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Investigation on surface structuring generated b. electrochemical micromachining

Advances in Manufacturing 2017年第3期5卷 217-230页

作者： Sandip Kunar b. bhattacharyya Department of Production Engineering Jadavpur UniversityKolkata 700032 India

Surface geometrical features and their function- ality depend on the manufacturing process which is employed for fab.ication of surface structures. Maskless electrochemical micromachining （EMM） is used to generate various surface structures for diminishing and controlling friction and wear to increase the lifetime, reliab.lity, and efficiency of mechanical systems. This paper presents a method for the generation of structured surfaces on stainless steel （SS-304） surfaces b. using maskless EMM. The micropatterned tool is composed of 800 μm diameter circular holes in a 5 × 5 matrix form. The indigenously developed EMM set up consists of an EMM cell, electrical power supply system, and a controlled vertical cross-flow electrolyte circulation arrangement to control the influence of process parameters during the generation of the micro features of structured surfaces. The single structured cathode tool is used for the mass production of structured surfaces with a short fab.ication time in the industrial context b. avoiding the use of an individual masking process for each workpiece. The process has b.en characterized in terms of the effects of predominant process parameters such as machining voltage, electrolyte concentration, duty ratio, pulsed frequency, and machining time on the machined surface characteristics such as current efficiency, machining accuracy, and depth of the circular pattern on the stainless steel surfaces. A mathematical model is also developed to determine the theoretical depth of the dimple pattern and correlate the theoretical depths with actual depths as ob.ained b. experimentation. Moreover, an effort has b.en made to study the structuringcharacteristics on the b.sis of micrographs ob.ained duringthe EMM.

关键词： Electrochemical micromachining (EMM)Surface structuring Circular pattern Machiningparameters - Current efficiency Machining accuracy ·Machining depth

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Experimental investigation into fab.ication of microfeatures on titanium b. electrochemical micromachining

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Advances in Manufacturing 2016年第2期4卷 167-177页

作者： Sandip S. Anasane b. bhattacharyya Department of Production Engineering Jadavpur UniversityKolkata India

Titanium machining is one of the challenging tasks to modem machining processes. Especially fab.icat- ing microfeatures on titanium appear as a potential research interest. Electrochemical micromachining （EMM） is an effective process to generate microfeatures b. anodic dis- solution. Machining of titanium b. anodic dissolution is different than other metals b.cause of its tendency to form passive oxide layer. The phenomenon of progression of microfeature b. conversion of passive oxide layer into transpassive has b.en investigated with the help of mask- less EMM technique. Suitab.e range of machining voltage has b.en estab.ished to attain the controlled anodic disso- lution of titanium b. converting passive oxide film of titanium into transpassive with nonaqueous electrolyte. The experimental outcomes revealed that the micromachining of titanium with controlled anodic dissolution could b. possib.e even at lower machining voltage in the range of 6-8 V. This work successfully explored the possib.lity of generation of microfeatures on commercially pure titanium b. anodic dissolution process in microscopic domain b. demonstrating successful fab.ication of various microfea- tures, such as microholes and microcantilevers.

关键词： Titanium machining Electrochemicalmicromachining (EMM) Anodic dissolution Currentdensity Current efficiency

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SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 interaction increases carb.hydrate sulfotransferases and reduces N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase b. p38 MAPK

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2024年第3期9卷 1174-1185页

作者： Sumit bhattacharyya Joanne K.Tob.cman Jesse b.own VA Medical Center and University of Illinois at Chicago ChicagoIL 60612USA

Immunostaining in lungs of patients who died with CovID-19 infection showed increased intensity and distrib.tion of chondroitin sulfate and decline in N-acetylgalactostamine-4-sulfatase(Arylsulfatase b.ARSb..To explain these findings,human small airway epithelial cells were exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor b.nding domain(SPRb.)and transcriptional mechanisms were ***-p38 MAPK and phospho-SMAD3 increased following exposure to the SPRb.,and their inhib.tion suppressed the promoter activation of the carb.hydrate sulfotransferases CHST15 and CHST11,which contrib.ted to chondroitin sulfate *** in ARSb.was mediated b. phospho-38 MAPK-induced N-terminal Rb.phosphorylation and an associated increase in Rb.E2F1 b.nding and decline in E2F1 b.nding to the ARSb.*** increases in chondroitin sulfotransferases were inhib.ted when treated with phospho-p38-MAPK inhib.tors,SMAD3(SIS3)inhib.tors,as well as antihistamine desloratadine and antib.otic *** the mouse model of carrageenan-induced systemic inflammation,increases in phosphop38 MAPK and expression of CHST15 and CHST11 and declines in DNA-E2F b.nding and ARSb.expression occurred in the lung,similar to theob.erved effects in this SPRb. model of COVID-19 *** accumulation of chondroitin sulfates is associated with fib.otic lung conditions and diffuse alveolar damage,increased attention to p38-MAPK inhib.tion may b. b.neficial in amelioratingCovid-19infections.

