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Enzalutamide in chemo-naTve castration-resistant prostate cancer： effective for most but not for all

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第6期16卷 807-808页

作者： benjamin l maughan Emmanuel S Antonarakis Prostate Cancer Research Program Departmentof Oncology Johns Hopkins Sidney KimmelComprehensive Cancer Center Baltimore MD USA.

Continued research in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate understanding of this disease entity and further treatment advances. In a study recently published by Beer et al.1 in the New England Journal of Medicine, another advance to treatment was demonstrated for the androgen receptor （AR） signaling inhibitor, enzalutamide, in patients with chemotherapy-nalve metastatic CRPC. Although a large majority of patients responded favorably to enzalutamide in the prechemotherapy setting, a small but significant proportion of patients demonstrated no meaningful benefit to this agent. This highlights an important concept in the understanding of this disease： inherent and acquired resistance to AR-targeting therapies.

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Alcoholic Hepatitis:lost in Translation

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Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 2018年第1期6卷 89-96页

作者： benjamin l. Woolbright Hartmut Jaeschke Department of Pharmacology Toxicology&TherapeuticsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA

Alcoholic hepatitis is the most severe and acute form of alcoholic liver *** mortality rate associated with alcoholic hepatitis is high,largely due to the lack of suitable pharmacological *** there has been substantial research in the area,generating pharmacological interventions has been plagued by the lack of a robust mouse model both for testing and for understanding the underlying pathology.A number of major notable advances have been made in this area recently,with the goal of generating a mouse model of alcoholic *** purpose of this article is to review recent advances in modeling alcoholic liver disease both in vitro and in vivo in the mouse,and place them in the context of the greater spectrum of alcoholic liver disease,with a focus on how we can translate current advances into a high-fidelity model of alcoholic *** addition,we will review the basic mechanisms of alcoholic hepatitis as it is currently understood,focusing on recent advancements in diagnosis,prognosis and current pathophysiology,especially as it relates to the profound immune dysfunction present during alcoholic hepatitis.

关键词： Alcoholic hepatitis Alcohol liver disease Cirrhosis Prognosis Keratin-18

Wild dogma： An examination of recent ＂evidence＂ for dingo regulation of invasive mesopredator release in Australia

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Current Zoology 2011年第5期57卷 568-583页

作者： benjamin l. AllEN Richard M. ENGEMAN lee R. AllEN The University of Queensland School of Animal Studies Warrego Highway Gatton QLD 4343 National Wildlife Research Centre 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521-2154 USA （Richard.M.Engeman@aphis.usda.gov） Biosecurity Queensland Robert Wicks Pest Animal Research Centre Tor Street Toowoomba QLD 4350 （Lee.Allen@deedi.qld.gov.au）

There is growing interest in the role that apex predators play in shaping terrestrial ecosystems and maintaining tro- phic cascades. In line with the mesopredator release hypothesis, Australian dingoes （Canis lupus dingo and hybrids） are assumed by many to regulate the abundance of invasive mesopredators, such as red foxes Vulpes vulpes and feral cats Fells catus, thereby providing indirect benefits to various threatened vertebrates. Several recent papers have claimed to provide evidence for the bio- diversity benefits of dingoes in this way. Nevertheless, in this paper we highlight several critical weaknesses in the methodologi- cal approaches used in many of these reports, including lack of consideration for seasonal and habitat differences in activity, the complication of simple track-based indices by incorporating difficult-to-meet assumptions, and a reduction in sensitivity for as-sessing populations by using binary measures rather than potentially continuous measures. Of the 20 studies reviewed, 15 of them （75%） contained serious methodological flaws, which may partly explain the inconclusive nature of the literature investigating interactions between invasive Australian predators. We therefore assert that most of the ＂growing body of evidence＂ for meso- predator release is merely an inconclusive growing body of literature only. We encourage those interested in studying the eco- logical roles of dingoes relative to invasive mesopredators and native prey species to account for the factors we identify, and cau- tion the value of studies that have not done so [Current Zoology 57 （5）： 568-583, 2011].

