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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2017年第5期10卷 457-481页

作者： Gülden Bayrak Felix Ocker birgit Vogel-Heuser Institute of Automation and Information Systems Technical University of Munich Munich Germany

Different programming languages can be used for discrete, abstract and process-oriented programming. Depending on the application, there exist additional requirements, which are not fulfilled by every programming language. Flexible programming and maintainability are especially important requirements for process engineers. In this paper, the programming languages Activity Diagram, State Chart Diagram and Sequential Function Chart are compared and evaluated with regard to these requirements. This evaluation is based on the principles of cognitive effectiveness and cognitive dimensions. The aim of this paper is to identify the programming language suited best for controlling sequential processes, e.g. thermomechanical or batch processes.

关键词： Cognition Cognitive Science Graphical User Interfaces Human Computer Interaction Human Factors Programmable Logic Controllers Process Control

Lidar ratio of Asian haze and pollution episodes observed by using a Raman/elastic lidar

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Chinese Optics Letters 2012年第B06期10卷 1-4页

作者：陈臻懿刘文清张玉钧 birgit Heese Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology Anhui Insititute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Hefei 230031 China Institute of Tropospheric Research Leipzig Germany

A combined Raman/elastic backscatter lidar observations is carried out in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） China. The results show the largest lidar ratios of the order of 80 sr in the uplifting boundary layer in 2-3 km during the haze period. In the moderate pollution period, the lidar ratio has an average value of 58 sr. The Angstrom exponent exhibits high values around 1.82, indicating the presence of rather small particles. Different back air mass trajectories and the ambient atmospheric conditions are attributed to the distinct characteristics of aerosol optical properties in the haze and moderate pollution episodes. In the lower layer in the haze period, air masses are mostly advected from southeast coast China. In contrast, the air mass in the moderate pollution observing period passes through northwest China, indicating the combination of some pollution from the Tarim Basin in case of strong convection and the smoke from adjacent fire burning spot in PRD region.

关键词： 210.4770 Optical recording 180.1790 Confocal microscopy

Diagnostics and Treatment of Palatal Radicular Grooves

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国际口腔医学杂志 2006年第4期33卷 251-255,250页

作者： James Deschner birgit Rath Wang Zheng Ding Yi Section of Oral Biology College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus 0H43210 USA Dept. of Orthodontics University of Bonn Bonn 53111 Germany Dept. of Oral Medicine West China College of StomatologyChengdu 610041 People＇s Republic of China

The palatal radicular groove represents a developmental anomaly that mainly affects the maxillary incisor teeth. This anomaly is probably caused by an infolding of the enamel organ and Hertwig′s epithelial root sheath during odontogenesis. The groove often originates in the central fossa or cingulum and continues towards the root apex for various distances. The anatomical defect can act as a funnel for plaque and, therefore, result in extensive bone and attachment loss. A complete lack of closure of the calcified tissues along the groove, that is a direct communication between pulp and periodontium, rarely occurs. However, accessory canals between the pulp cavity and periodontal tissues frequently exist along the groove and are main entrances of infectious material into the pulp cavity, facilitating the development of endodontic lesions. Grooves can also complicate restorative therapy or interfere with the accessibility for scaling and root planing. Patients usually present with pain and gingival inflammation in the maxillary incisor region. Bleeding on probing and increased pocket depths are strictly confined to the area of the groove in an otherwise periodontally healthy patient. Radiographs may show a parapulpal line that represents the radiographic image of the groove. Treatment of the anomaly by scaling and root planing alone or in combination with procedures such as odontoplasty, flap surgery, application of an enamel matrix derivative or guided tissue regeneration can be successful. A short case report of a patient treated successfully with an enamel matrix derivative for localized attachment loss due to this anomaly is presented.

