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Towards safe injection practices for prevention of hepatitis C transmission in South Asia: Challenges and progress

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第25期22卷 5837-5852页

作者： Naveed Zafar Janjua Zahid Ahmad butt Bushra Mahmood Arshad Altaf Clinical Prevention Services British Columbia Centre for Disease Control School of Population and Public Health University of British Columbia Vancouver Service Delivery and Safety World Health Organization

AIM: To summarize the available information about injection use and its determinants in the South Asian region. METHODS: We searched published and unpublished literature on injection safety in South Asia published during 1995-2016 using the keywords "injection" "unsafe injection" and "immunization injection" and combined these with each of the countries and/or their respective states or provinces in South Asia. We used a standardized questionnaire to abstract the following data from the articles: the annual number of injections per capita, the proportion of injections administered with a reused syringe or needle, the distribution of injections with respect to prescribers and providers and determinants of injection use. RESULTS: Although information is very limited for certain countries(i.e., Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka), healthcare injection use is very common across South Asia, with cross-country rates ranging from 2.4 to 13.6 injections/person/year. Furthermore, recent studies show that 5% to 50% of these injections are provided with reused syringes, thus creating potential to transmission of blood-borne pathogens. Qualified and unqualified practitioners, especially in the private sector, are the major drivers behind injection use, but patients also prefer injections, especially among the rural, poor or uneducated in certain countries. According to available data, Pakistan and India have recently taken steps towards achieving safe injection. Potential interventions include the introduction of reuse prevention devices, and patient-, community- and patient/community and provider-centered interventionsto change population and practitioner behavior. CONCLUSION: Injection use is common in South Asian countries. Multilevel interventions aiming at patients, providers and the healthcare system are needed to reduce injection use and reuse.

关键词： Unsafe injections Hepatitis C Hepatitis B South Asia Prescription practices

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中巴经济走廊:“铁杆”兄弟间的合作

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中国新闻发布（实务版） 2023年第10期 65-68页

作者：哈桑·达乌德·巴特 “中巴经济走廊” 巴基斯坦可持续发展政策研究所“一带一路”和全球治理区域研究中心

新冠疫情和俄乌战争严重影响了全球经济增长进程,在错综复杂、瞬息万变的全球格局中,如何游刃有余地适应国际形势的变化,已经成为全球发展中国家面临的一项挑战。不同国家也许会选择不同的方式应对这些新挑战,但就巴基斯坦而言,“一带... 详细信息

新冠疫情和俄乌战争严重影响了全球经济增长进程,在错综复杂、瞬息万变的全球格局中,如何游刃有余地适应国际形势的变化,已经成为全球发展中国家面临的一项挑战。不同国家也许会选择不同的方式应对这些新挑战,但就巴基斯坦而言,“一带一路”倡议大框架下的重要项目——中巴经济走廊已经成为应对挑战的重要途径。

关键词：中巴经济走廊一带一路国际形势全球经济增长全球格局发展中国家巴基斯坦应对挑战

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Differing profiles of people diagnosed with acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in British Columbia,Canada

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2018年第11期24卷 1216-1227页

作者： Mawuena Binka Zahid A butt Stanley Wong Mei Chong Jane A Buxton Nuria Chapinal Amanda Yu Maria Alvarez Maryam Darvishian Jason Wong Gina McGowan Mikhail Torban Mark Gilbert Mark Tyndall Mel Krajden Naveed Z Janjua British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver BC V5Z4R4Canada School of Population and Public Health University of British ColumbiaVancouver BC V6T1Z3Canada Division of Population and Public Health Ministry of HealthVictoria BC V8W9P1Canada Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British ColumbiaVancouver BC V6T1Z2Canada

