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Exogenous reference gene normalization for real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis under dynamic endogenous transcription

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Neural Regeneration Research 2012年第14期7卷 1064-1072页

作者： Stephen Johnston zachary Gallaher Krzysztof Czaja Programs in Neuroscience and Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy Pharmacology and Physiology College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WA 99164-6520 USA

Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （qPCR） is widely used to investigate transcriptional changes following experimental manipulations to the nervous system. Despite the widespread utilization of qPCR, the interpretation of results is marred by the lack of a suitable reference gene due to the dynamic nature of endogenous transcription. To address this inherent deficiency, we investigated the use of an exogenous spike-in mRNA, luciferase, as an internal reference gene for the 2ct normalization method. To induce dynamic transcription, we systemically administered capsaicin, a neurotoxJn selective for C-type sensory neurons expressing the TRPV-1 receptor, to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. We later isolated nodose ganglia for qPCR analysis with the reference being either exogenous luciferase mRNA or the commonly used endogenous reference 13-111 tubulin. The exogenous luciferase mRNA reference clearly demonstrated the dynamic expression of the endogenous reference. Furthermore, variability of the endogenous reference would lead to misinterpretation of other genes of interest. In conclusion, traditional reference genes are often unstable under physiologically normal situations, and certainly unstable following the damage to the nervous system. The use of exogenous spike-in reference provides a consistent and easily implemented alternative for the analysis of qPCR data.

关键词： exogenous reference gene sensory ganglia reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction normalization injury neural regeneration

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Which objective emergency department parameters leads to expedited intervention in patients with acute urinary tract calculi

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Current Urology 2022年第1期16卷 1-4页

作者： zachary Kranz Greggory Peifer Matthew Rohloff Thomas Maatman Kenneth Shockley Metro Health Hospital WyomingMIUSA Urology Metro Health HospitalWyomingMIUSA

Objectives:To retrospectively determine which objective measurements had an increased likelihood of requiring immediate surgical intervention in patients presenting to the emergency department(ED)with acute ureteral *** and methods:Employing our institution's electronic medical record system,we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 4366 patients who presented to the ED with an acute ureteral calculus over an 8-year *** consisting of relevant demographic information,vital signs,laboratory parameters,and interventional history was obtained and ***:This study consisted of 4366 patients presenting to the ED with acute ureteral calculi,of whom 312(7%)required a procedure prior to being *** these 312 patients,290(6.6%)underwent cystoscopy with ureteral stent placement and 22(0.5%)were sent to interventional radiology for percutaneous nephrostomy tube *** who tested positive for nitrites in their urine had a relative risk of 3.48 of receiving intervention when compared to the nitrite negative ***:Through this retrospective cohort study,we were able to find what objective measurements were associated with an increased need for immediate surgical intervention in patients who presented to the ED with acute ureteral *** this data,urologists can be better equipped to identify the patients that present in the emergency setting that will require urgent intervention.

关键词： Cystoscopy Emergent surgical intervention Objective measurements Ureteral calculi Urinary nitrates

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Anneal-free ultra-low loss silicon nitride integrated photonics

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第8期13卷 1565-1577页

作者： Debapam Bose Mark W.Harrington Andrei Isichenko Kaikai Liu Jiawei Wang Nitesh Chauhan zachary L.Newman Daniel J.Blumenthal Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA 93106USA Octave Photonics LouisvilleCO 80027USA

Heterogeneous and monolithic integration of the versatile low-loss silicon nitride platform with low-temperature materials such as silicon electronics and photonics,III–V compound semiconductors,lithium niobate,organics,and glasses has been inhibited by the need for high-temperature annealing as well as the need for different process flows for thin and thick *** techniques are needed to maintain the state-of-the-art losses,nonlinear properties,and CMOS-compatible processes while enabling this next generation of 3D silicon nitride *** report a significant advance in silicon nitride integrated photonics,demonstrating the lowest losses to date for an anneal-free process at a maximum temperature 250℃,with the same deuterated silane based fabrication flow,for nitride and oxide,for an order of magnitude range in nitride thickness without requiring stress mitigation or *** report record low anneal-free losses for both nitride core and oxide cladding,enabling 1.77 dBm^(-1) loss and 14.9 million Q for 80 nm nitride core waveguides,more than half an order magnitude lower loss than previously reported sub 300℃ *** 800 nm-thick nitride,we achieve as good as 8.66 dBm^(-1) loss and 4.03 million Q,the highest reported Q for a low temperature processed resonator with equivalent device area,with a median of loss and Q of 13.9 dBm^(-1) and 2.59 million each *** demonstrate laser stabilization with over 4 orders of magnitude frequency noise reduction using a thin nitride reference cavity,and using a thick nitride micro-resonator we demonstrate OPO,over two octave supercontinuum generation,and four-wave mixing and parametric gain with the lowest reported optical parametric oscillation threshold per unit resonator *** results represent a significant step towards a uniform ultra-low loss silicon nitride homogeneous and heterogeneous platform for both thin and thick waveguides capable of linear and nonlinear photonic circuits and

关键词： resonator thick free

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Control of flowering and inflorescence architecture in tomato bysynergistic interactions between ALOG transcription factors

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2018年第10期45卷 557-560页

作者： Xiaozhen Huang Lingli Tang Yuan Yu Justin Dalrymple zachary B.Lippman Cao Xu State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of Sciencesand National Center for Plant Gene ResearchBeijing 100101China CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science(CEPAMS) Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Graduate School of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor11724USA

Inflorescences are flower-bearing shoots that originate from pools of stem cells in shoot apical meristems (SAM).Inflorescence architecture is determined by a process of meristem maturation,during which stem cell fate switches from a vegetative to a reproductive growth program.A major factor in plant reproductive success in nature and yield in agriculture is the number of branches and flowers on inflorescences (Kobayashi and Weigel,2007;

