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Evolving Values and How They Have Shaped the United States National Park System

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Built Heritage 2018年第3期2卷 27-38页

作者： Cari Goetcheus Nora J.Mitchell brenda Barrett College of Environment and Design University of GeorgiaAthensUnited States Historic Preservation Program History DepartmentUniversity of VermontWoodstockUnited States Living Landscape Observer HarrisburgUnited States

As one of the oldest and best-known park systems,the US National Park System continues to influence park systems around the ***,the origins and wide diversity of US national parks are often not fully understood as there is a long-lived misconception that the large western parks represent the entirety of the US National Park *** fact,the establishment of the first US national parks was heavily influenced by large 19th-century picturesque urban parks that provided benefits to the public and *** foundational concept of national parks serving a public purpose has never changed,however,the types of landscapes selected as national parks have changed as societal values have evolved and now the system provides public benefits beyond those originally *** paper examines the development of the US National Park System,emphasising the evolution of landscape *** emergence of the cultural landscape concept illustrates the evolution of landscape values from their early antecedents in the late 19th century to their contributions to innovative conservation strategies *** the development of the US National Park System,international exchange has and continues to play a pivotal role,advancing the inter-linkages of culture and nature for the most effective conservation.

关键词： US National Park Service US National Park System cultural landscape landscape values interlinkages of culture-nature

Feeding of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) with the contraceptive agent DiazaCon^(TM):effect on cholesterol, hematology, and blood chemistry

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Integrative Zoology 2011年第4期6卷 409-419页

作者： Christi A.YODER brenda A.MAYLE Carol A.FURCOLOW David P.COWAN Kathleen A.FAGERSTONE National Wildlife Research Center Fort CollinsColoradoUSA Forest Research Alice Holt LodgeFarnhamSurreyUK Central Science Laboratory Sand HuttonYorkUK

Grey squirrels(Sciurus carolinensis)are an invasive species in Britain and *** have replaced native red squirrels(Sciurus vulgaris)throughout most of Britain,and cause damage to ***,lethal control is used to manage grey squirrel populations in Britain,but nonlethal methods might be more acceptable to the *** such method is contraception with 20,25-diazacholesterol dihydrochloride(DiazaCon^(TM)).DiazaCon^(TM) inhibits the conversion of desmosterol to cholesterol,resulting in increasing desmosterol concentrations and decreasing cholesterol *** cholesterol is needed for the synthesis of steroid reproductive hormones,such as progesterone and testosterone,inhibition of cholesterol synthesis indirectly inhibits *** is used as a marker of efficacy in laboratory studies with species that do not reproduce readily in *** squirrels were gavaged with a DiazaCon^(TM) solution for 2 days,and then fed DiazaCon^(TM)-coated peanuts for an additional 8 days at target doses of 50 and 100 mg DiazaCon^(TM) per kg body *** was a significant difference in cholesterol concentrations in the treatment groups compared to the control *** was reduced by≥40%for 2 months in both treatment *** were no differences among groups with respect to blood chemistry and hematology parameters,and mean values are *** mean overall dose of DiazaCon^(TM) received was 29.0±1.6 and 55.3±4.3 mg/kg in the low(50 mg/kg)and high dose(100 mg/kg)groups,***^(TM) might provide an effective,acceptable alternative to lethal control.

关键词： 20 25-diazacholesterol dihydrochloride cholesterol contraception DiazaCon^(TM) grey squirrel

A Cosmic Dimension： C. S. Lewis＇s Engagement with the Politics of Power and the Challenge of Jesus

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2015年第9期5卷 480-486页

作者： brenda Adam James Cook University

This paper focuses on some literary expressions of the role of faith in our engagement with things political from the pen of C. S. Lewis, whose writings are distinguished by a combination of intellectual force and imaginative flair. In an increasingly secular climate, he sought to bring God back into the equation, and it is not surprising to find some current issues addressed within his imaginative representations of a vibrant spiritual reality. His ideas and ideology are inextricably linked to his Christian faith. Several critical essays reflect his interest in both theology and political issues including： the ethical use of technology, civil liberties, ecology, pacifism, and animal rights. This material forms the layers of his science-fiction trilogy which includes themes of spiritual warfare, factions, faith, and a fairy tale ending. His theology was not confined to the disciplines of a particular school of thought and his approach to things political follows no party line. His critical essays and stories are concerned with the practicalities of life, but are never reduced to a merely social gospel; they always have a cosmic dimension.