AIM To describe the characteristics of people diagnosed with acute and chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection in British Columbia(BC).METHODS We used data from the BC Hepatitis Testers Cohort(BCHTC),which includes all individuals tested for hepatitis C virus(HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) or those diagnosed with HBV or active tuberculosis in BC since *** data were integrated with prescription drug,medical visit,hospitalization and mortality *** cases were classified as acute or chronic according to provincial *** compared characteristics of individuals by HBV infection group(acute,chronic and negative).Factors associated with acute or chronic HBV infection were assessed with multinomial logistic regression models in comparison to the HBV negative ***46498 of the 1058056 eligible BC-HTC participants were diagnosed with HBV infection.4.3% of HBV positive individuals were diagnosed with acute HBV infections while 95.7% had chronic *** alcohol use,injection drug use,and HIV or HCV co-infection were more common among individuals diagnosed with acute HBV compared to those with chronic infections and HBV negative *** multivariable multinomial logistic regression models,we observed significant associations between acute or chronic HBV diagnosis and being male,age at HBV diagnosis or birth cohort,South and East Asian ethnicity,HCV or HIV infection,and injection drug *** odds of acute HBV decreased with increasing age among people who inject drugs,while the opposite was true for chronic *** with acute HBV were predominantly White(78%) while those with chronic HBV were mostly East Asian(60%).Relative to Whites,East Asians had 12 times greater odds of being diagnosed with chronic HBV *** odds increased with increasing socioeconomic *** Differences in the profiles of people diagnosed with acute and chronic HBV infection necessitate differentiated screening,preven

关键词： Hepatitis B virus Ethnicity Drug use Acute hepatitis B BC Hepatitis Testers Cohort North America

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低温治疗在小儿体外膜肺氧合患者中的应用

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中国体外循环杂志 2014年第1期12卷 31-36,57页

作者：楼松 Warwick butt 阜外心血管病医院体外循环科北京100037 皇家儿童医院小儿重症监护室

目的描述小儿体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）患者进行低温治疗的方法,比较低温和常温患者ECMO及低温相关并发症的发生率,研究ECMO期间低温治疗和院内死亡率及长期生存率的关系.方法回顾性分析2005年至2011年ECMO患者临床资料,包括ECMO前情况、E... 详细信息

目的描述小儿体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）患者进行低温治疗的方法,比较低温和常温患者ECMO及低温相关并发症的发生率,研究ECMO期间低温治疗和院内死亡率及长期生存率的关系.方法回顾性分析2005年至2011年ECMO患者临床资料,包括ECMO前情况、ECMO建立及管理信息、ECMO和低温的治疗过程以及相关并发症和预后.根据ECMO期间是否进行低温治疗分为常温组及低温组,并将所收集的资料进行单因素分析.单因素分析提示两组间不一致的变量（P＜0.1）纳入逻辑回归以评估低温治疗对院内死亡率的影响.在成功撤除ECMO的患者中,重复上述单因素分析.组间不一致的变量（P ＜0.1）纳入Cox回归以评价低温治疗对长期生存的影响.P＜0.05为具有统计学意义.结果共纳入210名患者,其中70名接受了低温治疗.低温治疗可以有效地通过膜肺整合的变温器进行.逻辑回归不能证实低温治疗和院内死亡相关（比值比0.85 95％置信区间0.30～2.39,P=0.762）.Cox回归分析提示,校正ECMO前葡萄糖浓度（风险比0.92 95％置信区间0.85 ～0.99,P=0.040）和ECMO期间高血压（风险比2.59 95％置信区间1.23 ～ 5.46,P=0.013）后,低温组患者显示更高的长期生存率（风险比0.40 95％置信区间0.17～0.92,P=0.032）.结论 ECMO期间可以方便地进行低温治疗.低温组患者具有较好的长期生存率.在缺乏随机对照研究的情况下,尚无证据支持低温治疗在ECMO患者中的常规应用.