关键词：诊断治疗上腭牙槽珐琅质

Controls on Gosaikunda Lake Chemistry within Langtang National Park in High Himalaya, Nepal

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International Journal of Geosciences 2014年第10期5卷 1100-1115页

作者： Maya P. Bhatt Seema Bhatt birgit Gaye Institute for the Biogeochemistry and Marine Chemistry Klima Campus—University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany School of Environmental Science and Management Pokhara University Kathmandu Nepal

Surface water samples and lake bed sediments were collected and analyzed from Gosaikunda Lake within Langtang National Park (28°05'N, 85°25'E;4380 m a.s.l.) in the central Himalayan region of Nepal during fall 2011. The major cations and anions in equivalents were present in the following order: ?and , respectively. Sulfide oxidation coupled with carbonate dissolution and aluminosilicate dissolution appeared to be the dominant geochemical processes determining lake water dissolved ions. Sulfate concentration was much higher than the alkalinity which is in contrast to glacier meltwater within the same landscape. Alkalinity primarily as bicarbonate contributes 88.6% to the total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) followed by carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbonate (CO3) in surface water samples. Organic carbon contributes 0.3% to 5.4% to the sediments and the organic matter is predominantly of aquatic origin. The lake is under saturated with carbon dioxide and the average partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) appeared quite low (43.4 μatm). Overall, natural biogeochemical processes regulate the chemical species within the lake ecosystem. The lake is oligotrophic, however, nutrients and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations are enhanced at the near shore sites close to the tracking trail.

关键词： Gosaikunda High Himalaya Langtang Geochemical Processes Nutrients

Numerical Optimization of Pressure Force from Multiple Jets Impinging on a Moving Curved Surface for Industrial Drying Machines

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Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics 2021年第4期11卷 192-209页

作者： Ali Chitsazan Georg Klepp Mohammad Esmaeil Chitsazan birgit Glasmacher Institute for Energy Research Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences and Arts Lemgo Germany Research Institute of Education Ahvaz Iran Institute for Multiphase Processes Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany

Jet force on the surface is typical for impinging jets towards the surface and it is very important in drying applications for force-sensitive surfaces. The designer should optimize the design parameters of industrial drying equipment to achieve minimum pressure force between multiple jets and a moving curved surface. SST k-ω turbulence model is used to simulate a real geometry for industrial drying applications. The SST k-ω turbulence model succeeded with reasonable accuracy in reproducing the experimental results. The jet to surface distance, jet to jet spacing, jet inlet velocity, jet angle, and surface velocity are chosen as the design parameters. For the optimization of the impinging round jet, the pressure force coefficient on the moving curved surface is set as the objective function to be minimized. The SHERPA search algorithm is used to search for the optimal point from the weighted sum of all objectives method. One correlation is developed and validated for the pressure force coefficient. It is found that the pressure force coefficient is highly dependent on the nozzle to surface distance and jet angle but relatively insensitive to jet inlet velocity, jet to jet spacing, and surface velocity. The minimum pressure force coefficient correlates with a high value of nozzle to surface distance (tenfold diameter in this analysis) and a low value of the jet angle (40? in this analysis). The agreement in the prediction of the pressure force coefficient between the numerical simulation and developed correlation is found to be reasonable and all the data points deviate from the correlation approximately 8% on average.

关键词： Multiple Jets Pressure Force Surface Motion Surface Curvature CFD Optimization

Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761^® Improves Central Vestibular Vertigo in Patients Undergoing Vestibular Exercises: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2022年第3期13卷 91-102页

作者： Wolfgang Heide birgit Adlung Cornelia Körtke Robert Hoerr Department of Neurology General Hospital Celle Celle Germany Private Practice for Radiology Bad Zwischenahn Germany Private Practice for Neurology Lübeck-St. Lorenz Süd Germany Research & Development Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG Karlsruhe Germany

