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Mate-recog.ition and species boundaries in the ascomycetes

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Fung.l Diversity 2013年第1期58卷 1-12页

作者： Simon H.Martin Emma T.Steenkamp Michael J.Wing.ield brenda D.Wing.ield Department of g.netics Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoria 0002South Africa Department of Microbiolog. and Plant Patholog. Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoria 0002South Africa

Reproductive g.ne evolution is commonly invoked as a source of reproductive isolation during.*** possibility has not been adequately explored in the Ascomycota,the most species-rich fung.l *** mechanisms of mate-recog.ition in this g.oup are relatively simple:a“mating.type”locus determines reproductive mode and sexual compatibility,and two pheromone/receptor pairs control sexual ***,ascomycete reproductive g.nes can experience unique and interesting.evolutionary forces,which could lead to rapid *** this review,we examine the mechanisms of sexual interaction in ascomycetes and explore current evidence as to whether these mechanisms allow for species-specificity in *** discuss the evolutionary forces that can drive reproductive g.ne diverg.nce,how these may apply in the world of ascomycetes,and their possible consequences for speciation.

关键词： Ascomycota Speciation Mating.type Pheromone Receptor

Is increased water consumption among.older adults associated with improvements in g.ucose homeostasis?

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013年第5期3卷 363-367页

作者： Adrienne g. Clark Elizabeth A. Dennis Parker Jyoti S. Savla Kevin P. Davy brenda M. Davy Department of Human Development Virginia Tech Blacksburg USA Department of Human Nutrition Foods and Exercise Virginia Tech Blacksburg USA Department of Human Nutrition Foods and Exercise Virginia Tech Blacksburg USA Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University Medical Center Washington D.C. USA

Obesity and impaired g.ucose homeostasis in older adults place these individuals at risk for diabetes. Dehydration, g.ucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance are related;while ag.ng.and dehydration are associated with decreased g.ucose tolerance, weig.t loss can improve g.ycemia. For older adults following.hypocaloric diets, additional water consumption may lead to g.eater weig.t loss. Further more, research sug.ests an association between insulin resistance and the body water retention hormone, arg.nine vasopressin (AVP). Analysis of the association between plasma copeptin (an AVP derivative) and fasting.g.ucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) may provide further insig.t into the relationship between dehydration and diabetes risk. Our objective was to investig.te the possibility that increased water consumption among.older adults (n = 29, BMI = 31 ± 1 kg.m2, ag. = 62 ± 1 years) could improve g.ucose homeostasis beyond that observed with weig.t loss, as well as associations between plasma copeptin and diabetes risk. This retrospective analysis utilized data from a previous investig.tion, in which obese/overweig.t older adults were assig.ed to one of two g.oups: 1) Water: consume 500 ml of water prior to three daily meals over a 12-week hypocaloric diet intervention, or 2) Non-water: hypocaloric diet alone. In the present analysis, fasting.plasma g.ucose and insulin, HOMA-IR, and plasma copeptin were evaluated, and compared to urinary specific g.avity (USg., drinking.water consumption, and body weig.t. Analyses performed using.g.oup assig.ment, volume of drinking.water consumed or among.a subg.oup pair-matched for weig.t loss and sex did not reveal sig.ificant differences between g.oups. However in the full sample, plasma insulin concentration was associated with USg.(r = 0.512,

关键词： Older Adults Diabetes g.ucose Water Consumption Hydration

Restraint Induces Sickness Responses Independent of Injection with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Encoded dUTPase

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2014年第11期4卷 491-505页

作者： Taryn g. Aubrecht Bachir Abi Salloum Maria Eug.nia Ariza Marshall Williams brenda Reader Ronald g.aser John Sheridan Randy J. Nelson Departments of Neuroscience The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA Departments of Molecular Virolog. Immunology & Medical Genetics The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research Wexner Medical Center Comprehensive Cancer Center The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA Division of Bioscience Colleg. of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA

Most adult humans have been infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a putative cause of chronic fatig.e syndrome, and carry latent EBV. The EBV-encoded dUTPase can induce sickness responses in mice and chronic stress exacerbates this response. Because individuals often adapt to chronic stress, we tested the hypothesis that acute restraint stress would potentiate these sickness responses elicited by EBV-encoded dUTPase. Male CD-1 mice were injected daily for one or three days with either saline or EBV-encoded dUTPase. Additionally, mice from each condition were either restrained for three hours daily or left undisturbed during.the lig.t phase when mice are inactive. Restraint decreased weig.t g.in during.the one- and three-day experiments. Restraint in saline injected mice increased anxiety-like behavior in the open field during.the three-day experiment. There were no behavioral differences during.the one-day experiment. Restraint stress had no effect when experienced acutely on one day, but did produce a sickness response after three days of exposure reg.rdless of saline or dUTPase injection. In contrast to the effects of chronic stress and EBV-encoded dUTPase on the sickness response, acute stress did not affect sickness responses in association with EBV-encoded dUTPase. Thus, dUTPase does not appear to provoke the same sickness responses after acute stress as compared to chronic stress.

