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The role of behavior in tern conservation

Current Zoology 2014年第4期60卷 500-514页

作者： brian G. PALESTIS Department of Biological Sciences Wagner College Staten Island NY 10301 USA

Behavioral research has long had an important role in the conservation of terns （Ayes： Stemidae）. Habitat management and restoration of breeding colony sites depends on knowledge of the cues used to select colony and nest sites. For example, conspecific attraction with playback and decoys is commonly used to bring terns to suitable colony sites and habitat modification is often used to increase the availability of suitable nest sites. Tern colonies are interconnected by dispersal, and a metapopulation approach is needed for effective management. Population dynamics are therefore affected by behaviors that influence the frequency of movement among colony sites： site fidelity, natal and breeding dispersal, and group adherence. The monogamous breeding system of terns should keep effective population size similar to census population size, but variation in sex ratios （likely resulting from sex differences in behavior） and in parental quality can result in a smaller than expected effective population size. In addition to the behavior of terns, knowledge of the behavior of predators on terns contributes to management plans, because predator behavior can sometimes be manipulated and predation is often performed by only a few specialized individuals. Other examples of links between tern behavior and conservation are also briefly reviewed, such as behavioral toxicology research and studies of behavioral responses to human disturbance and manmade structures. More work is needed on the behavior of migratory terns at staging sites, stopover sites and wintering grounds, and on the behavior of less well-studied species and species in less well-studied geographic regions [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 500-514, 2014].

关键词： Effective population size Habitat modification Metapopulations Predator control Restoration Stemidae

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Membrane-Transport Systems for Sucrose in Relation to Whole-Plant Carbon Partitioning

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Molecular Plant 2011年第3期4卷 377-394页

作者： brian G. Ayre University of North Texas Department of Biological Sciences Denton Texas USA

Sucrose is the principal product of photosynthesis used for the distribution of assimilated carbon in plants. Transport mechanisms and efficiency influence photosynthetic productivity by relieving product inhibition and contribute to plant vigor by controlling source/sink relationships and biomass partitioning. Sucrose is synthesized in the cytoplasm and may move cell to cell through plasmodesmata or may cross membranes to be compartmentalized or exported to the apoplasm for uptake into adjacent cells. As a relatively large polar compound, sucrose requires proteins to facilitate efficient membrane transport. Transport across the tonoplast by facilitated diffusion, antiport with protons, and symport with protons have been proposed; for transport across plasma membranes, symport with protons and a mechanism resembling facilitated diffusion are evident. Despite decades of research, only symport with protons is well established at the molecular level. This review aims to integrate recent and older studies on sucrose flux across membranes with principles of whole-plant carbon partitioning.

关键词： Carbohydrate metabolism molecular transport membrane proteins phloem physiology gene expression.

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Population structure and linkage disequilibrium in elite barley breeding germplasm from the United States

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 2012年第6期13卷 438-451页

作者： Gary MUEHLBAUER brian STEFFENSON Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMN 55108USA Department of Plant Pathology University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMN 55108USA

Cultivated barley is known to have a complex population structure and extensive linkage disequilibrium (LD).To conduct robust association mapping (AM) studies of economically important traits in US barley breeding germplasm,population structure and LD decay were examined in a complete panel of US barley breeding germplasm (3840 lines) genotyped with 3072 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).Nine subpopulations (sp1 sp9) were identified by the program STRUCTURE and subsequently confirmed by principle component analysis (PCA).Out of the nine subpopulations,seven were very similar to the respective subpopulations identified by Hamblin et al.(2010) which were based on half of the germplasm and half of the SNP markers,but two subpopulations were found to be *** subpopulation was dominated by six-rowed spring lines from Utah State University (UT) and the other was composed of six-rowed spring lines from multiple breeding programs (USDA-ARS Aberdeen (AB),Busch Agricultural Resources Inc.(BA),UT,and Washington State University (WA)).LD was found to decay across a range from 4.0 to 19.8 *** result indicates that the germplasm genotyped with 3072 SNPs would be robust for mapping and possibly identifying the causal polymorphisms contributing to disease resistance and perhaps other traits.

