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Moving target defense:state of the art and characteristics

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2016年第11期17卷 1122-1153页

作者： Gui-lin CAI bao-sheng wang Wei HU Tian-zuo wang College of Computer National University of Defense Technology

Moving target defense(MTD) has emerged as one of the game-changing themes to alter the asymmetric situation between attacks and defenses in cyber-security. Numerous related works involving several facets of MTD have been published. However, comprehensive analyses and research on MTD are still absent. In this paper, we present a survey on MTD technologies to scientifically and systematically introduce, categorize, and summarize the existing research works in this field. First, a new security model is introduced to describe the changes in the traditional defense paradigm and security model caused by the introduction of MTD. A function-and-movement model is provided to give a panoramic overview on different perspectives for understanding the existing MTD research works. Then a systematic interpretation of published literature is presented to describe the state of the art of the three main areas in the MTD field, namely, MTD theory, MTD strategy, and MTD evaluation. Specifically,in the area of MTD strategy, the common characteristics shared by the MTD strategies to improve system security and effectiveness are identified and extrapolated. Thereafter, the methods to implement these characteristics are concluded. Moreover, the MTD strategies are classified into three types according to their specific goals, and the necessary and sufficient conditions of each type to create effective MTD strategies are then summarized, which are typically one or more of the aforementioned characteristics. Finally, we provide a number of observations for the future direction in this field, which can be helpful for subsequent researchers.

关键词： Moving target defense Security model Function-and-movement model Characteristics

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A keyed-hashing based self-synchronization mechanism for port address hopping communication

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017年第5期18卷 719-728页

作者： Yue-bin LUO bao-sheng wang Xiao-feng wang Bo-feng ZHANG College of Computer National University of Defense TechnologyChangsha 410073China

Port address hopping(PAH) communication is a powerful network moving target defense(MTD)mechanism. It was inspired by frequency hopping in wireless communications. One of the critical and difficult issues with PAH is synchronization. Existing schemes usually provide hops for each session lasting only a few seconds/minutes, making them easily influenced by network events such as transmission delays, traffic jams, packet dropouts, reordering, and retransmission. To address these problems, in this paper we propose a novel selfsynchronization scheme, called ‘keyed-hashing based self-synchronization(KHSS)'. The proposed method generates the message authentication code(MAC) based on the hash based MAC(HMAC), which is then further used as the synchronization information for port address encoding and decoding. Providing the PAH communication system with one-packet-one-hopping and invisible message authentication abilities enables both clients and servers to constantly change their identities as well as perform message authentication over unreliable communication mediums without synchronization and authentication information transmissions. Theoretical analysis and simulation and experiment results show that the proposed method is effective in defending against man-in-the-middle(MITM) attacks and network scanning. It significantly outperforms existing schemes in terms of both security and hopping efficiency.

关键词： Synchronization Port address hopping Moving target defense Network security

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Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve protects against cerebral ischemic injury through an anti-inflammatory mechanism

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第4期10卷 576-582页

作者： Yao-xian Xiang Wen-xin wang Zhe Xue Lei Zhu sheng-bao wang Zheng-hui Sun Department of Neurosurgery Chinese PLA General Hospital Department of Radiology Beijing Electric Power Hospit

Vagus nerve stimulation exerts protective effects against ischemic brain injury; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia was established using the occlusion method, and the right vagus nerve was given electrical stimula-tion （constant current of 0.5 mA; pulse width, 0.5 ms; frequency, 20 Hz; duration, 30 seconds; every 5 minutes for a total of 60 minutes） 30 minutes, 12 hours, and 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 days after surgery. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve substantially reduced infarct volume, improved neurological function, and decreased the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and in-terleukin-6 in rats with focal cerebral ischemia. The experimental findings indicate that the neuroprotective effect of vagus nerve stimulation following cerebral ischemia may be associated with the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression.

