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world Journal of Gastroenterology 2002年第5期8卷 847-852页

作者： Kate e williamson brian J Rowlands Department of Surgery Institute of Clinical ScienceThe Queen's University of BelfastBelfastUK

AIM：To investigate the patterns of cell proliferation in proximal and distal colons in normal rats and rats with1,2-dimethylhydrazine(DMH)induced carcinogenesis using the thymidine analogue ***:Colonic crypt cell proliferation was immunohistochemically detected using the anti-bromodeoxyuridine Bu20a monoclonal ***:Marked regional differences were found in both *** labelling index(LI)and proliferative zone size in both normal(8.65±0.34vs7.2±0.45,27.74±1.07vs16.75±1.45)andDMH groups(13.13±0.46vs11.55±0.45,39.60±1.32vs35.52±1.58)were significantly higher in distal than in proximal colon(Phe number of cells per proxmal crypt was greater(31.45±0.20vs34.45±0.39,42.68±0.53vs49.09±0.65,Pength,total LT and proliferative zone size all increased in both proximal and distal regions of DMH rats compared to normal controls(Preated rat colon a shift of labelled cells to higher crypt cell positions was demonstrated distally whist a bi-directional shift was evident proximally(Presults show that changes in cell proliferation patterns,as assessed by bromodeoxyuridine uptake,can act as a reliable intermediate marker of colonic cancer *** differences between proliferation patterns in distal and proximal colon may be associated with the higher incidence of tumors in t he distal colon.

关键词：溴脱氧尿嘧啶二甲肼细胞增殖致癌机制动物实验

Long-term effects of fire frequency and season on herbaceous vegetation in savannas of the Kruger National Park,South Africa

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Journal of Plant ecology 2013年第1期6卷 71-83页

作者： Melinda D.Smith brian wvan wilgen catherine e.Burns Navashni Govender Andre L.F.Potgieter Sandy Andelman Harry C.Biggs Judith Botha winston S.w.Trollope Department of ecology and evolutionary Biology Yale UniversityPO Box 208106New HavenCT 06520USA Centre for Invasion Biology Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Natural Resources and the EnvironmentPO Box 320Stellenbosch 7600South Africa North carolina Chapter Office The Nature Conservancy4705 University DriveSuite 290DurhamNC 27707USA Scientific Services South African National ParksPrivate Bag X402Skukuza 1350South Africa Tropical ecology Assessment and Monitoring(TEAM)NetworkConservation International2011 Crystal DriveSuite 500ArlingtonVA 22202USA Department of Livestock and Pasture Science University of Fort HarePrivate Bag X1314Alice 5700South Africa

Aims:The long-term effects of changing fire regimes on the herbaceous component of savannas are poorly understood but essential for understanding savanna *** present results from one of the longest running(>44 years)fire experiments in savannas,the experimental burn plots(eBPs),which is located in the Kruger National Park(South Africa)and encompasses four major savanna vegetation types that span broad spatial gradients of rainfall(450–700 mm)and soil ***:herbaceous vegetation was sampled twice in the eBPs using a modified step-point method,once prior to initiation of the experiment(1954)and again after 44–47 *** combinations of three fire frequency(1-,2-and 3-year return intervals)and five season(before the first spring rains,after the first spring rains,mid-summer,late summer and autumn)treatments,as well as a fire exclusion treatment,were applied at the plot level(;7 ha each),with each treatment(n=12 total)replicated four times at each of the four sites(n=192 plots total).The effects of long-term alterations to the fire regime on grass community structure and composition were analyzed separately for each *** Findings:Over the 44+years duration of the experiment,fires were consistently more intense on sites with higher mean annual rainfall(>570 mm),whereas fires were not as intense or consistent for sites with lower and more variable rainfall(entially higher herbivory due to greater soil *** the plots were open to grazing,the impacts of herbivory along with more variable rainfall regimes likely minimized the effects of fire for the more arid *** a consequence,fire effects on grass community structure and composition were most marked for the higher rainfall sites and generally not significant for the more arid *** the high-rainfall sites,frequent dry season fires(1-to 3-year return intervals)resulted in high grass richness,evenness and diversity,whereas fire exclusion and growing se