Background: Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® is widely used to treat various types of vertigo. Aims: An exploratory trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of EGb 761® in addition to vestibular exercises in central vestibular vertigo caused by vertebro-basilar ischaemia. Subjects and Methods: In this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, 40 patients were enrolled in the vertigo clinic of a neurological university hospital and treated with daily doses of 240 mg EGb 761® or placebo for a period of 180 days. All patients regularly performed vestibular exercises in addition. Efficacy was assessed using: a visual analogue scale for the patients to rate the overall intensity of vertigo;a numeric scale for physician-rated change;a vertigo score based on intensity, duration, and frequency of vertigo;and electronystagmography. Results: Until day 180, the mean patient-rated intensity of vertigo decreased by 46% during EGb 761® treatment and by 19% with placebo (p ® group compared to the placebo group. Nystagmus or other eye movement disorders were present only in small subgroups of patients without sufficient statistical power to detect differences between treatment groups. Conclusions: EGb 761® alleviated vertigo caused by ischaemic lesions in the brainstem or cerebellum in patients undergoing vestibular exercises.

关键词： Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761® Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) Vertigo Dizziness Vestibular Exercises

Comparison of the chloride channel activator lubiprostone and the oral laxative Polyethylene Glycol 3350 on mucosal barrier repair in ischemic-injured porcine intestine

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第39期14卷 6012-6017页

作者： Adam J Moeser Prashant K Nighot birgit Roerig Ryuji Ueno Anthony T Blikslager Department of Population Health and Pathobiology College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh NC 27606United States Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh NC 27606United States Sucampo Pharmaceuticals IncBethesda MD 20814United States

AIM： To investigate the effects of lubiprostone and Polyethylene Glycol 3350 （PEG） on mucosal barrier repair in ischernic-injured porcine intestine. METHODS： Ileum from 6 piglets （approximately 15 kg body weight） was subjected to ischemic conditions by occluding the local rnesenteric circulation for 45 min in vivo. Ileal tissues from each pig were then harvested and mounted in Ussing chambers and bathed in oxygenated Ringer＇s solution in vitro. Intestinal barrier function was assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance （TER） and mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of ^3H-rnannitol and ^14C-inulin. Statistical analyses of data collected over a 120-min time course included 2-way ANOVA for the effects of time and treatment on indices of barrier function. RESULTS： Application of 1μmol/L lubiprostone to the rnucosal surface of ischemic-injured ileum in vitro induced significant elevations in TER compared to nontreated tissue. Lubiprostone also reduced mucosal-toserosal fluxes of ^3H-rnannitol and ^14C-inulin. Alternatively, application of a polyethylene laxative （PEG, 20 rnmol/L） to the mucosal surface of ischernic tissues significantly increased flux of ^3H-rnannitol and ^14C-inulin. CONCLUSION： This experiment demonstrates that lubiprostone stimulates recovery of barrier function in ischemic intestinal tissues whereas the PEG laxative had deleterious effects on mucosal repair. These results suggest that, unlike osmotic laxatives, lubiprostone stimulates repair of the injured intestinal barrier.

关键词： Intestinal ischemia Barrier function Permeability Laxative Polyethylene Glycol

Review of Model-Based Testing Approaches in Production Automation and Adjacent Domains—Current Challenges and Research Gaps

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2015年第9期8卷 499-519页

作者： Susanne Rosch Sebastian Ulewicz Julien Provost birgit Vogel-Heuser Institute of Automation and Information Systems Technische Universitat MünchenMünchenGermany Assistant Professorship for Safe Embedded Systems Technische Universitat MünchenMünchenGermany

As production automation systems have been and are becoming more and more complex, the task of quality assurance is increasingly challenging. Model-based testing is a research field addressing this challenge and many approaches have been suggested for different applications. The goal of this paper is to review these approaches regarding their suitability for the domain of production automation in order to identify current trends and research gaps. The different approaches are classified and clustered according to their main focus which is either testing and test case generation from some form of model automatons, test case generation from models used within the development process of production automation systems, test case generation from fault models or test case selection and regression testing.