关键词： Activity index Apex predator Canis lupus dingo Experimental design Mesopredator release Sampling

Wild dogma II： The role and implications of wild dogma for wild dog management in Australia

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Current Zoology 2011年第6期57卷 737-740页

作者： benjamin l. AllEN Richard M. ENGEMAN lee R. AllEN The University of Queensland School of Animal Studies Warrego Highway Gatton QLD 4343 National Wildlife Research Centre 4101 l_aPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521-2154 USA. Richard.M.Engeman@aphis.usda.gov Biosecurity Queensland Robert Wicks Pest Animal Research Centre Tor Street Toowoomba QLD 4350. Lee.Allen@ deedi.qld.gov.au

The studies of Allen （2011） and Allen et al. （2011） recently examined the methodology underpinning claims that dingoes provide net benefits to biodiversity by suppressing foxes and cats. They found most studies to have design flaws and/or observational methods that preclude valid interpretations from the data, describing most of the current literature as ＇wild dogma＇. In this short supplement, we briefly highlight the roles and implications of wild dogma for wild dog management in Australia. We discuss nomenclature, and the influence that unreliable science can have on policy and practice changes related to apex predator management

关键词： Apex predator Canis lupus dingo Practice change Public perceptions Wild dog management

Experimental Study for Effect of Multi-Site Spark Ignition on Dedicated Hybrid Engine Performance under High Dilution Condition

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Journal of Thermal Science 2025年第1期 254-267页

作者： YAN Bowen WATERS benjamin HAINES Andrew MCGHEE Mike HU Tiegang DENG Wei PU Yongxian MA Tianyu Powertrain Engineering R&D Center Chongqing Changan Automobile Co.Ltd. Changan UK R&D Centre limited

In this study,a triple spark ignition scheme was first designed on a three-cylinder 1.5-l dedicated hybrid engine（DHE）.On this basis,the effect of different ignition modes on engine combustion and emission characteristics was studied,especially under high dilution *** results tested at 2000 r/min and 0.8 MPa BMEP（brake mean effective pressure） show that with highly increased in-cylinder flow intensity,using only passive prechamber（PPC） has a lower lean limit than that with single central spark plug（CSP）,thereby leading to slightly higher minimum fuel consumption and nitrogen oxides（NOx） *** side spark plugs（SSP）based on PPC can result in improved capability of lean limit extension and engine performance than ***,the improvement level is lower than that with triple spark plugs（TSP）.As the excess air ratio λincreases,the advantage of PPC and PPC with SSP in improving the combustion phasing compared with CSP gradually ***,the increasing tendency of their ignition delay and combustion duration is more *** added SSP based on PPC can effectively shorten the ignition delay of leaner mixture,but the combustion duration can be only slightly *** a result,under extremely lean condition,the advantage of PPC and PPC with SSP in terms of combustion characteristics over CSP becomes much *** contrast,the TSP ignition can achieve much shorter ignition delay and combustion duration simultaneously under this *** to the highest available dilution level,the TSP ignition achieves the lowest raw ***,it can also reduce the raw carbon monoxide（CO） and hydrocarbons（HC） emissions compared to CSP due to a more thorough combustion of the end gas *** on the excellent performance of TSP,the highest engine brake thermal efficiency（BTE） was further *** results show that with normal RON 92 fuel,the engine finally achieved 43.69% and 45.02% BTE under stochiometric mode with exhaust

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Spectrophotometric analyses of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine(RDX) in water

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第7期27卷 39-44页

作者： Cong Shi Zhonghou Xu benjamin l.Smolinski Per M.Arienti Gregory O'Connor Xiaoguang Meng Center for Environmental Systems Stevens Institute of Technology US Army RDECOM-ARDEC

A simple and accurate spectrophotometric method for on-site analysis of royal demolition explosive（RDX） in water samples was developed based on the Berthelot reaction. The sensitivity and accuracy of an existing spectrophotometric method was improved by：replacing toxic chemicals with more stable and safer reagents; optimizing the reagent dose and reaction time; improving color stability; and eliminating the interference from inorganic nitrogen compounds in water samples. Cation and anion exchange resin cartridges were developed and used for sample pretreatment to eliminate the effect of ammonia and nitrate on RDX analyses. The detection limit of the method was determined to be 100 μg/l. The method was used successfully for analysis of RDX in untreated industrial wastewater samples. It can be used for on-site monitoring of RDX in wastewater for early detection of chemical spills and failure of wastewater treatment systems.