关键词： climate fire intensity grass herbivory soil fertility

The MYC transcription factor network： balancing metabolism, proliferation and oncogenesis

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Frontiers of Medicine 2018年第4期12卷 412-425页

作者： Patrick A. carroll brian w. Freie Haritha Mathsyaraja Robert N. eisenman Division of Basic Sciences Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 1100 Fairview Ave. N. Seattle WA 90109 USA

Transcription factor networks have evolved in order to control, coordinate, and separate, the functions of distinct network modules spatially and temporally. In this review we focus on the MYC network （also known as the MAX-MLX Network）, a highly conserved super-family of related basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper （bHLHZ） proteins that functions to integrate extracellular and intracellular signals and modulate global gene expression. Importantly the MYC network has been shown to be deeply involved in a broad spectrum of human and other animal cancers. here we summarize molecular and biological properties of the network modules with emphasis on functional interactions among network members. we suggest that these network interactions serve to modulate growth and metabolism at the transcriptional level in order to balance nutrient demand with supply, to maintain growth homeostasis, and to influence cell fate. Moreover, oncogenic activation of MYC and/or loss of a MYC antagonist, results in an imbalance in the activity of the network as a whole, leading to tumor initiation, progression and maintenance.

关键词： network transcription cancer MYC MAX MLX

Cortical and spinal evoked potential response to electrical stimulation in human rectum

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world Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第43期16卷 5440-5446页

作者： brian Garvin Lisa Lovely Alex Tsodikov Danielle Minecan Shaungson Hong John w wiley Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Michigan Clinical Research Unit Level 1 Room 1702 Cardiovascular Center 1500E Medical Center Drive Ann Arbor MI 48109 United States Department of Neurology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 United States Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 United States

AIM: To study a novel technique to record spinal and cortical evoked potentials (ePs) simultaneously in response to electrical stimulation in the human rectum. MeTHODS: eight male and nine female healthy volunteers participated. Stimulating electrodes were attached to the rectal mucosa at 15 cm and 12 cm above the dentate line. recording skin electrodes were positioned over vertebrae L4 through S2. The electrical stimulus was a square wave of 0.2 ms duration and the intensity of the stimulus varied between 0 and 100 mA. eP responses were recorded using a Nicolet Viking IV programmable signal ***: Simultaneous recording of cortical and spinal ePs was obtained in > 80% of the trials. The eP responses increased with the intensity of the electrical stimulation, were reproducible overtime, and were blocked by application of Lidocaine jelly at the site of stimulation. The morphology (N1/P1), mean ± SD for latency (spinal N1, 4.6 ± 0.4 ms; P1, 6.8 ± 0.5 ms; cortical N1, 136.1 ± 4.2 ms; P1, 233.6 ± 12.8 ms) and amplitude (N1/P1, spinal, 38 ± 7 μV; cortical 19 ± 3 μV) data for the eP responses were consistent with those in the published literature. reliable and reproducible eP recordings were obtained with the attachment of the electrodes to the rectal mucosa at predetermined locations between 16 and 8 cm above the anal verge, and the distance between the attachment sites of the electrodes (the optimal distance being approximately 3.0 cm between the two electrodes). CONCLUSION: This technique can be used to assess potential abnormalities in primary afferent neural pathways innervating the rectum in several neurodegenerative and functional pain disorders.