关键词： Model-Based Testing Automated Production Systems Conformance Testing Regression Testing Fault Injection Survey

Strictures, diaphragms, erosions or ulcerations of ischemic type in the colon should always prompt consideration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced lesions

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005年第37期11卷 5828-5833页

作者： Manfred Stolte Diana Karimi Michael Vieth Hildegard Volkholz Klaus Dirschmid Sigrid Rappel birgit Bethke Institute of Pathology Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH Bayreuth 95445 Germany

AIM： To investigate whether NSAIDs/ASA lesions in the colon can histologically be diagnosed on the basis of ischemic necrosis similar to biopsy-based diagnosis of NSAIDs/ASA- induced erosions and ulcers of the stomach. METHODS： In the period between 1997 and 2002, we investigated biopsy materials obtained from 611 patients （415 women, 196 men, average age 60.5 years） with endoscopic focal erosions, ulcerations, strictures or diaphragms in the colon. In the biopsies obtained from these lesions, we always established the suspected diagnosis of NSA/D-inducecl lesions whenever necroses of the ischemic type were found. Together with the histological report, we enclosed a questionnaire to investigate the use of medication. The data provided by the questionnaire were then correlated with the endoscopic findings, the location, number and nature of the lesions, and the histological findings. RESULTS： At the time of their colonoscopy, 86.1% of the patients had indeed been taking NSAID/ASA medication for years （43.9%） or months （29.5%）. The most common indication for the use of these drugs was pain （64.3%）, and the most common indication for colonoscopy was bleeding （55.5%）. Endoscopic inspection revealed multiple erosions and/or ulcers in 60.6%, strictures in 15.8%, and diaphragms in 3.0% of the patients. The lesions were located mainly in the right colon including the transverse colon （79.9%）. A separate analysis of age and sex distribution, endoscopic and histological findings for NSAIDs alone, ASA alone, combined NSAID/ASA, and for patients denying the use of such drugs, revealed no significant differences among the groups. CONCLUSION： This uncontrolled retrospective study based on the histological finding of an ischemic necrosis shows that the histologically suspected diagnosis of NSAID-induced lesions in the colon is often correct. The true diagnostic validity of this finding and the differentiation from ischemic colitis should, however, be investigated in a prospective

关键词： Erosion Ulceration Stricture Diaphragm Ischemic necrose NSAIDs ASA

重污染和新粒子生成过程中城市大气颗粒物数谱分布演变过程

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中国科学：地球科学 2011年第8期41卷 1192-1199页

作者：吴志军胡敏岳玎利 birgit WEHNER Alfred WIEDENSOHLEP 北京大学环境科学与工程学院环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室北京100871 Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research 04318 LeipzigGermany

使用双电迁移性颗粒物粒径谱分析仪和空气动力学颗粒物粒径谱分析仪对北京城市大气颗粒物(3nm^10μm)数浓度谱分布进行长期观测.选取2006年春节期间出现的一次重污染事件和一次新粒子生成过程,对期间颗粒物数谱分布特征及演变过程进行分... 详细信息

使用双电迁移性颗粒物粒径谱分析仪和空气动力学颗粒物粒径谱分析仪对北京城市大气颗粒物(3nm^10μm)数浓度谱分布进行长期观测.选取2006年春节期间出现的一次重污染事件和一次新粒子生成过程,对期间颗粒物数谱分布特征及演变过程进行分析.在重污染事件中3~10nm颗粒物(平均数浓度46cm?3)几乎在大气中消失,而新粒子生成事件中核模态颗粒物数浓度最高达到3.5×104cm?3.这种现象可以通过颗粒物的碰并汇和低挥发性气态前体物的凝结汇从颗粒物的汇和源两个角度进行解释:重污染事件中,3~10nm颗粒物的碰并汇为1.1×10?2~1.2×10?3s?1,显著高于新粒子生成过程(9.9×10?4~1.4×10?4s?1);在新粒子生成过程中,参与成核的低挥发性气态前体物的凝结汇为0.01s?1,显著低于重污染事件(0.13s?1).研究结果表明在分析极端大气环境中的颗粒物数谱分布时,除交通和气象因素外,碰并和凝结过程的影响也需要给予足够的重视.

关键词：颗粒物数谱分布新粒子生成碰并汇凝结汇