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A Comparative Study on the Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions of Biodiesel from Various Vegetable Oils and Animal Fat

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2015年第3期5卷 89-103页

作者： bjorn S. Santos Sergio C. Capareda Agricultural Sciences Department De La Salle Araneta University Malabon City Philippines Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

The potential of biodiesel fuels from various vegetable oil sources such as sunflower (SFME), safflower (SAFME), peanut (PME) and canola (CME) as well as from low-cost chicken fat (CFME) to supplement increasing biodiesel demands must be evaluated in terms of the corresponding engine performance and exhaust emissions. In this study, two diesel engines rated at 14.2 kW (small) and 60 kW (large) were operated by using the different biodiesel fuels and a reference diesel. Results showed that both the small and large engines delivered similar power when using biodiesel fuels in the expense of higher brake-specific fuel consumptions (BSFC). Higher exhaust concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) while lower carbon dioxide (CO) and negligible sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions were observed in both engines. Total hydrocarbon emissions (THC) were higher in both engines when using SME, SFME and CME but comparable when using CFME, SAFME and PME in the large engine. Thus, with the increasing demand for biodiesel, alternative feedstock sources such as those used in this study may be utilized to take advantage of their availability, renewability and environmental benefits.

关键词： Biodiesel Vegetable Oil Chicken Fat Engine Performance Exhaust Emissions

MapMan4: A Refined Protein Classification and Annotation Framework Applicable to Multi-Omics Data Analysis

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Molecular Plant 2019年第6期12卷 879-892页

作者： Rainer Schwacke Gabriel Y.Ponce-Soto Kirsten Krause Anthony M.Bolger Borjana Arsova Asis Hallab Kristina Gruden Mark Stitt Marie E.Bolger bjorn Usadel Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences) Forschungszentrum Julich Wilhelm Johnen StraBe Jiilich Germany Department of Arctic and Marine Biology The Arctic University of Norway Biology Building 9037 Tromso Norway Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics BioEconomy Science Center Worringer Weg RWTH Aachen University 52074 Aachen Germany National Institute of Biology Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology Vedna Pot 111 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology Department of Systems Regulation 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany

Genome sequences from over 200 plant species have already been published, with this number expected to increase rapidly due to advances in sequencing technologies. Once a new genome has been assembled and the genes identified, the functional annotation of their putative translational products, proteins, using ontologies is of key importance as it places the sequencing data in a biological context. Furthermore, to keep pace with rapid production of genome sequences, this functional annotation process must be fully automated. Here we present a redesigned and significantly enhanced MapMan4 framework, together with a revised version of the associated online Mercator annotation tool. Compared with the original MapMan, the new ontology has been expanded almost threefold and enforces stricter assignment rules. This framework was then incorporated into Mercator4, which has been upgraded to reflect current knowledge across the land plant group, providing protein annotations for all embryophytes with a comparably high quality. The annotation process has been optimized to allow a plant genome to be annotated in a matter of minutes. The output results continue to be compatible with the established MapMan desktop application.

关键词： Plant genomes Functional annotation MapMan Mercator Transcriptomes

A Strategy for Development of Realistic Mathematical Models of Whole-Body Metabolism

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2012年第1期2卷 11-27页

作者： Mads F. Madsen Sune Dano bjorn Quistorff Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

When realistic mathematical models of whole body metabolism eventually become available, they are likely to add entirely new dimensions to the understanding of the integrated physiological function of the organism, in particular the mechanisms governing the regulation of transitions between different physiological states, like fed-fasted, exercise-rest and normal-diseased. So far the strategy for whole body modelling has primarily been a bottom-up approach where the central problem is an apparently insurmountable barrier of complexity involved in defining and optimising the huge number of parameters. Here we follow a top-down strategy and present a complete mathematical framework for realistic whole body model development. The approach proposed is modular and hierarchical and whole body metabolism is taken as the top level. Next are the organs, where the sum of the contributions from the individual organs must equal the top level metabolism. This hierarchy can be extended to lower levels of organisation, i.e. clusters of cells, individual cells, organelle and individual pathways. Exploiting this hierarchy, metabolism at each level forms an absolute constraint on the contributions from lower level. Importantly, these constraints can in many ways be defined experimentally through mass balance and flux data. Furthermore, the constrained approach allows the lower level models to be developed independently and subsequently adapted to the whole body model. The paper describes the process of whole body modelling in practical terms, centred on a mathematical framework, devised to allow whole-body models of any complexity to be developed. Furthermore, an example of sub-model incorporation in the whole-body framework is illustrated by adapting an existing erythrocyte model to the whole body constraints. Finally, we illustrate the operation of the system by including two sets of whole-body data from humans, reflecting two different physiological states.

