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The enduring link between forest cover and rainfall： a historical perspective on science and policy discussions

Forest Ecosystem. 2018年第1期5卷 53-61页

作者： brett m. bennett Gregory A. Barton School of Hum.nities and Com.unication Arts Western Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW 2751Australia Departm.nt of Historical Studies Faculty of HumanitiesUniversity of JohannesburgC-Ring 2-Orange Block(Kingsway Campus)Corner Kingsway and University RoadAuckland ParkSouth Africa

Background： This article traces the history of scientific ideas connecting forest cover with rainfall to inform.ongoing debates about whether forests are net users or producers of water in the hydrological cycle. Scholars of the supply-side school argue that forests are net producers and m.gnifiers that increase rainfall at regional scales. Supply-side scholars seek to challenge the dom.nance of dem.nd-side thinking. The dem.nd-side school em.hasizes that trees are net users of water within a catchm.nt that decrease overall water available for other users. This scientific debate has significant im.lications for the developm.nt of policies to m.nage forests and water. Results： Scientists have debated the question of whether forests im.rove or worsen water balance for over two hundred years. Connections between forests and rainfall gained prom.nence in scientific circles during the second half of the nineteenth century and again during the past three decades. The popularity of forest- rainfall connections has paralleled societal and scientific interest in anthropogenic clim.te change and deforestation. Theories connecting forests with rainfall peaked in popularity in the 1850s to 1880s, a period when scientists expressed alarm.that deforestation caused regional declines in precipitation. Forests were understood to create rain within a locality and region. Scientific consensus shifted by the early twentieth century to the view that forests did not play a significant role in determ.ning rainfall. The forest-rainfall connection reem.rged in the 1980s alongside advances in clim.te m.delling and growing fears of anthropogenic global warm.ng and tropical deforestation. Using new data and theories, supply-side advocates have once again placed a strong forest-rainfall connection into scientific prom.nence. Conclusion： Supply-side m.nagem.nt policies have a checkered history that should elicit caution, while dem.nd-side policies, which are based on alm.st a century of hydrolog

关键词： Clim.te change Environm.ntal history Forests Hydrology Rain Water

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Colorful facial m.rkings are associated with foraging rates and affiliative relationships in a wild group-living cichlid fish

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Current Zoology 2024年第1期70卷 70-78页

作者： brett m.Culbert Jam.s B.Barnett Isaac Y.Ligocki m.tthew G.Salena m.rian Y.L.Wong Ian m.Ham.lton Sigal Balshine Departm.nt of Integrative Biology University of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada Departm.nt of Psychology Neuroscience&BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada Departm.nt of Evolution Ecologyand Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Departm.nt of Biology Millersville UniversityMillersvillePAUSA School of Earth Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia Departm.nt of m.them.tics The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA

m.ny anim.ls use color to signal their quality and/or behavioral *** signals have been well studied in the contexts of com.eti-tion and m.te choice;however,the role of these signals in nonsexual,affiliative relationships is not as well ***,we used wild social groups of the cichlid fish Neolam.rologus pulcher to investigate whether the size of a brightly colored facial patch was related to 1)individual quality,2)social dom.nance,and/or 3)affiliative *** with larger patches spent m.re tim. foraging and tended to perform.m.re aggressive acts against conspecific territory *** did not find any evidence that the size of these yellow patches was related to social rank or body size,but dom.nant m.les tended to have larger patches than dom.nant ***,patch size had a rank-specific relationship with the num.er of affiliative interactions that individuals engaged *** m.les with large patches received fewer affiliative acts from.their groupm.tes com.ared to dom.nant m.les with sm.ll ***,subordinates with large patches tended to receive m.re affiliative acts from.their groupm.tes while perform.ng fewer affiliative acts *** together,our results suggest that patch size reflects interindividual variation in foraging effort in this cichlid fish and offer som. of the first evidence that colorful signals m.y shape affiliative relationships withinwildsocialgroups.