关键词： Control of flowering and inflorescence architecture in tomato by synergistic interactions between ALOG transcription factors

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Long-Term Cropping System, Tillage, and Poultry Litter Application Affect the Chemical Properties of an Alabama Ultisol

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Pedosphere 2019年第2期29卷 180-194页

作者： Zhongqi HE Irenus A.TAZISONG Xinhua YIN Dexter B.WATTS zachary N.SENWO Henry Allen TORBERT United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service(USDA-ARS) Southern Regional Research Center Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Alabama A&M University Department of Plant Sciences University of Tennessee United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service(USDA-ARS) National Soil Dynamics Laboratory

Sustainable agricultural practices have been steadily increasing in the last couple of decades. These management practices frequently involve cover crops, less or no-tillage, and organic fertilization. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cropping systems,tillage and no-tillage, and the application of poultry litter(PL) on selected soil physicochemical properties and soil test nutrients. Soil samples were collected from the topmost surface(0–5 cm) and subsurface(5–10 cm) layers. The general effect trend was PL application > no-tillage > cover crop > cropping type. There were more statistically significant(P ≤ 0.05) correlations between the 18 soil attributes at the topmost surface than at the subsurface. This could be due to the accumulation of external C inputs and nutrients by crop residues and PL application as well as the retaining effects of no-tillage on less mobile nutrient components. Because of their high mobility and volatile nature, total nitrogen(N), ammonia-N(NH_4^+-N), and nitrate-N(NO_3^--N) levels varied greatly(high standard deviations), showing no consistent patterns among the treatments. Compared to the soybean cropping system, corn, especially with the wheat cover crop, contributed more to the total carbon(C) and sulfur(S) in the topmost surface soils(0–5 cm). Poultry litter application greatly increased pH, cation exchange capacity(CEC), base saturation, magnesium(Mg), phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca),sodium(Na), potassium(K), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), and zinc(Zn) in both soil layers. Contrast comparisons revealed that PL application had more of an effect on these soil chemical properties than no-tillage and cropping systems. These results will shed light on developing better nutrient management practices while reducing their runoff potentials.

关键词： conventional tillage cover crop Mehlich-3 extraction no-tillage nutrient management practice organic fertilization soil attributes soil test nutrients

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Serious Leisure and Leisure Motivations Among Self-identified Cyclists

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Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management 2015年第1期3卷 32-40页

作者： zachary Thomas Herman Appalachian State University North Carolina USA

This study examines the leisure motivations among people who participate in cycling as a form of serious leisure. It examines what motivates cyclists to build a life around cycling. This study is a replicative study to Robert G. LaChausse＇s study on leisure motivations among cyclists. This study used the Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure （SLIM） created by James Gould. Participants were contacted through a variety of local and national list serves. Potential applications of this study include education, coaching, training, planning, and the creation of programs to encourage long-term cycling among bike users. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the motivations of mountain bikers, commuter cyclists, and other cyclists using the SLIM created by James Gould and the Leisure Motivation Scale.

关键词： serious leisure leisure motivations cycling cycling motivations

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Drink Up!

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第二课堂(A) 2016年第8期 45-46页

作者： zachary Humenik

导读:夏天已经来了,天气越来越热,小朋友们要喝多少水才健康呢?研究表明,小朋友每天应该要喝10到14杯水。A new study shows that many kids aren’t drinking enough *** should drink between 10 and 14 cups every day,according to ... 详细信息

关键词： Drink Up

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Tianmu Mountain:A Treasure Chest of Flora and Fauna

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China Today 2022年第1期71卷 74-77页

作者： zachary LUNDQUIST 不详

Over the last 60 years,China’s efforts to protect the local ecological environment of the Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve has paid off in making it into a rare"gene bank of species"and"treasure house of cultu... 详细信息

关键词： Tian heritage Reserve

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Breaking the Ice

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China Today 2022年第2期71卷 62-63页

作者： zachary LUNDQUIST 不详

Learning how to winter swim in Beijing not only helped Fabian Beltran,a native Columbian,enjoy greater health,but also has given him another window to learn about Chinese people.

关键词： winter Ice enjoy

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Alteration in immune function in patients with fatty liver disease

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Hepatoma Research 2022年第1期8卷 363-375页

作者： Stephanie N.Gregory Shruthi R.Perati zachary J.Brown Department of Surgery Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNJ 08901USA Division of Surgical Oncology Department of SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOH 43210USA

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a disease spectrum that spans simple steatosis,fibrosis,and ultimately cirrhosis,and is a leading cause of chronic liver disease *** severe variant of NAFLD,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),is characterized by triglyceride accumulation within hepatocytes and the subsequent inflammatory pathway activation,ultimately progressing to cirrhosis in 10%-20%of *** is a known major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and there is emerging data demonstrating the impact of NASH on immune subsets and the tumor microenvironment that may influence therapeutic *** review describes the various ways in which the immune system is altered in patients with *** innate immune system in NASH shows alterations in dendritic and Kupffer cells,impaired cytotoxicity of Natural Killer cells,and an accumulation of ***,there is emerging evidence emphasizing the role of the adaptive immune system in the development and progression of NASH,seen in the alteration of B-cells,T-cells,and NKT *** to the complex interplay of the immune system in NAFLD/NASH and its progression to HCC,many current treatments focus on targeting immune cells for HCC ***,immune checkpoint inhibitors such as atezolizumab and bevacizumab have been approved as first-line therapy for unresectable *** an emerging field of research,further studies and clinical trials are needed to understand the complex interface of NASH,HCC and the immune response.

关键词： Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis nonalcoholic fatty liver disease steatohepatitis immunology hepatocellular carcinoma

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