关键词： Whole Body Metabolic Modelling Organ Interaction Mathematical Modelling

A new era of China-Germany joint research exploring the climate mystery of Earth

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Science Bulletin 2019年第23期64卷 1733-1736页

作者： Tianjun Zhou Jung Luterbacher Shaohong Wu Chao Li Qingchen Chao Xiao Cheng Yihong Duan Jian Li bjorn Stevens Sebastian Voigt Yuanhang Zhang Xunhua Zheng Liwei Zou State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Department of Geography ClimatologyClimate Dynamics and Climate ChangeJustus-Liebig University of GiessenGiessen 35390Germany Centre for International Development and Environmental Research University of GiessenGiessen 35390Germany Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg 20146Germany Beijing Climate Center China Meteorology AdministrationBeijing 100081China College of Global Change and Earth System Science Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China Centre for European Economic Research Mannheim 68161Germany College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry(LAPC) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

China and Germany have a long history of collaborating in the Earth sciences. One example is the collaborative work in plumbing the mysteries of climate in China. German geographer Prof. Dr. Ferdinand von Richthofen led the first scientific expedition of the Loess Plateau and Lop Nur during the 1870s. The expedition established the theory of the eolian origin of the plateau. The term"Silk Road"("die Seidenstrasse" in German) was also coined by Prof.

关键词： China. Earth climate

Material,design,and fabrication of custom prosthetic liners for lower-extremity amputees:A review

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Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices 2023年第1期17卷 34-44页

作者： Xingbang Yang Ruoqi Zhao Dana Solav Xuan Yang Duncan R.C.Lee bjorn Sparrman Yubo Fan Hugh Herr School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology(Beihang University)Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100191China Faculty of Mechanical Engineering TechnionHaifa3200003Israel Rapid Liquid Print BostonMA02129USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology K.Lisa Yang Center for BionicsCambridgeMA02139USA

As a physical interface,a prosthetic liner is commonly used as a transition material between the residual limb and the stiff *** made from a compliant material such as silicone,the main function of a prosthetic liner is to protect the residual limb from injuries induced by load-bearing normal and shear *** to conventional liners,custom prosthetic lower-extremity(LE)liners have been shown to better relieve stress concentrations in painful and sensitive regions of the residual *** custom LE liners have been shown to offer clinical benefits,no review article on their design and efficacy has yet been *** address this shortcoming in the literature,this paper provides a comprehensive survey of custom LE liner materials,design,and fabrication ***,custom LE liner materials and components are summarized,including a description of commercial liners and their ***,digital methods used to design and fabricate custom LE liners are addressed,including residual limb biomechanical modeling,finite element-based design methods,and 3-D printing ***,current evaluation methods of custom/commercial LE liners are presented and *** hope that this review article will inspire further research and development into the design and manufacture of custom LE liners.

关键词： Review Custom prosthetic liner Material Design and fabrication method Digital modeling FEA-informed design Soft/flexible material 3D printing

Universal Intelligent Small Cell （UnISCell） for next generation cellular networks

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Digital Communications and Networks 2016年第4期2卷 167-174页

作者： Mohammad Patwary Shree Krishna Sharma Symeon Chatzinotas Yunfei Chen Mohamed Abdel-Maguid Raed Abd-Alhameed James Noras bjorn Ottersten FCES Staffordshire University United Kingdom Interdisciplinary Centre for Security Reliability and Trust (SnT) University ofLuxemboury 4 rue Alphonse Weicker Luxembourg L-2721 Luxembourg University of Warwick United Kingdom University of Suffolk United Kingdom University of Bradford United Kingdom

Exploring innovative cellular architectures to achieve enhanced system capacity and good coverage has become a critical issue towards realizing the next generation of wireless communications. In this context, this paper proposes a novel concept of Universal Intelligent Small Cell （UnISCell） for enabling the densification of the next generation of cellular networks. The proposed novel concept envisions an integrated platform of providing a strong linkage between different stakeholders such as street lighting networks, landline telephone networks and future wireless networks, and is universal in nature being independent of the operating frequency bands and traffic types. The main motivating factors for the proposed small cell concept are the need of public infrastructure re-engineering, and the recent advances in several enabling technologies. First, we highlight the main concepts of the proposed UnISCell platform. Subsequently, we present two deployment scenarios for the proposed UnISCell concept considering infrastructure sharing and service sharing as important aspects. We then describe the key future technologies for enabling the proposed UnISCell concept and present a use case example with the help of numerical results. Finally, we conclude this article by providing some interesting future recommendations.

