioinspired design Active morphing Fish bone Wind tunnel CFD

Adding Value to Crop Production Systems by Integrating Forage Cover Crop Grazing

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 180-192页

作者： robert B. Mitchell Daren D. redfearn Kenneth P. Vogel Terry J. Klopfenstein Galen Erickson P. Stephen Baenziger bruce E. Anderson Mary E. Drewnoski Jay Parsons Steven D. Masterson Marty r. Schmer Virginia L. Jin USDA-ArS Wheat Sorghum and Forage Research Unit University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA Department of Animal Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA Department of Agricultural Economics University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA USDA-ArS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA

In addition to their value as cereal grains, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) are important cool-season annual forages and cover crops. Yearling steer (Bos taurus) performance was compared in the spring following autumn establishment as for age cover crops after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain harvest. replicated pastures (0.4 ha) were no-till seeded in three consecutive years into soybean stubble in autumn, fertilized, and grazed the following spring near Ithaca, NE, USA. Each pasture (n = 3) was continuously stocked in spring with four yearling steers (380 ± 38 kg) for 17, 32, and 28 d in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively. In 2005, average daily gain (ADG) for steers grazing triticale exceeded the ADG for wheat by 0.31 kghd-1d-1. In 2006, wheat ADG exceeded that for triticale by 0.12 kghd-1d-1. In 2007, steers grazing wheat lost weight, while steers grazing triticale gained 0.20 kghd-1d-1. Based on the 3-year average animal gains valued at $1.32 kg-1, mean net return ($ ha-1 yr-1) was $62.15 for triticale and $22.55 for wheat. Since these grazed cover crops provide ecosystem services in addition to forage, grazing could be viewed as a mechanism for recovering costs and adds additional value to the system. Based on this 3-year grazing trial, triticale was superior to wheat and likely will provide the most stable beef yearling performance across years with variable weather for the western Cornbelt USA.

关键词： Cover crops Soybean Triticale Wheat

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发射市场的客户为何离不开SpaceX

商业周刊（中文版） 2024年第1期 16-17页

作者： bruce Einhorn Shinhye Kang Heejin Kim Nicholas Takahashi 融汐(译) 不详

海伦·休比(Helene Huby)想在欧洲太空历史上留下一笔。作为可重复使用太空舱开发商Exploration Co.的首席执行官,她帮助自己的初创公司在2022年赢得了阿丽亚娜6号(Ariane6)上的一个便宜位置。阿丽亚娜6号是欧洲打算匹敌马斯克旗下Space... 详细信息

海伦·休比(Helene Huby)想在欧洲太空历史上留下一笔。作为可重复使用太空舱开发商Exploration Co.的首席执行官,她帮助自己的初创公司在2022年赢得了阿丽亚娜6号(Ariane6)上的一个便宜位置。阿丽亚娜6号是欧洲打算匹敌马斯克旗下SpaceX公司系列火箭的产品。

关键词：初创公司阿丽亚娜首席执行官 Hub 开发商

A numerical optimization of high altitude testing facility for wind tunnel experiments

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2015年第3期28卷 636-648页

作者： J.bruce ralphin rose G.r.Jinu C.J.Brindha Department of Aeronautical Engineering Regional Centre of Anna University Department of Mechanical Engineering University College of EngineeringNagercoil Department of Aeronautical Engineering The Raajas Engineering College

Abstract High altitude test facilities are required to test the high area ratio nozzles operating at the upper stages of rocket in the nozzle full flow conditions. It is typically achieved by creating the ambient pressure equal or less than the nozzle exit pressure. On average, air/GN2 is used as active gas for ejector system that is stored in the high pressure cylinders. The wind tunnel facilities are used for conducting aerodynamic simulation experiments at/under various flow velocities and operating conditions. However, constructing both of these facilities require more laboratory space and expensive instruments. Because of this demerit, a novel scheme is implemented for conducting wind tunnel experiments by using the existing infrastructure available in the high altitude testing （HAT） facility. This article presents the details about the methods implemented for suitably modifying the sub-scale HAT facility to conduct wind tunnel experiments. Hence, the design of nozzle for required area ratio A/A＊, realization of test section and the optimized configuration are focused in the present analysis. Specific insights into various rocket models including high thrust cryogenic engines and their holding mechanisms to conduct wind tunnel experiments in the HAT facility are analyzed. A detailed CFD analysis is done to propose this conversion without affecting the existing functional requirements of the HAT facility.