关键词： Berthelot reaction Exchange resins RDXS pectrophotometric method Water

Evaluating soil erosion and runoff dynamics in a humid subtropic, low stream order, southern plains watershed from cultivation and solar farm development

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2024年第2期12卷 432-445页

作者： luis Mier-Valderrama Julianna leal Humberto l.Perotto-Baldivieso Brent Hedquist Hector M.Menendez Ambrose Anoruo benjamin l.Turner Department of Agriculture Agribusinessand Environmental ScienceTexas A&M University-KingsvilleKingsvilleTXUSA Department of Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences And Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research InstituteTexas A&M University-KingsvilleKingsvilleTXUSA Department of Physics and Geosciences Texas A&M University-KingsvilleKingsvilleTXUSA South Dakota State University West River Ag CenterRapid CitySDUSA

Much work has been done to understand and improve soil and water conservation where agriculture has driven land use *** is known about soil-and water-related impacts from intensification driven by solar farming,especially at *** we employed Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydrologic Modeling System(HEC-HMS)to model Pond Creek,a rural watershed in Texas,*** use is primarily crop cultivation and secondarily pasture for cattle ***,several industrial-scale projects are planned to convert≈15–30%of Pond Creek from agriculture to solar *** model was parameterized using public data sources and information from local stakeholders,then calibrated to several historical precipitation *** were conducted by varying precipitation depth,duration,and land uses:native vegetation pre-cultivation(control),cultivation(current),current conditions with 15%solar farm conversion(solar),and current conditions with 30%solar farm conversion(solar x2).Shifting to solar farming led to significant increases in cumulative sediment load(+12%–30%),with no significant differences in peak discharge rate changes(+0.38%–4%).Comparison to soil loss tolerance values showed current and solar treatment erosion rates exceeded tolerance values between 0.17 and 2.29 tons per hectare and all treatments were significantly different than the native *** discuss high leverage strategies applicable to solar farm development sites as well as watersheds where they *** demand for land for renewable energy such as solar farming warrants greater attention from the soil and water conservation community to anticipate and mitigate impacts across landscapes.

关键词： Erosion Sediment loading Runoff Watershed management Solar energy HEC-HMS

Novel insight into mechanisms of cholestatic liver injury

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2012年第36期18卷 4985-4993页

作者： benjamin l Woolbright Hartmut Jaeschke Department of Pharmacology Toxicology and TherapeuticsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160United States

Cholestasis results in a buildup of bile acids in serum and in *** studies into the mechanisms of cholestatic liver injury strongly implicated bile acidinduced apoptosis as the major cause of hepatocellular *** work has focused both on the role of bile acids in cell signaling as well as the role of sterile inflammation in the *** in modern analytical methodology have allowed for more accurate measuring of bile acid concentrations in serum,liver,and bile to very low levels of ***,toxic bile acid levels are seemingly far lower than previously *** initial hypothesis has been based largely upon the exposure of μmol/l concentrations of toxic bile acids and bile salts to primary hepatocytes in cell culture,the possibility that in vivo bile acid concentrations may be far lower than the observed in vitro toxicity has far reaching implications in the mechanism of *** review will focus on both how different bile acids and different bile acid concentrations can affect hepatocytes during cholestasis,and additionally provide insight into how these data support recent hypotheses that cholestatic liver injury may not occur through direct bile acid-induced apoptosis,but may involve largely inflammatory cell-mediated liver cell necrosis.

关键词： Bile acids Cholestasis Apoptosis Necro-sis Neutrophils Innate immunity Bile duct ligation

Conduit necrosis following esophagectomy: An up-to-date literature review

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2019年第3期11卷 155-168页

作者： Antonios Athanasiou Mairead Hennessy Eleftherios Spartalis benjamin H l Tan Ewen A Griffiths Department of Upper GI Bariatric and Minimally Invasive Surgery St.James' University Hospital Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Department of Anaesthesia University Hospital of Waterford laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research University of Athens Medical School Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust

Esophageal conduit ischaemia and necrosis is an uncommon but devastating complication of esophagectomy and remains one of the most challenging issues in surgical practice. The incidence, time interval to develop symptoms, and clinical presentation are highly variable with no predictable pattern. Evidence comes from case reports and case series rather than randomized controlled *** describe the issues surrounding conduit necrosis affecting the stomach,jejunum and colon as an esophageal replacement and the advantages,disadvantages and challenges of each type of reconstruction. Diagnosis is challenging for the most experienced surgeon. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and computed tomography thorax with both oral and intravenous contrast is the gold standard. Management, either conservative or interventional is also a difficult decision. Management options include conservative treatment and more aggressive treatments such as stent insertion, surgical debridement and repair of the esophagus using jejunum, colon or a musculocutaneous flap. In spite of recent advances in surgical techniques, there is no reliable strategy to manage esophageal conduit necrosis. Our review covers the pathophysiology and clinical significance of esophageal necrosis while highlighting current techniques of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this life-threatening condition.

关键词： Esophagectomy Esophageal cancers Esophagogastric anastomosis