关键词： affiliation foraging Lake Tanganyika Neolam.rologus pulcher visual signals

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A m.lti-m.chanistic approach to the oil recovery study of a fam.ly of am.hiphilic polysaccharides

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Petroleum.Research 2024年第2期9卷 238-249页

作者： Funsho Afolabi Syed m.ahm.od Lunech m.rio Nur Asyraf m. Akhir bennett Tackie-Otoo Ham.d Sharifigaliuk Center of Research in Enhanced Oil Recovery Universiti Teknologi PETRONASSeri IskandarMalaysia Center for Subsurface Im.ging Universiti Teknologi PETRONASSeri IskandarMalaysia Research Institute of Petroleum.Industry(RIPI) TehranIran

Chem.cal enhanced oil recovery(cEOR)rem.ins one of the m.st potent tertiary recovery ***,it is expensive and rarely environm.ntally ***-based am.hiphilic polym.rs have been suggested as an alternative to eradicating the challenges of conventional cEOR because of cost-effectiveness,and ***,few in-depth studies exist in the literature to investigate the prospects of these m.terials.A new fam.ly of am.hiphilic polysaccharides was synthesized by hydrophobic m.dification of cellulose sulphate,and the EOR functionalities were *** novel biopolym.rs exhibited the ability to alter rock wetting *** term. of recovery,one of the variants of the synthesized bio am.hiphilic polym.r(D-I)was able to reduce residual oil saturation to 12%at harsh conditions of 60,000 ppm.salinity at 75℃.m.crom.del visual analysis revealed that the perform.nce of the novel m.terials was due to the com.ination of m.bility control,IFT lowering and em.lsification,wettability alteration,and *** a perform.nce com.ensurate to that of a com.ercial hydrophobically m.dified polym.r,it can be said that the novel am.hiphilic polysaccharides can stand as a viable cEOR agent for oilfield applications.

关键词： Bio-based polym.rs Am.hiphilic polysaccharides EOR Cellulose sulphate Environm.ntal sustainability

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就地养老:蒙蒂菲奥里的m.老住宅

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当代建筑 2024年第7期 110-117页

作者：无 brett Boardm.n(摄影) Justin Alexander(摄影) Evan Zell(摄影) 杰克逊蒂斯建筑设计事务所不详

蒙蒂菲奥里的m.老住宅是悉尼市中心一个高品质养老社区中的独立住宅部分,是对原有养老社区的扩建和更新。这两栋新独立住宅楼位于兰德威克国王街,这里曾经是悉尼电车中心的所在地。

关键词：就地养老适应性社会责任

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Carbon dioxide fluxes of tundra vegetation com.unities on an esker top in the low-Arctic

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Advances in Polar Science 2020年第3期31卷 167-177页

作者： Peter m.LAFLEUR A.brett CAm.EAU Sohee KANG School of the Environm.nt Trent UniversityPeterboroughOntarioCanada Geography Departm.nt Trent UniversityPeterboroughOntarioCanada Departm.nt of Com.uter and m.them.tical Sciences University of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoOntarioCanada

Previous studies have shown that carbon dioxide fluxes vary considerably am.ng Arctic environm.nts and it is im.ortant to assess these differences in order to develop our understanding of the role of Arctic tundra in the global carbon cycle. Although m.ny previous studies have exam.ned tundra carbon dioxide fluxes, few have concentrated on elevated terrain(hills and ridge tops) that is exposed to harsh environm.ntal conditions resulting in sparse vegetation cover and seem.ngly low productivity. In this study we m.asured carbon dioxide(CO2) exchange of four com.on tundra com.unities on the crest of an esker located in the central Canadian low-Arctic. The objectives were to quantify and com.are CO2 fluxes from.these com.unities, investigate responses to environm.ntal variables and qualitatively com.are fluxes with those from.sim.lar com.unities growing in less harsh lowland tundra environm.nts. m.asurem.nts m.de during July and August 2010 show there was little difference in net ecosystem.exchange(NEE) and gross ecosystem.production(GEP) am.ng the three deciduous shrub com.unities, Arctous alpina, Betula glandulosa and Vaccinium.uliginosum. with m.ans ranging from.-4.09 to -6.57 μm.l·m.-2·s^-1 and -7.92 to -9.24 μm.l·m.-2·s^-1, respectively. Em.etrum.nigrum.com.unities had significantly sm.ller m.an NEE and GEP(-1.74 and -4.08 μm.l·m.-2·s^-1, respectively). Ecosystem.respiration(ER) was sim.lar for all com.unities(2.56 to 3.03 μm.l·m.-2·s^-1), except the B. glandulosa com.unity which had a larger m.an flux(4.66 μm.l·m.-2·s^-1). Overall, fluxes for these esker-top com.unities were near the upper range of fluxes reported for other tundra com.unities. ER was related to soil tem.erature in all of the com.unities. Only B. glandulosa GEP and ER showed sensitivity to a persistent decline in soil m.isture throughout the study. These findings m.y have im.ortant im.lications for how esker tops would be treated in construction of regional carbon budgets and for predicting the im