关键词： CFD Enclosed free-jet section Ground testing High altitude testing (HAT)facility Optimization

revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia(Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)

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Plant Diversity 2019年第6期41卷 353-480页

作者： bruce r.Maslin Boon Chuan Ho Hang Sun Lin Bai research Associate of Western Australian Herbarium Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsBentley Delivery CentrePO Box 104WA6983Australia research Associate of Singapore Botanic Gardens Herbarium Republic of Singapore Herbarium Singapore Botanic GardensNational Parks Board1 Cluny Road259569Republic of Singapore CAS Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650201China

The present work represents the first comprehensive taxonomic revision of Acacia ***.(Leguminosae:Mimosoideae)in China,focusing on the indigenous *** reassessments of specimens and re-defin让ion of previously recorded species have resulted in recognising 21 indigenous species under Senegalia,a segregate of the former Acacia *** botanical profiles are provided for these species,together w让h a diagnostic line drawing and distribution map;photographs of living plants are provided for more than half the *** treatments are also provided for the 15 species from four genera that are regarded as major introductions of Acacia *** the country:Acacia Mill.(12 spp.),Acaciella Britton&rose(1 sp.),Senegalia raf.(1 sp.)and Vachellia Wight&Arn.(1 sp.).An identification key to all Acacia *** in China is *** indigenous species of Senegalia in China belong to ***(Vassal)Maslin,comb,nov.,and the introduced ones to *** a consequence of this study,the number of Senegalia species now recognised for China has almost *** new species are described:Senegalia clandestina Maslin,***,***&LBai,***.;Senegalia guangdongensis Maslin,***,***&LBai,***.;Senegalia obliqua Maslin,***,***&LBai,***.;Senegalia orientalis Maslin,***,***&LBai,***.;Senegalia prominens Maslin,***,***&LBai,***.;Senegalia stipitata Maslin,***,***&LBai,*** new combinations are established:Senegalia garrettii(***)Maslin,***,***&LBai,comb.&stat,nov.;Senegalia kerrii(***)Maslin,***,***&LBai,comb.&stat,nov.;Senegalia kunmingensis(***&***)Maslin,***,***&LBai,comb.&stat,nov.;Senegalia macrocephala(Lace)Maslin,***,***&LBai,*** andamanica(***)Maslin,Seigler&Ebinger and *** are new records for China.A lectotype is designated for Acacia teniana Harms and 2nd step lectotypifications effected for Acacia delavayi

关键词： Acacia Acaciella Senegalia Vachellia Taxonomy China

The art and science of species delimitation

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Current Zoology 2015年第5期61卷 846-853页

作者： bruce rANNALA Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis Davis CA 95616 USA

DNA-based approaches to systematics have changed dramatically during the last two decades with the rise of DNA barcoding methods and newer multi-locus methods for species delimitation. During the last half-decade, partly driven by the new sequencing technologies, the focus has shifted to multi-locus sequence data and the identification of species within the frame-work of the multi-species coalescent （MSC）. In this paper, I discuss model-based Bayesian methods for species delimitation that have been developed in recent years using the MSC. Several approximate methods for species delimitation （and their limitations） are also discussed. Explicit species delimitation models have the advantage of clarifying more precisely what is being delimited and what assumptions we are making in doing so. Moreover, the methods can be very powerful when applied to large multi-locus datasets and thus take full advantage of data generated using today＇s technologies [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 846-853,2015].

关键词： Bayesian species delimitation Species concepts Multi-species coalescent