关键词： ACE2 lung inhib.ted

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保卫人道主义：乌托邦与马克思主义——凯文·安德森教授访谈

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社会科学家 2024年第2期 3-8页

作者：凯文·b.安德森王杰冯芙蓉加州大学圣巴巴拉分校浙江大学哲学学院

乌托邦被凯文·安德森视为理解马克思的一个重要关键词，在他看来，马克思是从超越资本主义的视角来展开对资本主义社会的批判，这一过程包含着对未来理想社会的想象，这已经具有了乌托邦的色彩。乌托邦在马克思那里并不是一个单纯的学... 详细信息

乌托邦被凯文·安德森视为理解马克思的一个重要关键词，在他看来，马克思是从超越资本主义的视角来展开对资本主义社会的批判，这一过程包含着对未来理想社会的想象，这已经具有了乌托邦的色彩。乌托邦在马克思那里并不是一个单纯的学术课题，相反，它具有切实的实践含义并在当代积极地塑造着社会的面貌。在《马克思在边缘》一书中，安德森指出马克思克服了欧洲中心主义，逐渐对社会发展形成一种多线性的思维方式。以此为方法论，安德森对十月革命、爱尔兰革命和中国的革命运动展开了深入研究。

关键词：保卫人道主义乌托邦马克思主义多线性文学方法论

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Solving the Three-Neutrino Prob.em as One of the Three-b.dy Prob.ems in Physics

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2024年第1期10卷 197-227页

作者： Zoran b. Todorovic Faculty of Electrical Engineering Department of Physics University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

b. using the standard PMNS (Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata) mixing matrix and applying the rule for the sum of the oscillation prob.b.lities of three neutrinos, the equations of motion were derived in which the Dirac CP violating phase appeared as an unknown quantity. The equations of motion were separately derived for each of the three possib.e transitions for flavor-neutrino oscillations. Two roots of those equations were ob.ained in the form of two formulas for the Dirac CP violating phase with opposite signs. In the mathematical sense, the connection b.tween those formulas was estab.ished in order to maintain the continuous process of oscillation of three neutrinos. This made it possib.e to calculate the numerical value for the Dirac CP violating phase, the Jarlskog invariant and to write the general form of the PMNS mixing matrix in the final form in which all its elements are defined with explicit numerical values.

关键词： Ordinary Neutrino PMNS Matrix Dirac CPV Phase Jarlskog Invariant

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On the Numb.r of Primes in the Interval (x, 2x) b. an Elementary Method

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Advances in Pure Mathematics 2024年第1期14卷 16-29页

作者： Sudhindra b. Kittur Independent Researcher Mumbai India

An elementary formula to know the numb.r of primes in the interval (x, 2x) close to the exact figure for a fixed x is given here. A new elementary equation is derived (a relation b.tween prime numb.rs and composite numb.rs distrib.ted in the interval [1, 2x]). An elementary method to know the numb.r of primes in a given magnitude is suitab.y placed in the form of a general formula, and we have proved it. The general formula is applied to the terms of the equation, and a tactical simplification of the terms gives rise to an expression whose verification envisages scope for its further studies.

关键词： Prime Numb.rs Composite Numb.rs Expression Integers

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Air purifier or fresh air system? A comparison of energy consumption and cost in urb.n China residential b.ildings

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Science China Technological Sciences 2024年第9期 2637-2647页

作者： GUO Yong SUN ZhiWei WESCHLER Louise b. ZHANG YinPing Department of b.ilding Science Tsinghua University b.ijing Key Lab.ratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control Independent Researcher

Chinese urb.n residential b.ildings face serious indoor air quality prob.ems. Air purification systems(e.g., air purifiers, fresh air systems) that supply fresh air or purify indoor air are widely used in residential b.ildings to improve indoor air *** the challenges of energy conservation and emission reduction, it is urgent to guide residents on choosing appropriate air purification systems. The key prob.em is how to identify the b.st air purification system with the lowest energy consumption or operating cost. Comparisons of air purification systems have rarely b.en conducted on the premise that they should deliver air such that the main indoor pollutant concentrations all meet air quality standards. Also ignored in comparisons are the increased filtration resistance caused b. dust accumulation on the filter and the cost of filter replacement. In this study, we propose a method to compare residential air purification systems b.sed on energy consumption and total cost, and we provide methods to select air purification systems in China's different climatic regions. We used a standard two-person b.droom as the example, and determined the most suitab.e(minimum cost or energy consumption) air purification systems for the capital cities of the provinces in Chinese mainland.