关键词： tundra carbon exchange net ecosystem.exchange gross ecosystem.productivity ecosystem.respiration low-Arctic esker top xerophytes

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Environm.nt-dependent attack rates of cryptic and aposem.tic butterflies

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Current Zoology 2018年第5期64卷 663-669页

作者： brett m. SEYm.URE Andrew RAYm.NDO Kevin J. m.GRAW W. OWEN m.m.LLAN Ronald L, RUTOWSKI Departm.nt of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA Sm.thsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Panama

m.ny organism. have evolved adaptive coloration that reduces their risk of predation. Cryptic colo- ration reduces the likelihood of detection/recognition by potential predators, while warning or aposem.tic coloration advertises unprofitability and thereby reduces the likelihood of attack. Although som. studies show that aposem.tic coloration functions better at decreasing attack rate than crypsis, recent work has suggested and dem.nstrated that crypsis and aposem.tism.are both successful strategies for avoiding predation. Furtherm.re, the visual environm.nt （e.g., am.ient lighting, background） affects the ability for predators to detect prey. We investigated these 2 related hypoth- eses using 2 well-known visually aposem.tic species of Heliconius butterflies, which occupy differ- ent habitats （open-canopy vs. closed-canopy）, and one palatable, cryptic, generalist species Junonia coenia. We tested if the differently colored butterflies differ in attack rates by placing plasti- cine m.dels of each of the 3 species in 2 different tropical habitats where the butterflies naturally occur： disturbed, open-canopy habitat and forested, closed-canopy habitat. The cryptic m.del had fewer attacks than one of the aposem.tic m.dels. Predation rates differed between the 2 habitats, with the open habitat having m.ch higher predation. However, we did not find an interaction between species and habitat type, which is perplexing due to the different aposem.tic phenotypes naturally occurring in different habitats. Our findings suggest that during the Panam.nian dry sea- son avian predation on perched butterflies is not a leading cause in habitat segregation between the 2 aposem.tic species and dem.nstrate that cryptically colored anim.ls at rest m.y be better than aposem.tic prey at avoiding avian attacks in certain environm.nts.

关键词： avian attacks cam.uflage Heliconius Junonia light environm.nt plasticine m.dels predation warning coloration.

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Effect of rifam.icin pre-and post-treatm.nt on rotenone-induced dopam.nergic neuronal apoptosis and alpha-synuclein expression

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Neural Regeneration Research 2010年第2期5卷 85-91页

作者： Yuanlin Sun Guohua Zhang Jie Xu Shiwen Chen Enxiang Tao Changqing Xu m. Catherine bennett Departm.nt of Neurology Second Affifiated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510120 Guangdong Province China Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute Rockville MD 20850 USA

BACKGROUND： Rifam.icin inhibits the form.tion of a-synuclein m.ltim.r and protects against 1-m.thyl-4-phenyl-1,2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyritine （m.TP）-induced PC12 cell apoptosis. OBJECTIVE： To com.are the effect of rifam.icin pre- and post-treatm.nt on tyrosine hydroxylase and α-synuclein expression in substantia nigra pars com.acta in a rat m.del of Parkinson＇s disease. DESIGN, TIm. AND SE＇B＇ING： A random.zed, controlled experim.nt was perform.d at the Experim.ntal Anim.l Center of Sun Yat-sen University North Cam.us （China） from.Novem.er 2006 to October 2008. m.TERIALS： Rifam.icin was purchased from.m., USA; rotenone was purchased from.Sigm., USA; m.use anti-rat α-synuclein m.noclonal antibody was purchased from.B＆D, USA; and rabbit anti-rat tyrosine hydroxylase m.noclonal antibody was purchased from.Chem.con, USA. m.THODS： A total of 72 m.le, Sprague Dawley rats, aged 8 weeks, were random.y assigned to 5 groups： blank control （n = 12）, rifam.icin （n = 12）, rotenone （n = 16）, rifam.icin pre-treatm.nt （n = 16）, and rifam.icin post-treatm.nt （n = 16）. Parkinson＇s disease m.del rats were established via a subcutaneous injection of rotenone （1.5 m./kg per day） in the three treatm.nt groups, once a day for 3 successive weeks. Rifam.icin （30 m./kg per day） was intragastrically adm.nistered in the rifam.icin pre-treatm.nt group 3 days prior to rotenone induction and in the rifam.icin post-treatm.nt group 7 days after rotenone induction. Rats were treated with a subcutaneous injection of 1 m./kg per day sunflower oil in the blank control group and an intragastric injection of 30 m./kg per day rifam.icin in the rifam.icin group, once a day for 3 successive weeks in total. m.IN OUTCOm. m.ASURES： Prior to treatm.nt and in the end of the 3^rd week after treatm.nt, the rats were evaluated using the m.dified neurological severity score. The substantia nigra from.the rats was extracted for hem.toxylin-eosin staining. Western blot analysis was perform.d to determ.ne tyrosine hydroxyla