关键词： Association mapping (AM) Structure Linkage disequilibrium (LD)

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Explaining surface interactions for common associated gangues of rare earth minerals in response to the oxalic acid

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2018年第2期28卷 343-346页

作者： Saeed Chehreh Chelgani brian Hart Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Surface Science Western University of Western Ontario

In the flotation of rare earth minerals(REMs), oxalic acid is reportedly acting both as a depressant and p H modifier. Although results of testing have established the significance of oxalic acid in the flotation process, its specific role in either the recovery or selectivity of REMs over their common gangue minerals is not well understood. Pulp p H reduction trials with alternative acids have not shown the same effect on the REMs recovery or the depression of gangue phases. This work studies the effect of oxalic acid on the surface of common REMs gangue minerals(quartz and carbonates(dolomite and calcite)) in a series of conditioning tests. Gangue surface analyses by time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy(TOFSIMS) indicate that oxalic acid inhibits the transfer of secondary ions generated during the conditioning process from one mineral to another. In this regard, the oxalate anion acts to fix ions in solution through chelation, limiting their participation in surface adsorption.

关键词： Oxalic acid Rare earth Silicate Carbonate TOF-SIMS

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Forming Process of Strong Anisotropic Material Based on the Hydrodynamic Deep Drawing with Radial Pressure

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2005年第5期21卷 733-737页

作者： Joachim DANCKERT Karl brian NIELSEN Department of Production Aalborg University Fibigerstraede 16 DK-9220Aalborg DenmarkDepartment of ProductionAalborg University Fibigerstraede 16 DK-9220Aalborg Denmark

The hydrodynamic deep drawing process enables net shape or near net shape forming of complicated sheet metal parts made from difficultly forming materials, such as aluminium or high strength steels. Based on the conventional hydrodynamic deep drawing process, a new process, hydrodynamic deep drawing process, in which radial pressure is applied to the rim of the blank, is proposed. This new process has been analysed using FEM simulations and the obtained results have been compared with the experimental results. The material used in the experiments was Al-Mg-Si alloy, and in the FEM-simulations the elastic-plastic behaviour of Al-Mg-Si alloy was modelled using Barlat＇s 89 yield criteria.

关键词： Hydroforming Hydrodynamic deep draw Simulation Aluminum alloy

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Effect of Air Plasma Processing on the Adsorption Behaviour of Bovine Serum Albumin on Spin-Coated PMMA Surfaces

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2008年第3期5卷 204-214页

作者： Chaozong Liu brian J. Meenan Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research Centre School of Engineering The Robert Gordon University Aberdeen ABIO 1FR UK Northern ireland Bioengineering Centre University of Ulster Newtownabbey BT37 OQB Northern Ireland UK

This paper reports the adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin （BSA） onto Dielectric Barrier Discharge （DBD） processed Poly（methyl methacrylate）（PMMA） surfaces by a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring （QCM-D） technique. The purpose is to study the influence of DBD processing on the nature and scale of BSA adsorption on PMMA surface in vitro. It was observed that DBD processing improves the surface wettability of PMMA film, a fact attributable to the changes in surface chemistry and topography. Exposure of the PMMA to Phosphate Buffed Saline （PBS） solution in the QCM-D system resulted in surface adsorption which reaches an equilibrium after about 30 minutes for pristine PMMA, and 90 minutes for processed PMMA surface. Subsequent injection of BSA in PBS indicated that the protein is immediately adsorbed onto the PMMA surface. It was revealed that adsorption behaviour of BSA on pristine PMMA differs from that on processed PMMA surface. A slower adsorption kinetics was observed for pristine PMMA surface, whilst a quick adsorption kinetics for processed PMMA. Moreover, the dissipation shift of protein adsorption suggested that BSA forms a more rigid structure on pristine PMMA surface that on processed surface. These data suggest that changes in wettability and attendant chemical properties and surface texture of the PMMA surface may play a significant role in BSA adsorption process.

关键词： in vitro test protein adsorption surface modification polymethylmethacrylate QCM-D

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COMPARING BUILDING SURFACES’ORIENTATIONS TO OPTIMIZE SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTION

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Journal of Green Building 2020年第2期15卷 3-28页

作者： brian A.Rock The University of Kansas 1530 W.15th StreetLawrenceKS 66045 USA

Net-zero and other high performance green buildings normally do or should include optimized solar energy *** detailed computer-based energy simulations of buildings’energy systems are becoming near-commonplace for many projects,simple,easy-to-use data tables are beneficial earlier in the design process to help guide preliminary decisions in all *** lookup tables,and then comparison of the data they contain,are also very useful for teaching new concepts,in this case for learning about solar orientations in sunny ***,architects,design-build contractors,students,and other designers of green buildings can benefit through knowing,in advance,how exterior surfaces’orientations increase or decrease the total annual solar energy arriving upon those *** example,maximizing the incoming energy on a particular roof is advantageous for gathering solar energy for heat or for conversion of that sunlight to electricity,but various requirements often limit designers’choices for surfaces’*** paper presents simple tables that form a tool for making initial decisions on surfaces’directions and slopes;the user can then study various effects further,such as local factors including cloudiness and shading,with detailed *** classical solar geometry equations utilized are documented here for repeatability of the research,but are not necessary for use of this paper’s *** examples are given too to help readers use the tables.

