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Red algal evidence for a marine regression during closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the Junggar Basin and its linkage to hydrocarbon generation

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第9期67卷 2845-2863页

作者： Ruijie ZHANG Jian CAO lizeng bian Wenxuan HU Liuwen XIA Bin ZHANG Yong TANG Wenjun HE School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company Karamay 834000China

The closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean was a significant geological event in northern Pangea during the *** had a significant effect on climate,biota,and environmental conditions of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age,and resulted in the development of vast energy *** paper reports on the first discovery of marine red algal fossils in the Junggar Basin and its linkage to hydrocarbon *** algae occur mainly in the Fengcheng Formation(ca.300 Ma)and provide direct fossil evidence for closure of the Paleo-Asian *** red algal fossils contain well-preserved reproductive organs,such as cystocarps and *** concentrations of C_(27) steranes(C_(27) regular steranes/sum of C_(27)-C_(29) regular steranes×100=14.30%-21.30%)and the marine biomarker 24-n-propylcholesterane(C_(30) diasterane[βα20S]/sum of C_(27)-C_(30) diasteranes[βα20S]×100=1.15%-1.85%)were detected in the red-algae-bearing hydrocarbon source *** experiments that simulate hydrocarbon generation show that the oil generation potential of the red-algae-bearing source rocks is 363.71 mg g^(-1) total organic *** result,combined with oil-source rock correlations,indicates these rocks contributed to the formation of oil and gas resources,particularly in the marginal areas of the *** lake basin inherited the water and biological conditions of the Paleo-Asian Ocean during a marine regression,which was an important factor in the development of these high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in an alkaline saline *** results advance our understanding of the evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean,interactions between the ocean and a lake during the deposition of terrestrial hydrocarbon source rocks,and whether red algae can effectively generate hydrocarbons.

关键词： Biotic precursor 24-n-propylcholesterane Regressive lake basin Fengcheng Formation Junggar Basin

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Discovery of branched tubular algae and microscopic tubes with annular-helical thickening from the Mesoproterozoic Ruyang Group of Shanxi,North China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第10期47卷 880-885页

作者： YIN Leiming bian lizeng YUAN Xunlai Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China Department of Earth Sciences Nanjing University Naniing 210093 China Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China

Most previously reported Mesoproterozoic (1600-1000 Ma) fossils are from silicified carbonates, and they are commonly small in size (15-20 μm, ranging from coccoids to fila- ments in morphology. Many of them can be interpreted as cyanobacteria. Carbonaceous shales represent another source of palaeontological information of the Mesoproterozoic biosphere. Sphaeromorphic and acanthomorphic acritarchs, as well as filamentous fossils, are common in many Mesoproterozoic shales. Here we report an unusual assemblage of tubular fossils from the Meosproterozoic Ruyang Group in Shanxi, North China. Some of these tubes are branched. Others bear annular-helical thickening that might be represented by one extinct algae to adapt to a desiccating environment.

关键词： Shanxi, Mesoproterozoic, tubular branching alga, helical tubes.

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Comparison between cryptospores from the Cambrian Log Cabin Member,Pioche Shale,Nevada,USA and similar specimens from the Cambrian Kaili Formation,Guizhou,China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2013年第5期56卷 703-709页

作者： YIN LeiMing ZHAO YuanLong bian lizeng PENG Jin Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Resource and Environmental Engineering of Guizhou University School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing University

cryptospore-like microfossils have been collected from a sample of the ＂Middle＂ Cambrian Log Cabin Member of the Pioche Shale in eastern Nevada, USA. Compared with organic-walled microfossils obtained from the Cambrian Kaili Formation in eastern Guizhou Province, China, some specimens of leiosphers may be inferred to be similar cryptospore-like microfossils. The new fossil record would be the oldest known specimens of cryptospore-like microfossils during the Cambrian Period.

关键词： cryptospore-like microfossils Cambrian Log Cabin Member Kaili Formation

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Identification of bacterial fossils in marine source rocks in South China

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Acta Geochimica 2018年第1期37卷 68-79页

作者： Baojian Shen Jianzhong Qin Borjigin Tenger Anyang Pan Yunfeng Yang lizeng bian SINOPEC Key Laboratory of Hydrocarbon Accumulation Wuxi 214151 Jiangsu China Wuxi Research Institute of Petroleum Geology SINOPECWuxi 214151 Jiangsu China Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu China

Based on the results of conventional geochemistry analysis including thin sections and SEM observations, different shapes of bacterial fossils, with size ranging from dozens of nanometers to several microns, were discovered in the low-mature marine source rocks and coal seams in South China, of which the Permian source rocks were dominated by the bacterial fossils derived from symbiotic sulphur bacteria with gypsum, and the Chengkou section in the Cambrian strata were occupied by abundant nanoscale bacterial fossils with rod and bar shapes. In contrast, a large quantity of possible bacterial fossils found in the high-mature Permian, Silurian, and Cambrian source rocks using SEM need to be further explored. Despite this,this study has indicated that bacterial fossils were prevalent in the source rocks, such as mudstone, siliceous rock and gypsum-bearing coal seams in South China, which has been ignored before. It also suggests that the bacterial fossils may play an important role in the formation and accumulation of shale gas in the geological history.

