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Cracking the Snake Detection Theory: The Subcortical Visual Pathway as a Major Player in Cultural Transformations

World Journal of Neuroscience 2020年第4期10卷 166-190页

作者： bogdan-ioan nicula Independent Researcher Bucharest Romania

According to the proposed hypothesis, graphic characters trigger the subcortical visual route. The reaction discussed is very weak. Yet, its very existence has an unusual importance: characters and (occluded) venomous snakeskin patterns reveal themselves as conflatable. Furthermore, following tractogra- phic research, a functional segregation of the subcortical pathway is to be presupposed. Thus, there can’t be a later dissociation of two stimuli previously associated. The outcomes of lecture will gradually appear probabilistically (much) more peaceful than encountering a venomous snake, though, and thus a continuous lessening of the reaction is expectable. Here, on one hand, it is relevant that the subcortical visual pathway goes to the amygdala. The reactions we describe tap into goal-oriented processes, and they will do that unfettered. On the other hand, in the case of characters, since the beginning, fear has been converted into appetition to a great degree. This process should be fostered in the presence of light. In this way, luminosity might become a conditioned stimulus for attraction. In this case, a Pavlovian addiction for light will foster, yet also—from the point of view of reward feeling—counterbalance the lessening of the stimulation elicited by characters. The addiction we refer to is one towards light accompanied by graphic signs. Yet, as opposed to the case of the luminous medium, the attention captured by the later ones taken for themselves is continuously reduced.

关键词： Active Inference Blindsight Delayed Detachment Hypothesis Snake Detec-tion Theory Subcortical Route V2 Area V4 Area

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Prescription of Cancer Treatment Modalities in Developing Countries:Results from a Multi-Centre Observational Study

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Journal of Cancer Therapy 2014年第11期5卷 989-999页

作者： Rolando Camacho Diogo Neves Marion Pineros Eduardo Rosenblatt Robert Burton Yaima Galán Feras Hawari Saadettin Kilickap Cláudia Naylor Florian nicula Jesus Reno Bhawna Sirohi Tatiana Vidaurre Kazem Zendehdel International Atomic Energy Agency ViennaAustria Monash University MelbourneAustralia Ministry of Health La HabanaCuba King Hussein Cancer Centre AmmanJordan Hacettepe University Oncology Centre AnkaraTurkey National Cancer Institute Jose Alencar Gomes da Silva Rio de JaneiroBrazil Institute of Oncology Prof.Dr.Ion Chiricuta Cluj-NapocaRomania National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology La HabanaCuba Tata Memorial Hospital MumbaiIndia National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases LimaPeru Cancer Research Center Cancer Institute of IranTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIslamic Republic of Iran

Background: Treatment is an important component of a comprehensive cancer control approach and its outcomes strongly depend on infrastructure, equipment, human and financial resources available. Therefore it is imperative to generate evidence-based tools to assist health policy makers from low resourced countries in planning efficient and equitable treatment services for a defined population based on what it is feasible to these settings. Methods: The intended cancer spe-cific treatment planned and written in the patients’ medical record (treatment prescription) of untreated adult cancer cases (≥18 years of age), excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, was recorded in a chronological way from 1 January 2012 onwards in a group of eight comprehensive cancer centres located in middle income countries and offering the main modalities of cancer treatment (surgery, medical oncology and radiotherapy). Results: A total of 17,713 medical records were reviewed, of which 7106 (54.2%) met the eligibility criteria. Prescription of main cancer treatment modalities were distributed as follows: 57.6% for chemotherapy (n = 4093), 56.8% for surgery (n = 4038), and 46.8% for radiotherapy (n = 3327). There was a predominance of plans consisting of combined treatment modalities over monotherapy (55.2% versus 44.8%). At the time of diagnosis 54.3% of the cancer cases had disease that had spread beyond the primary site, 41.2% were considered as having local disease and in 4.5% of the cases the information on disease extension was unknown. Conclusions: The results obtained should be seen as an approximation of cancer treatment service demand based on what it is currently practiced and therefore feasible in developing countries, particularly in middle income countries.

关键词： Cancer Treatment Developing Countries Health Services Needs and Demand Resource Allocation Observational Study

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