关键词： building envelopes windows roofs solar geometry solar collector photovoltaics

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Transition metal carbides as cathode supports for PEM fuel cells

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Nano Research 2022年第12期15卷 10218-10233页

作者： Eliran R.Hamo brian A.Rosen Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv69987001Israel

As energy demands increase and environmental issues loom,fuel cells(FCs)have attracted significant attention as an alternative to conventional energy *** use encompasses portable applications,transportation,and a stationary grid-power mainly due to their low-temperature operation and quick ***,the primary challenge is improving fuel cell durability to meet 2025 *** of Energy targets(e.g.,8,000+h for automotive drive cycle).Proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC)catalysts currently suffer from low durability,undermining their wide-scale deployment into the consumer and industrial *** group metals(PGMs)are still the most common catalysts used in PEMFCs as they provide among the highest activity for electrode reactions and lifetime *** effective way to decrease Pt loading is the adoption of supports to enhance both Pt dispersion and its *** of the carbon-based support was identified to be the major contributor to performance degradation as they suffer from parasitic oxidation to CO_(2)(at the cathode).Therefore,there is a significant interest in exploring stable alternatives to replace carbon supports in *** metal carbides(TMCs)have attracted significant attention over the last several years as a possible candidate to replace carbon-based catalyst supports in fuel *** these advantages over carbon supports,the large-scale deployment of TMC-based supports in fuel cells is still hindered by concerns of durability at the high potential on the cathode during start-up and shutdown ***,we address the most relevant studies concerning TMCs as supports for acidic oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)catalysis,including viewpoints about the surface and bulk design of the support,as well as the design of the catalyst itself to enhance the interaction and dispersion with the support.

关键词： carbides fuel cells catalysis durability corrosion

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Mathematical Models of Self-Appraisal in Social Networks

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2021年第5期34卷 1604-1633页

作者： ANDERSON brian D.O. YE Mengbin School of Engineering Australian National UniversityActon 2601A.C.T.Australia.

In social networks where individuals discuss opinions on a sequence of topics,the selfconfidence an individual exercises in relation to one topic,as measured by the weighting given to their own opinion as against the opinion of all others,can vary in the light of the self-appraisal by the individual of their contribution to the previous *** observation gives rise to a type of model termed a De Groot-Friedkin *** paper reviews a number of results concerning this *** include the asymptotic behavior of the self-confidence(as the number of topics goes to infinity),the possible emergence of an autocrat or small cohort of leaders,the effect of changes in the weighting given to opinions of others(in the light for example of their perceived expertise in relation to a particular topic under discussion),and the inclusion in the model of individual behavioral characteristics such as humility,arrogance,*** behavioral characteristics create new opportunities for autocrats to emerge.

关键词： De Groot Degroot-Friedkin opinion dynamics self-appraisal social influence network

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Changes in oral trace gas concentrations following orthognathic surgery and intermaxillary fixation: a case study using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry

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International Journal of Oral Science 2011年第3期3卷 160-164页

作者： brian M. Ross Division of Medical Sciences at the Northern Ontario School of Medicine in Thunder Bay Ontario MS 3002 Canada

Orthognathic surgery is frequently accompanied by intermaxillary fixation. Intermaxillary fixation impedes the maintenance of effective oral hygiene and prolonged fixation can result in periodontal disease. A potential shorter term effect is the generation of oral malodour. It is unclear, however, as to how the production of malodorous compounds in the oral cavity is altered post-surgery. Oral air concentration of sulphur containing compounds, short chain organic acids, ammonia, isoprene and acetone were measured using selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry in a patient who had undergone orthognathic surgery with subsequent intermaxillary fixation. Total sulphide levels rose approximately 5-fold during fixation with metal ties, with smaller increases recorded for the other compounds measured with the exception of isoprene which remained close to baseline levels. Organic acid levels declined markedly once elastic ties had replaced metal ties, with a lesser reduction being observed in sulphide levels, with both declining further after the commencement of a chlorhexidinecontaining mouthwash. These data suggest that bacterial generation of a variety of malodorous compounds increases markedly following intermaxillary fixation. This single case also suggests that the use of elastic ties and effective oral hygiene techniques, including the use of chlorhexidine mouthwash, may help ameliorate such post-surgical effects.

关键词： oral malodour halitosis oral hygiene breath analysis organic acids sulphides mass spectrometry

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