关键词： South China Excellent marine source rocks Bacterial fossil Sedimentary environment

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Study on sterols from brown algae (Sargassum muticum)

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第20期51卷 2520-2528页

作者： WANG Peirong XU Guanjun bian lizeng ZHANG Shuichang SONG Fuqing Petroleum Geochemical Key Laboratory of Petroleum Exploration and Development Institute CNPC Beijing 100083 China Organic Geochemistry Department of Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China Department of Earth Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China

Various △5-3β-sterenols, whose carbon numbers range from C19―C23 to C26―C30 and some compounds have many stereomers maximal up to six, have been detected out from the extract of brown algae (Sargassum muticum), which means that steranes with lower carbon numbers are likely dif- ferent in the origin, and some corresponding sterol stereoisomers may have already existed in their precursor organisms. This provides some experi- mental evidence for supplementing and amending the traditional interpretation of the sterol stereoisomer transformation during the deposition and diagenesis of organic matter.

关键词：有机地球化学生物地球化学褐藻固醇马尾藻

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Developmental modes of the Neoproterozoic-Lower Paleozoic marine hydrocarbon source rocks in China

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A1期52卷 77-91页

作者： ZHANG BaoMin ZHANG ShuiChang bian lizeng JIN ZhiJun WANG DaRui Research Center of Petroleum Geology in Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Department of Earth Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Sinopec Beijing 100083 China

Based on the researches on rock type, the mode of occurrence, diagnostic minerals and creatures, the sedimentary geochemistry and organic facies of Chinese marine source rocks from wells and outcrops, and on the research findings of developmental modes of foreign marine source rock, the authors consider that it is impossible to objectively make clear the formation mechanism of hydrocarbon source rock with high organic matter abundance by either single mode of preservation or high organic matter productivity. According to the Chinese geological features, the formation mechanism of the Neoproterozoic-Lower Paleozoic marine source rock is generalized into four modes, namely, thermal water activity-upwelling flow-anoxic; carbonate gentle slope-upwelling flow; xerothermic climate-brine euxinic milieu; and humid climate-retained euxinic milieu; as the Lower Cambrian undercompensation basin organic facies (the Tarim Basin, South China and southwestern margin of North China), carbonate gentle lime mud bound organic facies (the Upper Ordovician in Tazhong region of the Tarim Basin and the Lower Silurian in the Upper Yangtze Platform), the Middle Cambrian evaporation laggon organic facies (the Tarim Basin and the Upper Yangtze Platform), enclosed undercompensation terrigenous bay organic facies (the Middle-Upper Ordovician in the west of the Tarim Basin, the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Upper Yangtze platform). Chinese marine sedimentations with lower organic matter abundance are generalized into two modes of consumption-dilution mode of open epicontinental sea and depletion-dilution mode of supercompensation basin.

关键词：上升流海洋岩石干温

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Co-evolution of paleo-environment and bio-precursors in a Permian alkaline lake,Mahu mega-oil province,Junggar Basin:Implications for oil sources

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Science China Earth Sciences 2022年第3期65卷 462-476页

作者： Liuwen XIA Jian CAO lizeng bian Wenxuan HU Tingting WANG Dongming ZHI Yong TANG Erting LI Department of Earth Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company Karamay 834000China

The co-evolution of paleo-environment and bio-precursors in alkaline lakes is of significance to understand the extreme environment system and associated enigmatic hydrocarbon *** we used organic petrology and biomarker geochemistry to investigate the bio-precursors in a Permian alkaline paleo-lake in the Mahu mega-oil province within about a hundred miles of the Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin,China,and its effect on oil generation and *** general,the bioprecursors in the alkaline lacustrine source rocks of the Fengcheng Formation were mainly bacteria and algae,with a low abundance of higher ***,these source rocks were mainly prone to oil *** distinctive hydrocarbongenerating bio-precursors—Dunaliella-like algae and cyanobacteria—were *** addition to fossil evidence for these bio-precursors,the former results in a high C_(28)/C_(29)sterane ratio andβ-carotane abundance,and the latter results in the formation of medium-chain monomethyl alkanes in terms of *** nature of the bio-precursors varied with the sedimentary paleo-environment,and was controlled by the salinity and stratification of the ***-type source rocks were deposited in the central area of the alkaline lake,and cyanobacteria-type source rocks were formed around the lake *** crude oils in different parts of the Mahu mega-oil province within about a hundred miles have different *** bio-precursors in the saline lacustrine source rocks were jointly controlled by the age and water salinity of the source *** physiological synthesis of carotenoids and sterols by haloalkaliphilic green algae may have affected the evolution of ancient green algae.