关键词： nerve regeneration vagus nerve stimulation cerebral ischemia inflammatory cytokines infarct volume neurological function NSFC grants neural regeneration

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Isolated Pancreatic Tuberculosis in Non-immunocompromised Patient Treated by Whipple's Procedure:a Case Report

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Chinese Medical Sciences Journal 2014年第1期29卷 58-60页

作者： Shao-long Sun Feng Gao Dong-xu Cui bao-sheng wang Department of General Surgery Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University

PANCREATIC tuberculosis(TB)is a rare disease and its diagnosis is difficult because of the lack of specific clinical *** tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)have some diagnostic values in this disease,but it is easy to misdiagnose pancreatic TB as a pancreatic tumor.1 In this article,we present a case of non-immunocompromised patient developing an isolated pancreatic TB,report the CT and MRI findings,and the surgical procedure for it.

关键词： pancreatic tuberculosis Whipple's procedure computed tomography

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Game theoretic analysis for the mechanism of moving target defense

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017年第12期18卷 2017-2034页

作者： Gui-lin CAI bao-sheng wang Qian-qian XING College of Computer National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China

Moving target defense （MT_D） is a novel way to alter the asymmetric situation of attacks and defenses, and a lot of MTD studies have been carried out recently. However, relevant analysis for the defense mechanism of the MTD technology is still absent. In this paper, we analyze the defense mechanism of MTD technology in two dimensions. First, we present a new defense model named MP2R to describe the proactivity and effect of MTD technology intuitively. Second, we use the incomplete information dynamic game theory to verify the proactivity and effect of MTD technology. Specifically, we model the interaction between a defender who equips a server with different types of MTD techniques and a visitor who can be a user or an attacker, and analyze the equilibria and their conditions for these models. Then, we take an existing incomplete information dynamic game model for traditional defense and its equilibrium result as baseline for comparison, to validate the proactivity and effect of MTD technology. We also identify the factors that will influence the proactivity and effectiveness of the MTD approaches. This work gives theoretical support for understanding the defense process and defense mechanism of MTD technology and provides suggestions to improve the effectiveness of MTD approaches.

关键词： Network security Moving target defense (MTD) Defense mechanism Defense model Game theory

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Automatic malware classification and new malware detection using machine learning

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017年第9期18卷 1336-1347页

作者： Liu LIU bao-sheng wang Bo YU Qiu-xi ZHONG College of Computer National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China

The explosive growth ofmalware variants poses a major threat to information security. Traditional anti-virus systems based on signatures fail to classify unknown malware into their corresponding families and to detect new kinds of malware pro- grams. Therefore, we propose a machine learning based malware analysis system, which is composed of three modules： data processing, decision making, and new malware detection. The data processing module deals with gray-scale images, Opcode n-gram, and import fimctions, which are employed to extract the features of the malware. The decision-making module uses the features to classify the malware and to identify suspicious malware. Finally, the detection module uses the shared nearest neighbor （SNN） clustering algorithm to discover new malware families. Our approach is evaluated on more than 20 000 malware instances, which were collected by Kingsoft, ESET NOD32, and Anubis. The results show that our system can effectively classify the un- known malware with a best accuracy of 98.9%, and successfully detects 86.7% of the new malware.

关键词： Malware classification Machine learning n-gram Gray-scale image Feature extraction Malware detection

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Prevention of pancreaticojejunal anastomotic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy with separate internal drainage of bile and pancreatic fluid

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2003年第1期2卷 131-134页

作者： Xian-Wei Dai Kai Ma Fu-Xiang wang Fu-Quan Yang bao-sheng wang Hai-Ying Zhao Wei Sun bao-Lin Liu Fang Qiu Xian-Min Pu Liang wang Yang Dai Department of General Surgery Second Clinical College China Medical University Shenyang 110004 China. daixianwei@***

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a new reconstructional procedure to deerease the complications ***: Separate internal drainage of bile and pancreatic fluid in pancreaticiduodenectomy wasperformed in 256 patients. The digestive tract was reconstructed with Child method, with invaginatedpancreaticojejunostomy using a long silastic tube to drain pancreatic fluid internally, an end-to-sidecholedochojejunostomy and an end-to-side duodenojejunostomy or gastrojejunostomy. Gastrostomy drainagewas also ***: No complications of pancreatic leakage were ***: The separate internal drainage of bile and pancreatic fluid plays an important role inpreventing pancreaticojejunal anastomotic leakage.