关键词：体外膜肺氧合低温治疗死亡率

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A Systematic Review of Observational Studies, Demonstrating Smoking among School Going Adolescents

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2019年第2期9卷 173-189页

作者： Shafquat Rozi Gillian Lancaster Sadia Mahmud Zahid Ahmad butt Talat Roome Nida Zahid Department of Community Health Sciences Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan Department of Mathematics and Statistics Lancaster University Lancashire United Kingdom Visiting Faculty Department of Medicine Consultancy Department of Pediatrics & Child Health Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan School of Population and Public Health University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada Department of Pathology Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan Department of Surgery Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan

Objective: To characterize the methods of design and analysis currently adopted in survey research of school-based observational studies for smoking, and to identify the common pitfalls made by researchers. Methods: The systematic review was conducted in 2009 and consisted of observational studies in school settings published between January 2005 and January 2009. Smoking status was the main outcome of interest. Following Cochrane style, five steps were followed: setting selection criteria for studies and conducting a literature search;review of abstracts;review of complete articles;data extraction and quality assessment of included studies;and, finally, synthesis of studies. Results: Of the 292 abstracts retrieved, 45 (15.4%) articles were selected for the final review. Inconsistencies were found in the definition of smoking behaviour which impeded generalisability. Individual-level factors had importance, but environmental level factors were also important in studying the aetiology of smoking. Results showed that studies inappropriately reported sample size estimation and important confounding factors. Hierarchical linear modelling, random effects modelling and structural equation modelling were employed in comparatively few studies. Conclusions: There were concerns regarding data analysis of complex surveys. Fifty five percent of reviewed studies ignored environmental effects which may have produced unreliable inferences. Multi-level analysis assisted in understanding school-level effects.

关键词： Adolescent Smoking Observational Studies School-Based Survey

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Rh-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Cyclic α-Dehydroamino Ketones

Rh-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Cyclic α-Dehydroam...

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中国化学会第九届全国有机化学学术会议

作者： Nicholas A.butt Zhenfeng Zhang Qiupeng Hua Wanbin Zhang School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University

＜正＞Chiral cyclicα-amino ketones are very useful structural motifs found in a range of bioactive molecules and can be easily derivatized to give versatile chiral cyclicβ-amino alcohols and amines.

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Development and Aging Behaviour of Solvent-Based Polychloroprene Rubber Nano-Adhesive Using Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes

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Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 2020年第9期8卷 31-44页

作者： Muhammad Awais Muhammad Shahid Mohsin Saleem Fariz Aneeq Muhammad Shoaib butt Malik Adeel Umer School of Chemical and Materials Engineering National University of Sciences & Technology Islamabad Pakistan

Polychloroprene (PC) based contact adhesives are widely used in various applications;however, there is a possibility to improve the properties of PC adhesive. Modifications of polymers can enhance the properties of the material, e.g. increase in thermal stability, compatibility, rigidity, physical response, flexibility and improve the polymer process ability. In the current study, improved formulation of solvent-based adhesive was developed, and the properties were further enhanced by the addition of nano-reinforcement of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The addition of nano-reinforcement was optimized to obtain improvement in the bond strength and also to enhance its resistance at a high temperature (~100°C). This paper discusses the uniform dispersion of MWCNTs during the synthesis of polychloroprene solvent-based adhesive, thereby improving its structural properties. Incorporation of MWCNTs-solvent-based adhesives resulted in a 20% - 35% improvement in 180° peel strength determined on flexible substrates such as canvas, leather. The reinforced based adhesive also exhibited improved thermal stability and weather resistance compared with unreinforced adhesive. The MWCNTs- solvent-based contact adhesives is a potential candidate in an industrially relevant branch of adhesives commonly used in structural applications, e.g., footwear, plastic, leather, automobile, construction industries, etc.