关键词： Next Generation Wireless Small Cell Public Infrastructure Re-engineering 5G Deployment

Gold as a Potential Contrast Agent for Dual-Energy CT

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Advances in Molecular Imaging 2013年第4期3卷 37-42页

作者： Radko Krissak Martin Elgert bjorn Kusch Ralph Hünerbein Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Hufeland Klinikum GmbHBad LangensalzaGermany

Purpose: The K-edge of gold (81 keV) is located within the energy range of diagnostic CT. This might be advantageous for material differentiation in dual-energy CT (DECT). The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the differentiation between iodine or gold and body tissues using DECT at different kV spectra. Methods and Materials: A water filled tank phantom containing specimens with iodine (iopamidol), gold (sodium aurothiomalate), compact bone (compact porcine bone) and porcine muscle was scanned using a dual source CT (Definition, Siemens Healthcare). Consecutive scans were performed at 80 kVp, 100 kVp, 120 kVp and 140 kVp with constant mAs settings. The mean attenuation values of the specimens were measured, and differences in calculated dual-energy ratios (DEratio) between body tissues and iodine or gold were determined for different DE spectra. Results: The attenuation of gold increased compared to 80 kVp at higher kVp-settings, while the attenuation of all other specimens decreased. The calculated DEratios at 80/100 kVp, 80/120 kVp and 80/140 kVp were 1.31, 1.62 and 1.91 for iodine, 0.89, 0.88 and 0.92 for gold, 1.20, 1.39 and 1.45 for compact bone, 1.01, 1.03 and 1.08 for muscle. The differences between the DEratios 80/100 kVp, 80/120 kVp and 80/140 kVp were 0.11, 0.23 and 0.46 for iodine and bone, 0.31, 0.51 and 0.53 for gold and bone, 0.29, 0.59 and 0.83 for iodine and muscle, 0.12, 0.15 and 0.16 for gold and muscle. Conclusion: DEratio of gold remains relatively stable along the energy spectrum of diagnostic CT and allows a reliable material differentiation between gold and bone already at contiguous low tube voltage settings (80 kV and 100 kV). Thus, gold might have a potential as a contrast agent for DECT.

关键词： Gold Computed Tomography Dual-Energy Contrast Agent K-Edge

Nurses’ Perceptions of Patient Safety in Community Mental Health Settings: A Qualitative Study

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Open Journal of Nursing 2015年第4期5卷 387-396页

作者： Rakel Sundin Annika Nilsson Rebecka Waage-Andree Catrine bjorn Caring Sciences Municipality in SoderhamnSweden Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies Department of Health and Caring SciencesUniversity of GavleGavleSweden Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Section of Caring SciencesUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden Department of Endocrinology Gavle HospitalGavleSweden Centre for Research&Development Uppsala University/Region GavleborgGavleSweden Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Uppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden

Mental health care has moved from hospital settings to community mental health settings, and there is a need to explore the perceptions of patient safety among registered nurses working in this field. Patient safety is to include everyone and to be the goal in all aspects of health care. The aim of the study was to explore registered nurses’ perceptions of patient safety in community mental health settings for people with serious mental illness. The study was qualitative and descriptive in nature and interviews were carried out during spring 2012, with seven registered nurses working in community mental health settings for people with serious mental illness in five municipalities in the middle of Sweden. The sampling was purposive and data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The findings showed that the registered nurses understood patient safety as providing support to people with serious mental illness in regaining and maintaining health through good treatment and respecting self-determination and avoiding coercion. The terms of daily living in small community mental health settings within the a large community health care organization, communication, sufficient knowledge of psychiatric disabilities among people in the residents’ network, and national laws and regulations, all had implications for patient safety. The registered nurses perceived patient safety as involving a wide range of issues that in other areas of care are more often discussed in terms of quality of care. Determining the boundaries of patient safety in community mental health settings for people with serious mental illness can be a first step in establishing workable routines that ensure safe patient care.

关键词： Community Mental Health Care Mental Health Nursing Patient Safety Qualitative Research

Seasonal air temperature variations retrieved from a Geladaindong ice core, Tibetan Plateau

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2007年第4期17卷 431-441页

作者： ZHANG Yongjun KANG Shichang QIN Dahe REN Jiawen ZHANG Yulan bjorn GRIGHOLM Paul MAYEWSKI Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research CAS Beijing 100085 China Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Key Laboratory of Cryosphere and Environment CAREEI CAS Lanzhou 730000 China Climate Change Institute University of Maine Orono ME 04469 USA

A 70-year history of precipitation δ^18O record has been retrieved using an ice core drilled from a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier （33°34＇37.8″ N, 91°10＇35.3″ E, 5720 m a.s.l.） on Mt. Geladaindong （the source region of Yangtze River） during October and November, 2005. Based on the seasonality of δ^18O records and the significant positive relationships between monsoon/non-monsoon δ^18O values and summer/spring air temperature from the nearby meteorological stations, the history of summer and spring air temperature have been reconstructed for the last 70 years. The results show that both summer and spring air temperature variations present similar trends during the last 70 years. Regression analysis indicates that the slope of the temperature-δ^18O relationship is 1.3℃/‰ for non-monsoon δ^18O values and spring air temperature, and 0.4℃/‰ for monsoon δ^18O values and summer air temperature. Variation of air temperature recorded in the ice core is consistent with that in the Northern Hemisphere （NH）, however, the warming trend in the Geladaindong region is more intense than that in the NH, reflecting a higher sensitivity to global warming in the high elevation regions. In addition, warming trend is greater in spring than in summer.

关键词： ice core δ^18O summer spring air temperature variations Mt. Geladaindong Tibetan Plateau