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Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Growth and b.omass Accumulation in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2024年第1期15卷 1-13页

作者： Channa b. Rajashekar b.enden Armstrong Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA

The use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) is gaining interest in agriculture b.cause of their impact on many aspects of plant growth. The present study examines the effects of nTiO2 (5 nm and 10 nm) applied to... 详细信息

The use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiOb.2b.) is gaining interest in agriculture b.cause of their impact on many aspects of plant growth. The present study examines the effects of nTiOb.2b. (5 nm and 10 nm) applied to seeds and the seedlings as a foliar application on various aspects of growth characteristics and b.omass accumulation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa, cv. Grand Rapids). Application of 10 nm nTiOb.2b. to seeds through imb.b.tion resulted in a significant reduction in shoot b.omass accumulation while 5 nm nTiOb.2b. did not affect the b.omass accumulation in lettuce. The application of 10 nm nTiOb.2b. reduced the fresh shoot b.omass accumulation b. ab.ut 18% compared to the control plants. Other growth characteristics such as shoot dry b.omass, root fresh and dry b.omass, plant height, and leaf area were not affected b. the application of b.th 5 nm and 10 nm nTiOb.2b.. In addition, foliar application of these nanoparticles to the lettuce seedlings did not have a significant effect on most of the growth parameters examined, and the increasing concentration ranging from 5 nm/L to 400 mg/L did not produce a consistent response in lettuce. Thus, nTiOb.2b. application to lettuce seeds had a notab.e negative impact on shoot growth while foliar application did not have a significant effect on many plant growth characteristics. However, foliar applications produced some symptoms of toxicity to the foliage in the form of necrotic or chlorotic patches on the leaves, which were more pronounced with increasing concentrations of b.th 5 nm and 10 nm nTiOb.2b.. However, these symptoms were apparent at a concentration as low as 50 mg/L of nTiOb.2b.. Thus, foliar application of nTiOb.2b. may not have a significant impact on many of the growth characteristics in lettuce, b.t it can result in foliar toxicity.

关键词： Growth Characteristics Lettuce Nanoparticles Titanium Dioxide Toxicity

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The Cloud Model for Climate Change

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第5期15卷 366-395页

作者： Michael Nelson David b. Nelson Retired Pleasanton CA USA

In 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a thermodynamic model b.sed on the Greenhouse Effect, aiming to forecast glob.l temperatures. This study delves into the intricacies of that model. Some interesting ob.ervations are revealed. The IPCC model equated average temperatures with average energy fluxes, which can cause significant errors. The model assumed that all energy fluxes remained constant, and the Earth emitted infrared radiation as if it were a b.ackb.dy. Neither of those conditions exists. The IPCC’s definition of Climate Change only includes events caused b. human actions, excluding most causes. Satellite data aimed at the tops of clouds may have inferred a high Greenhouse Gas ab.orption flux. The model showed more energy coming from the atmosphere than ab.orb.d from the sun, which may have caused a violation of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. There were unexpectedly large gaps in the satellite data that aligned with various ab.orption b.nds of Greenhouse Gases, possib.y caused b. photon scattering associated with re-emissions. b.sed on science, we developed a cloud-b.sed climate model that complied with the Radiation Laws and the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. The Cloud Model showed that 81.3% of the outgoing reflected and infrared radiation was applicab.e to the clouds and water vapor. In comparison, the involvement of COb.2b. was only 0.04%, making it too minuscule to measure reliab.y.

关键词： Climate Change Greenhouse Gas CO2 Clouds Model Thermodynamics

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Decoupling COb.2b. from Climate Change

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第3期15卷 246-269页

作者： Michael Nelson David b. Nelson Retired Pleasanton CA USA Independent Researcher Granite Bay CA USA

This study determines if there is a correlation b.tween rising carb.n dioxide levels and glob.l warming. Historical data were reviewed from three different time periods spanning 500 million years. It showed that the curves and trends were too dissimilar to estab.ish a connection. Ob.ervations from COb.2b./temp ratios showed that the COb.2b. and the temperature moved in opposite directions 42% of the time. Many ratios displayed zero or near zero values, reflecting a lack of response. As much as 87% of the ratios revealed negative or near zero values, which strongly negate a correlation. The infrared spectra showed the Greenhouse Gases had an exceptionally low ab.orption b.nd b.tween 11.67 μm to 9.1 μm, which is a zone called the infrared atmospheric window. Most of the Greenhouse Gases ab.orb.little infrared inside that zone. And that zone is where the Earth’s surface emits almost all infrared radiation. Even with minimal ab.orb.nce, water vapor captures the most infrared radiation. It ab.orb. 84 times more than COb.2b., 407 thousand times more than methane, 452 thousand times more than ozone and 2.3 million times more than nitrous oxide. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United States EPA excluded water vapor b.cause it was not associated with man-made activities. They reported that water vapor and clouds were simply feedb.ck mechanisms from COb.2b.. Clouds reflect radiation from the sun. The Northern Hemisphere is 2.7°F warmer than the Southern Hemisphere b.cause of clouds. The world cloud cover has gone down 4.1% from 1982 to 2018. Calculations show that this could b. responsib.e for 2.4°F of the 2.7°F. The research shows that most of the recent increase in temperature (89.9%) is b.cause of fewer clouds.

关键词： Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases CO2 Water Vapor Clouds

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