关键词： Epstein-Barr Virus Restraint Stress Sickness Response Anxiety-Like and Depressive-Like Behaviors

Association between admission haematocrit and mortality among.men with acute ischaemic stroke

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Stroke & Vascular Neurolog. 2018年第3期3卷 160-168页

作者： Jason J Sico Laura J Myers brenda J Fenton John Concato Linda S Williams Dawn M Bravata Neurolog. Service VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA Department of Neurolog. Center for NeuroEpidemiological and Clinical Neurological ResearchYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA Clinical Epidemiolog. Research Center(CERC) VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA Pain Research InformaticsMultimorbidities and Education(PRIME)Center of InnovationVA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA Communication and the HSR&D Stroke Quality Enhancement Research Initiative(QUERI) Richard L Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisIndianaUSA VA Health Services Research and Development(HSR&D) Center for Healthcare InformaticsRichard L Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisIndianaUSA Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiolog. Yale School of Public HealthWest HavenConnecticutUSA Medical Service VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA Reg.nstrief Institute IndianapolisIndianaUSA Department of Neurolog. Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA Department of Internal Medicine Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA

Objective Anaemia is associated with hig.er mortality among.patients with non-stroke cardiovascular conditions;less is known reg.rding.the relationship between anaemia and mortality among.patients with acute ischaemic *** Medical records were abstracted for n=3965 veterans from 131 Veterans Health Administration facilities who were admitted with ischaemic stroke in fiscal year *** values within 24 hours of admission were classified as≤27%,28%-32%,33%-37%,38%-42%,43%-47% or≥48%.Multivariate log.stic reg.ession was used to examine the relationship between anaemia and in-hospital,30-day,6-month and 1-year mortality,adjusting.for ag.,medical comorbidities,modified Acute Physiolog. and Chronic Health Evaluation-III and stroke *** factors were calculated to standardise comparisons between haematocrit tier and other *** Among.n=3750 patients included in the analysis,the haematocrit values were≤27%in 2.1%(n=78),28%-32% in 6.2%(n=234),33%-37%in 17.9%(n=670),38%-42% in 36.4%(n=1366),43%-47% in 28.2%(n=1059)and≥48% in 9.1%(n=343).Patients with haematocrit≤27%,compared with patients in the 38%-42% rang.,were more likely to have died across all follow-up intervals,with statistically sig.ificant adjusted ORs(aORs)rang.ng.from 2.5 to *** with polycythaemia(ie,haematocrit≥48%)were at increased risk of in-hospital mortality(aOR=2.9;95%CI 1.4 to 6.0),compared with patients with mid-rang. admission *** differences between patients receiving.and not receiving.blood transfusion limited our ability to perform a propensity *** factors in the 1-year mortality model were 0.46(severe anaemia),0.06(cancer)and 0.018(heart disease).Conclusions Anaemia is independently associated with an increased risk of death throug.out the first year post stroke;hig. haematocrit is associated with early poststroke *** anaemia is associated with 1-year mortality to a g.eater deg.ee than cancer or heart dise

关键词： mortality admitted transfusion

Expression of an endog.ucanase from Tribolium castaneum （TcEg.1 ） in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Insect Science 2014年第5期21卷 609-618页

作者： Derek Shirley Cris Oppert Todd B. Reynolds Bethany Miracle brenda Oppert William E. Kling.man Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes Department of Entomolog. and Plant Patholog. University of Tennessee Department of Microbiolog. University of TennesseeKnoxville TN 37996 USDA-Ag.icultural Research Service Center for g.ain and Animal Health Research Manhattan KS 66502 Department of Plant Sciences University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA

Insects are a larg.ly unexploited resource in prospecting.for novel cellulolytic enzymes to improve the production of ethanol fuel from lig.ocellulosic biomass. The cost of lig.ocellulosic ethanol production is expected to decrease by the combination of cellulose deg.adation （saccharification） and fermentation of the resulting.g.ucose to ethanol in a sing.e process, catalyzed by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed to express efficient cellulases. While S. cerevisiae is an established heterolog.us expression system, there are no available data on the functional expression of insect cellulolytic enzymes for this species. To address this knowledg. g.p, S. cerevisiae was transformed to express the full-leng.h cDNA encoding.an endog.ucanase from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum （TcEg.1）, and evaluated the activity of the transg.nic product （rTcEg.1）. Expression of the TcEg. cDNA in S. cerevisiae was under control of the strong.g.yceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrog.nase promoter. Cultured transformed yeast secreted rTcEg. protein as a functional β-1,4-endog.ucanase, which allowed transformants to survive on selective media containing.cellulose as the only available carbon source. Evaluation of substrate specificity for secreted rTcEg. demonstrated endog.ucanase activity, althoug. some activity was also detected ag.inst complex cellulose substrates. Potentially relevant to uses in biofuel production rTcEg. activity increased with pH conditions, with the hig.est activity detected at pH 12. Our results demonstrate the potential for functional production of an insect cellulase in S. cerevisiae and confirm the stability of rTcEg. activity in strong.alkaline environments.

关键词： biofuels insect cellulase Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tribolium castaneum yeast

The Impact of Cattle g.azing.in Hig. Elevation Sierra Nevada Mountain Meadows over Widely Variable Annual Climatic Conditions

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2012年第8期3卷 823-837页

作者： Lindsey Myers brenda Whited Central Sierra Environmental Resource Center (CSERC) PO Box 396 18711 Tiffeni Drive Twain Harte

The impact of summer cattle g.azing.on water quality during.three very different climatic years in the Sierra Nevada was investig.ted. Water year 2009 had near normal precipitation;2010 had late precipitation and snowmelt;and 2011 had 150% above normal precipitation. Surface waters were tested for pathog.nic bacteria indicators fecal coliform, E. coli, and total coliform before and after cattle were released onto summer g.azing.allotments. Water samples were collected from meadow stream sites up to 6 weeks before and up to 6 weeks after cattle g.azing.beg.n. Streams passing.throug. ung.azed meadow served as controls. Eig.t sample sites were between 1694 m and 2273 m in elevation;one site was lower at 1145 m in elevation. Samples were transported within 6 hours to a water analysis laboratory, where samples were analyzed following.standardized laboratory methods. Results showed that individual site and total mean concentrations of E. coli in surface waters were within reg.latory standards before cattle arrived during.each of the 3 study years. After the beg.nning.of g.azing. mean E. coli counts increased as follows: 2009 from 8 to 240 CFU/100mL, 2010 from 7 to 561 CFU/10mL;2011 from 7 to 657 CFU/100mL (p g.azing.in the hig. elevation Sierra Nevada results in a sig.ificant increase in indicator bacteria. This impact on the watersheds occurs despite widely variable annual climatic conditions.

关键词： Water Quality Sierra Nevada Mountain Meadows Livestock g.azing Cattle Indicator Bacteria

Botulinum toxin type-A (BoNTA) and dynamic wrist-hand orthoses versus orthoses alone for the treatment of spastic-paretic upper extremity in chronic stroke patients

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Open Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2014年第1期2卷 12-18页

作者： Sepideh Pooyania brenda Semenko Riverview Health Centre University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investig.te the potential functional improvement of the spastic-paretic upper extremity of individuals with chronic hemiparesis when using.a dynamic wrist-hand orthosis with and without concurrent botulinum toxin type-A (BoNTA) injections into the spastic upper extremity muscles. Methods: A three-year retrospective chart review was conducted on all stroke patients referred to out-patient occupational therapy for an upper extremity rehabilitation prog.am, which included use of a dynamic wrist-hand orthosis (DWHO). Three charts documented concurrent treatment with a DWHO + BoNTA. Eleven charts documented DWHO use without concurrent BoNTA treatment. Pre- and post-intervention outcome measure scores were compared between the two g.oups. Pre- and post-interven- tion scores were also analyzed irrespective of treatment g.oup. Results: Althoug. improvement approached sig.ificance on three of the documented outcome measures when comparing.the DWHO + BoNTA and DWHO g.oups, no statistically sig.ificant chang.s were found. A sig.ificant difference (p g.oup in 13 of 14 of the outcome measures documented. Conclusions: Further research with a larg.r sample size is sug.ested to assess the combined effect of using.a dynamic wrist-hand orthosis and BoNTA injections into the spastic upper extremity muscles of individuals with chronic hemiparesis post stroke.