关键词： Spinal evoked potentials Cortical evoked potentials rectum electrical stimulation Primary afferent neurons Visceral sensation

Habitual physical activity levels and sedentary time of children in different childcare arrangements from a nationally representative sample of canadian preschoolers

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Journal of Sport and health Science 2020年第6期9卷 657-663页

作者： Julie Statler Piotr wilk brian w.Timmons Rachel Colley Patricia Tucker Faculty of health Sciences University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioN6A 3K7Canada Schulich School of Medicine&Dentistry University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioN6A 3K7Canada Department of Pediatrics McMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioL8S 4L8Canada Division of health Analysis Statistics CanadaOttawaOntarioK1A 0T6Canada School of Occupational Therapy University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioN6A 3K7Canada

Background:Children spend substantial time in childcare,and the reasons parents choose a particular childcare type may differ by ***,little is known about how childcare type influences habitual(full day)activity levels among ***,exploring patterns between childcare type and habitual physical activity(PA)(i.e.,light,moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA),and total PA)and sedentary time(ST)in young canadian children is ***:A nationally representative sample of preschoolers from Cycles 3 and 4 of the canadian health Measures Survey was used in this cross-sectional *** type(e.g.,center-based childcare,home-based childcare,home with parent,kindergarten)was reported by *** wore an Actical accelerometer for 7 *** and population-spcific cut-points were applied to delineate PA intensities and *** means and sample totals were calculated to examine average daily and hourly rates of ***:Preschoolers’rates of MVPA and total PA from the 4 childcare arrangements ranged from 65.99 min/day to 74.62 min/day(5.48-6.18 min/h)and 274.20 min/day to 281.66 min/day (22.69-23.21 min/h),respectively,while ST ranged from 443.13 min/day to 460.57 min/day(36.80-37.31 min/h).No significant differences were observed in daily or hourly rates of ***:This study provides a snapshot of the levels of PA and ST among preschoolers in various childcare settings at a national level,with no differences observed in habitual activity levels based on childcare *** research is needed to clarify the relationship between young children’s PA and childcare type,with consideration given to the quality of the childcare settings.

关键词： early learning environment Motor activity Preschool Screen time

Comparison of immediate vs. deferred cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with synchronous metastatic renal cell carcinoma

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Journal of cancer Metastasis and Treatment 2021年第1期7卷 748-756页

作者： brian w.Cross Michael S.Cookson Department of Urology University of OklahomaOklahoma CityOK 73104USA.

Cytoreductive nephrectomy has been a mainstay in treating patients with synchronous metastatic renal cell carcinoma(mRCC)for over two *** was supported in part by level 1 evidence that showed improved survival for patients undergoing radical nephrectomy before initiation of systemic therapy dating back almost 20 *** that time,the landscape of systemic therapy for mRCC has shifted mainly from IL-2 based therapy to tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway,and now to immunotherapy with PD-L1 *** the significant advancements in systemic therapy for patients with mRCC,the role of cytoreductive nephrectomy and sequencing of treatment has been *** randomized studies appear to disprove the theory that upfront cytoreduction improves overall survival,particularly in the TKI era,and thus treating physicians are faced with conflicting data to guide treatment *** role of cytoreductive nephrectomy is in evolution,and so is the timing of surgery in selected *** with available evidence coupled with patient selection and targeted therapy should help to inform ***,an initial course of systemic therapy followed by consideration of nephrectomy in those with a favorable response may be the most prudent algorithm outside the context of a clinical trial.

关键词： Metastatic kidney cancer immediate vs.delayed cytoreductive nephrectomy survival

Phylogenetic insights resolve Dacampiaceae(Pleosporales)as polyphyletic:Didymocyrtis(Pleosporales,Phaeosphaeriaceae)with Phoma-like anamorphs resurrected and segregated from Polycoccum(Trypetheliales,Polycoccaceae ***.)

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Fungal Diversity 2015年第5期74卷 53-89页

作者： Damien ertz Paul Diederich James D.Lawrey Franz Berger Colin e.Freebury brian Coppins Alain Gardiennet Josef Hafellner Department Bryophytes-Thallophytes(BT) Botanic Garden MeiseNieuwelaan 38B-1860 MeiseBelgium Musée national d’histoire naturelle 25 rue MunsterL-2160 LuxembourgLuxembourg Department of Biology George Mason University4400 University DriveFairfaxVA 22030USA Raiffeisenweg 130 A-4794 KopfingAustria canadian Museum of Nature PO Box 3443Stn.BDOttawaOntarion K1P 6P4Canada Royal Botanic Garden edinburgh 20A Inverleith RowEdinburgh EH35LRUK 14 rue Roulette F-21260 VéronnesFrance Institute for Plant Sciences NAWI GrazKarl-Franzens-University GrazHolteigasse 6A-8010 GrazAustria