关键词： faith politics power Christianity ethics apologetics imagination

Moral Wisdom or Ethical Expertise? (Ⅰ)

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伦理学研究 2002年第2期 105-110页

作者： brenda Almond 英国哲学协会

在哲学领域,我们应该追求道德智慧,还是追求伦理知识,这是一个颇为重要的问题。“智慧”是哲学的一个组成部分,但它也可能成为“知识炫耀”的根源。正因为如此,哲学探讨有深刻和浅薄之分,有“小聪明”和“大智慧”之别。为了更清楚地说... 详细信息

在哲学领域,我们应该追求道德智慧,还是追求伦理知识,这是一个颇为重要的问题。“智慧”是哲学的一个组成部分,但它也可能成为“知识炫耀”的根源。正因为如此,哲学探讨有深刻和浅薄之分,有“小聪明”和“大智慧”之别。为了更清楚地说明问题,我们可以到西方哲学的源头——柏拉图和亚里斯多德的著作中去寻求论据。

关键词：智慧美德幸福利己智慧为公智慧大众智慧

Moral Wisdom or Ethical Expertise?(Ⅱ)

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伦理学研究 2003年第1期 92-97页

作者： brenda Almond 英国哲学协会

在哲学领域,我们应该追求道德智慧,还是追求伦理知识,这是一个颇为重要的问题。“智慧”是哲学的一个组成部分,但它也可能成为“知识炫耀”的根源。正因为如此,哲学探讨有深刻和浅薄之分,有“小聪明”和“大智慧”之别。为了更清楚地说明问题,我们可以到西方哲学的源头——柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作中去寻求论据。

关键词：道德智慧伦理知识美德幸福利己智慧为公智慧大众智慧道德哲学

3D extrusion of multi-biomaterial lattices using an environmentally informed workflow

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2022年第4期11卷 691-708页

作者： Vasiliki Panagiotidou Andreas Koerner Marcos Cruz brenda Parker Bastian Beyer Sofoklis Giannakopoulos Bio-Integrated Design Lab The Bartlett School of ArchitectureUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom

The conventional building material palette has been proven limited in terms of adaptability to our current environmental challenges. Innovations in computational design and digital manufacturing have supported the broadening of biomaterial applications as an alternative. While biomaterials are characteristically responsive to stimuli such as temperature and humidity, their unpredictable behaviour is a hurdle to standardization and architectural utilisation. To examine the nexus between material formulation, computation and manufacturing, multi-biomaterial lattice structures were produced through an environmentally informed workflow. Customized biomaterial development resulted in three candidate biopolymer blends with varying levels of hydro-responsiveness and transparency. The computational strategy included a machine learning clustering algorithm to customise results and dictate material distribution outputs. To test the workflow, environmental data of solar radiation exposure and solar heat gain from a specific location was used to inform the material deposition via pneumatic extrusion for the design and digital fabrication of a deformation-controlled prototype of 350 mm × 350 mm. This led to a series of multi-biomaterial wall panel components that can be applied at architectural scale. In future, these techniques can support the incorporation of living elements to be embedded within the built environment for truly animate architecture.

关键词： Hydrogels Multi-biomaterials Hygroscopic properties Pneumatic extrusion Environmentally informed deposition Integrated workflows

Modelling potential distribution of a pine bark beetle in Mexican temperate forests using forecast data and spatial analysis tools

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Journal of Forestry Research 2020年第2期31卷 649-659页

作者： Antonio Gonzalez-Hernandez Rene Morales-Villafana Martin Enrique Romero-Sanchez brenda Islas-Trejo Ramiro Perez-Miranda Conservation and Enhancement of Forest Ecosystems National Institute of ForestryAgriculture and Livestock ResearchProgreso 504010 Coyoacan Mexico CityMexico Geography Department The National Autonomous University of MexicoUniversidad 300004010 Coyoacan Mexico CityMexico

Accurate and reliable predictions of pest species distributions in forest ecosystems are urgently needed by forest managers to develop management plans and monitor new areas of potential ***-only species distribution models are commonly used in these *** maximum entropy algorithm(MaxEnt)has gained popularity for modelling species ***,MaxEnt was used to model the spatial distribution of the Mexican pine bark beetle(Dendroctonus mexicanus)in a daily fashion by using forecast data from the Weather Research and Forecasting *** study aimed to exploit freely available geographic and environmental data and software and thus provide a pathway to overcome the lack of costly data and technical guidance that are a challenge to implementing national monitoring and management strategies in developing *** results showed overall agreement values between 60 and 87%.The results of this research can be used for *** monitoring and management and may aid as a model to monitor similar species.