关键词： Stroke Rehabilitation Botulinum Toxin Orthosis

Interleukin-1β对促卵泡生成素(FSH)诱导大鼠颗粒细胞雌激素生成的抑制作用

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生理学报 1991年第1期43卷 67-72页

作者：周美华 A.brenda g.lway 上海医科大学药理教研室 Department of Reproductive Medicine M-025 University of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia 92093

本文利用颗粒细胞的体外培养方法研究了 Interleukin-1β 对 FSH 诱导颗粒细胞雌激素生成的影响。颗粒细胞得自未成熟的、经雌激素处理的大鼠,加入 FSH 及同时加入不同浓度的 Interleukin-1β 后,体外培养三日,观察 Interleukin-1β 对... 详细信息

本文利用颗粒细胞的体外培养方法研究了 Interleukin-1β 对 FSH 诱导颗粒细胞雌激素生成的影响。颗粒细胞得自未成熟的、经雌激素处理的大鼠,加入 FSH 及同时加入不同浓度的 Interleukin-1β 后,体外培养三日,观察 Interleukin-1β 对雌激素生成的影响。结果可见 FSH 刺激颗粒细胞雌激素生成作用随 FSH 剂量的增加而随之增加。Interleukin-1β 单独处理并不影响雌激素的生物合成。但若同时应用 Interleukin-1β 和 FSH 处理,则可见 Inter-eukin-1β 抑制 FSH 诱导颗粒细胞雌激素生成作用,且此抑制作用强度呈剂量依赖性。其最大的抑制作用达83%。该抑制作用在加药处理后48h 即很明显。Interleukin-1β 抑制 fors-kolin 和(Bu)_2 cAMP 引起的雌激素的生成,这表明 Interleukin-1β 的作用点在 cAMP 生成之后。本文结果提示 Interleukin-1β 使颗粒细胞雌激素生成下降的作用有可能参予卵泡的闭锁机制,尤其当机体在遭受炎症、感染期间,Interleukin-1β 是卵巢功能受损的一个可能参予因子。

关键词：颗粒细胞雌激素生成白细胞介素

Effect of rapamycin on hepatic osteodystrophy in rats with portasystemic shunting

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World Journal of g.stroenterolog. 2006年第28期12卷 4504-4510页

作者： Schalk W van der Merwe Maria M Conradie Robert Bond brenda J Olivier Elong. Fritz Martin Nieuwoudt Rhena Delport Tomas Slavik g.rt Eng.lbrecht Del Kahn Enid g.Shephard Maritha J Kotze Nico P de Villiers Stephen Houg. Department of Internal Medicine and g.stroenterolog. ImmunologyHepatology and GI- research laboratoryUniversity of PretoriaSouth Africa Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinolog. University of StellenboschSouth Africa Department of Internal Medicine and g.stroenterolog.1 Hepatology and GI- research laboratoryUniversity of PretoriaSouth Africa Department of Hepatolog. and g.- research laboratory University of PretoriaSouth Africa Department of Chemical Patholog. University of PretoriaSouth Africa Department of Ampath patholog. PretoriaSouth Africa Department of Surg.ry Grootte Schuur HospitalUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa MRC Liver Research Centre Grootte Schuur HospitalUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa Department of g.necare Molecular g.netics Christiaan Barnard Memorial HospitalCape TownSouth Africa

AIM： TO study if T-cell activation related to portasystemic shunting.causes osteoclast-mediated bone loss throug. RANKL-dependent pathways. We also investig.ted if T-cell inhibition using.rapamycin would protect ag.inst bone loss in rats. METHODS： Portasystemic shunting.was performed in male Sprag.e-Dawley rats and rapamycin 0.1 mg.kg.was administered for 15 wk by g.vag.. Rats received powderized chow and supplemental feeds to prevent the effects of malnutrition on bone composition. Weig.t g.in and g.owth was restored after surg.ry in shunted animals. At termination, biochemical parameters of bone turnover and quantitative bone histolog. were assessed. Markers of T-cell activation, inflammatory cytokine production, and RANKL-dependent pathways were measured. In addition, the roles of Ig.-1 and hypog.nadism were investig.ted. RESULTS： Portasystemic shunting.caused low turnover osteoporosis that was RANKL independent. Bone resorbing.cytokine levels, including.IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα, were not increased in serum and TNFα and RANKL expression were not upreg.lated in PBMC. Portasystemic shunting.increased the circulating.CD8＋ T-cell population. Rapamycin decreased the circulating.CD8＋ T-cell population, increased CD8＋ CD25＋ T-reg.latory cell population and improved all parameters of bone turnover. CONCLUSION： Osteoporosis caused by portasystemic shunting.may be partially ameliorated by rapamycin in the rat model of hepatic osteodystrophy.

关键词： Osteopenia Liver disease Portasystemic shunting T-lymphocyte Rapamycin