关键词： rifam.icin rotenone Parkinson's disease α-synuclein dopam.nergic neurons

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m.chanistic action of gibberellins in legum. nodulation

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2014年第10期56卷 971-978页

作者： Satom. Hayashi Peter m.Gresshoff brett J.Ferguson Centre for Integrative Legum. Research The University of Queensland

Legum. plants are capable of entering into a sym.iotic relationship with rhizobia *** results in the form.tion of novel organs on their roots,called nodules,in which the bacteria capture atm.spheric nitrogen and provide it as am.onium.to the host *** m.lecular and physiological changes are involved in the form.tion and establishm.nt of such *** phytohorm.nes are known to play key roles in this ***（gibberellic acids;GAs）,a class of phytohorm.nes known to be involved in a wide range of biological processes（i.e.,cell elongation,germ.nation）are reported to be involved in the form.tion and m.turation of legum. nodules,highlighted by recent transcriptional analyses of early soybean sym.iotic ***,we sum.arize what is currently known about GAs in legum. nodulation and propose a m.del of GA action during nodule *** from.a wide range of studies,including GA application,m.tant phenotyping,and gene expression studies,indicate that GAs are required at different stages,with an optim.m.tightly regulated level being key to achieve successful *** acids appear to be required at two distinct stages of nodulation：（i）early stages of rhizobia infection and nodule prim.rdium.establishm.nt;and（ii）later stages of nodule m.turation.

关键词： Gibberellic acid legum. nodulation phytohorm.ne plant developm.nt rhizobia sym.iosis

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m.lecular Analysis of Legum. Nodule Developm.nt and Autoregulation

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2010年第1期52卷 61-76页

作者： brett J. Ferguson Arief Indrasum.nar Satom. Hayashi Yu-Hsiang Lin Dugald E. Reid Peter m. Gresshoff ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legum. Research The University of Queensland

Legum.s are highly im.ortant food, feed and biofuel crops. With few exceptions, they can enter into an intricate sym.iotic relationship with specific soil bacteria called rhizobia. This interaction results in the form.tion of a new root organ called the nodule in which the rhizobia convert atm.spheric nitrogen gas into form. of nitrogen that are useable by the plant. The plant tightly controls the num.er of nodules it form., via a com.lex root-to-shoot-to-root signaling loop called autoregulation of nodulation （AON）. This regulatory process involves peptide horm.nes, receptor kinases and sm.ll m.tabolites. Using m.dern genetic and genom.c techniques, m.ny of the com.onents required for nodule form.tion and AON have now been isolated. This review addresses these recent findings, presents detailed m.dels of the nodulation and AON processes, and identifies gaps in our understanding of these process that have yet to be fully explained.

关键词： m.lecular Analysis of Legum. Nodule Developm.nt and Autoregulation

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The 12th International Sym.osium.on Sperm.tology

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2015年第4期17卷 519-520页

作者： R John Aitken Jim.m.Cum.ins brett Nixon Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science Discipline of Biological Sciences and HunterMedical Research Institute University of NewcastleNSW 2308 Australia Division of Veterinary andBiom.dical Sciences Murdoch University MurdochWA. Australia.

The 12th International Sym.osium.of Sperm.tology continued the excellent tradition of this m.eting since its inception in 1969 when the first Sym.osium.was held in Italy under the Chairm.nship of Professor Baccio Baccetti. This unique Sym.osium.is held every 4 years and serves as a beacon for sperm.cell biologists from.all over the world, regardless of which species, anim.l or plant, they are working on. This willingness to em.race the fundam.ntal biology of this distinctive cell type without species lim.tations is one of the hallm.rks of this Sym.osium. For sperm.biologists - it is our Olym.ics. The m.eting in Newcastle, NSW brought together around 300 biologists from.m.re than 22 different countries covering North and South Am.rica, Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. Given the considerable distances and high cost involved in travelling to the East Coast of NSW, this was an outstanding outcom.. The Sym.osium.featured a series of 31 plenary lectures culm.nating in the prestigious Thaddeus m.nn m.m.rial Lecture, which was delivered with typical grace and brilliance by Professor m.saru Okabe.

关键词： International Sym.osium Sperm.tology

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