关键词： Spatial analysis Dendroctonus mexicanus Geodatabases MaxEnt Forest modelling

IDO1 in cancer: a Gemini of immune checkpoints

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2018年第5期15卷 447-457页

作者： Lijie Zhai Erik Ladomersky Alicia Lenzen brenda Nguyen Ricky Patel Kristen L Lauing Meijing Wu Derek A Wainwright Department of Neurological Surgery Northwestern University Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University Division of Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell TransplantationNorthwestern University Ann&Robert H.Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology Northwestern University Department of Microbiology-Immunology Northwestern University Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and Oncology Northwestern UniversityBrain Tumor InstituteNorthwestern University Robert H.Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University Northwestern UniversityChicagoIL 60611USA

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1(IDO1)is a rate-limiting metabolic enzyme that converts the essential amino acid tryptophan(Trp)into downstream catabolites known as ***,numerous studies have demonstrated that IDO1 is highly expressed in multiple types of human *** studies have further introduced an interesting paradox:while single-agent treatment with IDO1 enzyme inhibitor has a negligible effect on decreasing the established cancer burden,approaches combining select therapies with IDO1 blockade tend to yield a synergistic benefit against tumor growth and/or animal subject *** the high expression of IDO1 among multiple cancer types along with the lack of monotherapeutic efficacy,these data suggest that there is a more complex mechanism of action than previously *** to the dual faces of the astrological Gemini,we highlight the multiple roles of IDO1 and review its canonical association with IDO1-dependent tryptophan metabolism,as well as documented evidence confirming the dispensability of enzyme activity for its immunosuppressive *** gene transcript levels for IDO1 highlight its strong association with T-cell infiltration,but the lack of a universal prognostic significance among all cancer ***,ongoing clinical trials are discussed with consideration of IDO1-targeting strategies that enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy for cancer patients。

关键词： glioblastoma glioma IDO immunosuppression kynurenine immunotherapy melanoma Treg

Gracilaria fisheri oligosaccharides ameliorate inflammation and colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction in mice with acetic acid-induced colitis

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2021年第10期11卷 440-449页

作者： brenda Siringoringo Nawiya Huipao Chittipong Tipbunjong Jongdee Nopparat Santad Wichienchot Albert M.Hutapea Pissared Khuituan Division of Health and Applied Sciences Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla UniversitySongkhlaThailand Gut Biology and Microbiota Research Unit Prince of Songkla UniversitySongkhlaThailand Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center Prince of Songkla UniversitySongkhlaThailand Center of Excellence in Functional Foods and Gastronomy Faculty of Agro-IndustryPrince of Songkla UniversitySongkhlaThailand Department of Pharmacy Faculty of ScienceUniversitas Advent IndonesiaBandungIndonesia

Objective:To investigate the effect of Gracilaria fisheri oligosaccharides(GFO)on inflammation and colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction in colitis ***:The animals were treated by oral gavage with distilled water,1000 mg/kg inulin,100,500,or 1000 mg/kg GFO for 14 d,or treated with 50 mg/kg mesalamine for 5 d after colitis induction(on day 10).Histopathology,inflammatory cytokines,colonic permeability,and tight junction proteins were investigated by hematoxylin and eosin staining,immunohistochemical staining,Ussing chamber technique,and Western blotting assays,***:GFO ameliorated histological damage in colitis mice when compared to untreated colitis *** with 100,500,and 1000 mg/kg GFO reduced TNF-αexpression,while IL-1βwas significantly reduced in colitis mice treated with 500 and 1000 mg/*** to untreated colitis mice,GFO increased transepithelial electrical resistance,reduced fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran paracellular flux,and modulated tight junction proteins(occludin and claudin 2)in colitis ***:GFO has anti-inflammatory activity and could modulate colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction in acetic acid-induced colitis ***,GFO could modulate the expression of tight junction proteins that play important roles in colonic barrier function.

关键词： Ulcerative colitis Cytokines Gut permeability Tight junction Red algae Gracilaria fisheri Mice Anti-inflammation Colonic epithelial barrier