A phylogenetic analysis of nuLSU and ITS sequences representing genera previously included in Dacampiaceae indicates that the family is strongly polyphyletic and that the type species of Dacampia is placed in *** genus Munkovalsaria *** placed in Didymosphaeriaceae(Pleosporales).Polycoccum *** two species of Clypeococcum are shown to form a new lineage sister to the Trypetheliaceae in Trypetheliales and described here as *** members of Polycoccum *** included in the Pleosporales and are closely related to lichenicolous Phoma-like species of the family *** genus Didymocyrtis is resurrected for these species and for lichenicolous species previously assigned to Diederichia,Diederichomyces,Leptosphaeria and *** genera Diederichia and Diederichomyces are synonymized with *** new combinations Didymocyrtis bryonthae,***,***,***,***,***,***,***,*** and *** are made,and the new name *** is introduced for Phoma *** anamorph-teleomorph relationships are resolved,such as Didymocyrtis ramalinae–Phoma ficuzzae and Didymocyrtis consimilis–Phoma caloplacae,the phylogenetic results being supported by single ascospore cultures that lead to the asexual stage producing pycnidia and conidia in *** by host switching is assumed to be important in the genus *** identification key to Didymocyrtis species is provided.

关键词： Dothideomycetes Leptosphaeria Diederichia Diederichomyces Lichenicolous fungi Phylogeny

Counter-regulatory phosphatases TNAP and NPP1 temporally regulate tooth root cementogenesis

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International Journal of Oral Science 2015年第1期7卷 27-41页

作者： Laura e Zweifler Mudita K Patel Francisco H Nociti Jr helen F wimer Jose L Milln Martha J Somerman brian L Foster National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics Division of Periodontics School of Dentistry Campinas State University Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Sanford Children’s health research Center Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute

Cementum is critical for anchoring the insertion of periodontal ligament fibers to the tooth root. Several aspects of cementogenesis remain unclear, including differences between acellular cementum and cellular cementum, and between cementum and bone. Biomineralization is regulated by the ratio of inorganic phosphate （Pi） to mineral inhibitor pyrophosphate （PPi）, where local Pi and PPi concentrations are controlled by phosphatases including tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase （TNAP） and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 （NPP1）. The focus of this study was to define the roles of these phosphatases in cementogenesis. TNAP was associated with earliest cementoblasts near forming acellular and cellular cementum. with loss of TNAP in the Alpl null mouse, acellular cementum was inhibited, while cellular cementum production increased, albeit as hypomineralized cementoid. In contrast, NPP1 was detected in cementoblasts after acellular cementum formation, and at low levels around cellular cementum. Loss of NPP1 in the enppl null mouse increased acellular cementum, with little effect on cellular cementum. Developmental patterns were recapitulated in a mouse model for acellular cementum regeneration, with early TNAP expression and later NPP1 expression. In vitro, cementoblasts expressed Alpl gene/protein early, whereas enppl gene/protein expression was significantly induced only under mineralization conditions. These patterns were confirmed in human teeth, including widespread TNAP, and NPP1 restricted to cementoblasts lining acellular cementum. These studies suggest that early TNAP expression creates a low PPi environment promoting acellular cementum initiation, while later NPP1 expression increases PPi, restricting acellular cementum apposition. Alterations in PPi have little effect on cellular cementum formation, though matrix mineralization is affected.