关键词： pancreaticoduodenectomy reconstruction internal drainage invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy pancreatic leakage gastrostomy drainage

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Boosting Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance on NiFe‑Based Catalysts Through d‑Orbital Hybridization

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Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第1期17卷 281-292页

作者： Xing wang Wei Pi sheng Hu Haifeng bao Na Yao Wei Luo State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Applications of Hubei ProvinceSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan Textile UniversityWuhan 430200People’s Republic of China College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072People’s Republic of China

Anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers(AEMWEs)for green hydrogen production have received intensive attention due to their feasibility of using earth-abundant NiFe-based *** introducing a third metal into NiFe-based catalysts to construct asymmetrical M-NiFe units,the d-orbital and electronic structures can be adjusted,which is an important strategy to achieve sufficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performance in ***,the ternary NiFeM(M:La,Mo)catalysts featured with distinct M-NiFe units and varying d-orbitals are reported in this *** and theoretical calculation results reveal that the doping of La leads to optimized hybridization between d orbital in NiFeM and 2p in oxygen,resulting in enhanced adsorption strength of oxygen intermediates,and reduced rate-determining step energy barrier,which is responsible for the enhanced OER *** critically,the obtained NiFeLa catalyst only requires 1.58 V to reach 1 A cm^(−2) in an anion exchange membrane electrolyzer and demonstrates excellent long-term stability of up to 600 h.

关键词： NiFe-based catalysts d-orbital coupling Oxygen evolution reaction Anion exchange membrane electrolyzer

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Genetic differentiation of Wolffia globosa in China

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Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2011年第6期49卷 509-517页

作者： 1,2Jun-Xia YUAN 1Jin PAN 1bao-sheng wang 1Da-Ming ZHANG 1(State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany,Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100093,China) 2(Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China) (State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China) (Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China)

Wolffia Horkel ex Schleid.(Lemnaceae) includes the world’s smallest ***,their bodies are extremely simplified,making classification difficult and *** reports about the genetic structure of these clonal-dominant aquatic plants have been published until *** this study,of 247 samples from 42 populations spanning representative locations in China,two chloroplast haplotypes(glo-cp and un-cp) and 66 amplified fragment length polymorphism genotypes were *** on wide sampling,cpDNA haplotypes,and amplified fragment length polymorphism profiles,we found that there are two genetic lineages(glo-and unlineages) of Wolffia species in *** and genetic diversity of Wolffia species are high compared with other clonal plants(Simpson’s index,D = 0.97;Nei’s diversity,H = 0.1835).Different spatial structure patterns were detected between glo-and *** autocorrelation at short distances(1500 km) were detected within the glo-lineage,but no significant spatial genetic structure was detected beyond 100 km within the ***,spatial genetic analysis of *** revealed significant autocorrelation within short distances,indicating that restricted gene flow might be one of the most important factors in shaping genetic structure.

关键词： AFLP chloroplast DNA genetic differentiation spatial genetic structure Wolffia.

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频率合成相噪相消技术研究

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微波学报 2018年第2期34卷 71-74页

作者：卢胜军叶宝盛程明王小春中国电子科技集团公司第三十六研究所

提出了一种新型的基于相位噪声抵消技术的频率合成器设计方法,该方法采用一个相参的锁相环信号在两次频率变换过程中得到输出信号相位噪声的抵消。对相位噪声抵消技术进行了理论分析,并搭建了一个100~2900 MHz宽带小步进频率源。实验结... 详细信息

提出了一种新型的基于相位噪声抵消技术的频率合成器设计方法,该方法采用一个相参的锁相环信号在两次频率变换过程中得到输出信号相位噪声的抵消。对相位噪声抵消技术进行了理论分析,并搭建了一个100~2900 MHz宽带小步进频率源。实验结果表明,在偏离主频10 k Hz、100 k Hz处,相位噪声抵消了约20 d B,实验证明该技术对中近区相位噪声抵消效果明显,为超低相噪频率合成器设计提供了一种新的思路。

关键词：相位噪声抵消超低相噪频率合成器梳谱发生器直接数字频率合成器(DDS) 锁相环(PLL)

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