关键词： Green algae Dunaliella Cyanobacteria Bio-precursors Saline lacustrine basin Terrestrial petroleum Mahu Sag

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Benthic macro red alga:A new possible bio-precursor of Jurassic mudstone source rocks in the northern Qaidam Basin,northwestern China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2009年第5期52卷 647-654页

作者： CAO Jian bian lizeng HU Kai LIU YunTian WANG LiQun YANG ShaoYong CHEN Yan PENG XiaoQun State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research Department of Earth SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjing 210093China PetroChina Qinghai Oilfield Company Dunhuang 736202China

Whether benthic macroalga can be an important type of bio-precursor of source rocks is a contentious issue in source-rock studies,and has not been well *** paper represents a case study of Jurassic mudstone source rocks from the northern Qaidam Basin,northwestern China,in which the benthic macro red algae were recognized for the first time based on combined organic petrological and biomarker *** found not only cystocarps in the algae,representative of rhodophyta,but also diahopanes,which are diagnostic biomarkers of such ***,as many reservoired oils in the northern Qaidam Basin contain abundant diahopanes,it may indicate that the red algae have contributed to hydrocarbon *** was confirmed by integrated geological and geochemical ***,this study provides new evidence for macroalga-generated hydrocarbons.

关键词： bioprecursor of source rock benthic macro red alga(rhodophyta) 17α(H)-C30 diahopane Jurassic the northern Qaidam Basin

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Pelagic Manganese Nodules--A New Type of Oncolites

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 1997年第1期71卷 43-48,115-116页

作者： bian lizeng Lin Chengyi Zhang Fusheng Du De’an Chen Jianlin and Shen Huadi Department of Earth Sciences Centre for Materiale Analysis,Nanjing University,Jiangsu Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration,Hangzhou, Zhejiang Liu Xinzhu

Pelagic manganese nodules from the East Pacific Ocean have been studied using polarizing,scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes. It has been revealed that the manganesenodules are composed of cores and stromatolite coatings. The structures and textures of thesenodules are peculiar to oncolite. Consequently, the pelagic manganese nodules are manganeseoncolites. Based on the stromatolites in the coatings, the manganese oncolites from the East Paci-fic Ocean can be divided into two types. One is smooth on surface and dense inside. Its coatingsare composed mainly of Minima. The other has a knobby surface and is loose internally. Itscoatings consist mainly of Admirabilis. The TEM investigation has also revealed that the con-structors of the manganese oncolites are ultra-microbes. The Minima is constructed byMiniactinomyces chinensis sp. nov. and the Admirabilis is built by Spirisosphaerospora pacifica ***.

关键词： pelagic manganese nodule oncolite stromatolite ultra-microfossil

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The Xiamaling oil shale generated through Rhodophyta over 800 Ma ago

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Science China Earth Sciences 2007年第4期50卷 527-535页

作者： ZHANG ShuiChang ZHANG BaoMin bian lizeng JIN ZhiJun WANG DaRui CHEN JianFa Research Institution of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China CNPC Key Laboratory for Petroleum Geochemistry Beijing 100083China Department of Geosciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210093China Research Institution of Petroleum Exploration&Development SINOPECBeijing 100083China College of Resources and Information University of PetroleumBeijing 102200China

A suit of oil shales, predominated by black argillaceous silicalite and finely laminated black-brown shale, has been discovered in a set of carbonaceous-siliceous mudstone formations (350 m in thickness) in the third member of Xiamaling Formation of the Upper Proterozoic Qingbaikou Series (900―873 MaBP), Xiahuayuan, Hebei Province, China. The oil shale, combustible with strong bitumen odour, has su- per-high TOC contents ranging from 21.4% to 22.9%, bitumen “A” contents from 0.58% to 0.88% and oil length from 5.29% to 10.57%. The ultrathin section observation of the shale and the identification of its kerogen demonstrate that its hydrocarbon-generative parent material is mainly benthonic Rhodophyta whose specific tetrasporangia are legible and abundant. It is rarely reported in the literature that such a hydrocarbon-generative parent material, composed mainly of Rhodophyta and with extraordinarily high contents of TOC and bitumen “A”, developed into a set of high-quality source rocks. The extracts of the oil shale are characteristic of richness in 17α(H)-diahopanes and n-alkyl tricyclic terpenoids but low in steranes. Such a biomarker feature is obviously different from that of the extracts from other Proterozoic marine carbonate source rocks of the studied area. Since the biological constitution of this oil shale is rather simple, it is clear that these biomarkers most likely represent to certain extent the specific mo- lecular constitutions of the benthonic Rhodophyta identified in the ultrathin sections of the samples. Studies on its lithologic association and depositional sequences suggest that this suit of the carbona- ceous-siliceous mudstone formation, which contains oil shales, was probably developed in an under- compensation deep-bay environment when a maximum transgression occurred during the formation of the third member of Xiamaling Formation. The high concentration of SiO2 in this organic-rich rock and the positive correlation between TOC and some trace

关键词： Xiamaling oil shale Rhodophyta 17α(H)-diahopanes Xiamaling Formation Neo-Proterozoic Xiahuayuan

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