关键词： cementum bone ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 periodontal ligament progressive ankylosis protein tissue-nonspecific aJkalJne phosphatase

exploring the association of paid sick leave with healthcare utilization and health outcomes in the United States:a rapid evidence review

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Global health Journal 2023年第1期7卷 9-17页

作者： Suhang Song brian H.calhoun James e.Kucik Kristin J.Konnyu renata Hilson Policy research Analysisand Development OfficeOffice of the Associate Director for Policy and StrategyUS Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGA 30329USA The Oak Ridge Institute for Science and education Oak RidgeTN 37830USA Department of health Policy and Management College of Public HealthUniversity of GeorgiaAthenGA 30602USA Center for evidence Synthesis in health School of Public HealthBrown UniversityProvidence RI02912USA

Objective:Paid sick leave(PSL)laws mandate employers give workers paid time off when they are sick or *** current study aims to examine whether access to PSL is associated with healthcare utilization and health outcomes and to summarize the types of utilization and outcomes which have been reported to be associated with ***:we conducted a rapid evidence *** search of seven databases,including Medline,embase,PsycINFO,Cochrane Library,CINAHL,Scopus,and JSTOR,on September 21,2020,identified 757 studies,30 of which were ***:Previous evidence is mostly provided by cross-sectional studies with survey *** this study,evidence suggests that PSL is significantly associated with some types of healthcare utilization and health *** terms of healthcare utilization,findings indicate PSL is associated with an increase in the use of some preventive sendees and a decrease in the use of emergency care;while findings are mixed regarding associations of PSL with health provider visits and the use of mammograms and pap *** for health outcomes,findings suggest PSL is associated with improved mental and self-rated health,decreased incidence of influenza-like illness,and lower occupational injuries and mortality ***:PSL may be an effective tool in improving some healthcare utilization and health *** research could help identify mechanisms through which PSL access works and identify what policy components lead to better outcomes.

关键词： Paid sick leave healthcare utilization health outcomes Rapid evidence revie

放射物理学及分子放射生物学在临床放疗实践中的应用和未来发展

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癌症 2008年第8期27卷 885-893页

作者： Bin S Teh Arnold Paulino e brian Butler Department of Radiation Oncology The Methodist HospitalThe Methodist Hospital Research InstituteHoustonTexas77030USA

最近几年,放射物理学和分子放射生物学的进步促进了放射肿瘤学的显著发展。目前,我们从常规的二维放疗到三维适形放疗,已进入了调强放疗(intensity-modulated radiotherapy,IMRT)和影像引导放疗(image-guided radiotherapy,IGRT)的时代... 详细信息

最近几年,放射物理学和分子放射生物学的进步促进了放射肿瘤学的显著发展。目前,我们从常规的二维放疗到三维适形放疗,已进入了调强放疗(intensity-modulated radiotherapy,IMRT)和影像引导放疗(image-guided radiotherapy,IGRT)的时代。IMRT/IGRT可对肿瘤组织进行适形治疗,对正常组织适形地避免照射,从而改善肿瘤控制并减少治疗相关的放射损伤。目前无框架立体定向放射手术(stereotactic radiosurgery,SRS)和立体定向体部放疗(stereotactic body radiotherapy,SBRT)已进入临床应用,这为放射肿瘤临床提供了更多的治疗选择。随着影像引导技术的进步,近距离放疗得到了发展,尤其是应用于早期前列腺癌,获得了非常满意的长期疗效。带电粒子治疗,包括质子疗法是新开发的充满前景的领域。放疗与传统化疗、激素疗法、新的靶向治疗和基因疗法联合使用为克服放疗抗拒、改善放疗指数提供了更好的局部-区域和全身癌症控制效果。最近进行的一项关于头颈部癌的随机临床试验表明,与单纯放疗相比,放疗联合靶向治疗可以提高患者生存率,而在功能或分子影像学方面取得的进步为提高人们对肿瘤靶区的认识提供了新的机会(例如乏氧区),并可进行对应放射剂量的调强治疗。在放疗中整合PeT/CT可在治疗计划测定中有助于进行靶区勾画和对放疗反应的评估。放射抗拒相关的肿瘤干细胞、基因表达图谱分析以及毫微秒技术也是新进展的领域,随着个体化用药的发展,正在作进一步研究。

关键词：肿瘤/放射疗法放射物理学分子放射生物学