关键词： Nanocomposite Polychloroprene Adhesive Peel Strength Carbon Nanotubes

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Fungal infection dynamics in response to temperature in the lepidopteran insect Galleria mellonella

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Insect Science 2018年第3期25卷 454-466页

作者： Vadim Y. Kryukov Olga N. Yaroslavtseva Miranda M. A. Whitten Maksim V. Tyurin Katherine J. Ficken Carolyn Greig Nadja R. Melo Viktor V. Glupov Ivan M. Dubovskiy Tariq M. butt Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science Novosibirsk Russia Institute of Life Science College of Medicine Swansea University Swansea Wales UK Department of Biosciences College of Science Swansea University Swansea Wales UK

This study examines how the dynamics of fungus-insect interactions can be modulated by temperature. The wax moth, Galleria mellonella, is a well-studied and important model insect whose larvae in the wild develop optimally at around 34 ℃ in beehives. However, surprisingly little research on wax moths has been conducted at relevant temperatures. In this study, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii inflicted rapid and substantial mortality on wax moth larvae maintained at a constant temperature of 24 ℃, but at 34 ℃ a 10 fold higher dose was required to achieve an equivalent mortality. The cooler temperature favored fungal pathogenicity, with condial adhesion to the cuticle, germination and hemocoel invasion all significantly enhanced at 24 ℃, compared with 34 ℃. The wax moth larvae immune responses altered with the temperature, and with the infective dose of the fungus. Enzyme-based immune defenses （lysozyme and phenoloxidase） exhibited enhanced activity at the warmer temperature. A dramatic upregulation in the basal expression of galiomicin and gallerimycin was triggered by cooling, and this was augmented in the presence of the fungus. Profiling of the predominant insect epicuticular fatty acids revealed a 4-7 fold increase in palmetic, oleic and linoleic acids in larvae maintained at 24 ℃ compared with those at 34 ℃, but these failed to exert fungistatic effects on topically applied fungus. This study demonstrates the importance of choosing environmental conditions relevant to the habitat of the insect host when determining the dynamics and outcome of insect/fungus interactions, and has particular significance for the application of entomopathogens as biocontrol agents.

关键词： biocontrol entomopathogenic fungus immunity Metarhizium temperature

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Microscopic colitis: Is it a spectrum of inflammatory bowel disease?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第26期19卷 4252-4256页

作者： Ramprasad Jegadeesan Xiuli Liu Mangesh R Pagadala Norma Gutierrez Mujtaba butt Udayakumar Navaneethan Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Digestive Disease Institute Department of Pathology Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute Cleveland Clinic

Lymphocytic and collagenous colitis are forms of microscopic colitis which typically presents in elderly patients as chronic watery diarrhea. The association between microscopic colitis and inflammatory bowel disease is weak and unclear. Lymphocytic colitis progressing to ulcerative colitis has been previously reported; however there is limited data on ulcerative colitis evolving into microscopic (lymphocytic or collagenous) colitis. We report a series of six patients with documented ulcerative colitis who subsequently were diagnosed with collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis suggesting microscopic colitis could be a part of the spectrum of inflammatory bowel disease. The median duration of ulcerative colitis prior to being diagnosed with microscopic colitis was 15 years. We noted complete histological and/or symptomatic remission in three out of six cases while the other three patients reverted back into ulcerative colitis suggesting lymphocytic or collagenous colitis could present as a continuum of ulcerative colitis. The exact molecular mechanism of this histological transformation or the prognostic implications is still unclear. Till then it might be prudent to follow up these patients to assess for the relapse of inflammatory bowel disease as well as for dysplasia surveillance.

关键词： Ulcerative colitis Lymphocytic colitis Microscopic colitis Collagenous colitis Inflammatory bowel disease

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基于口语语料的韩国学生“比”字句习得认知过程考察

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汉语学习 2018年第3期 94-103页

作者：周文华南京师范大学国际文化教育学院江苏南京210097

本文以课堂教学及口语考试的实录语料为数据来源,运用微变化分析的方法,对比课堂教学环境下教师输入与韩国学生输出的情况,详细考察韩国学生对不同类型"比"字句的习得认知过程,揭示他们在习得过程中遇到的主要难点。研究发现,汉、韩语... 详细信息

本文以课堂教学及口语考试的实录语料为数据来源,运用微变化分析的方法,对比课堂教学环境下教师输入与韩国学生输出的情况,详细考察韩国学生对不同类型"比"字句的习得认知过程,揭示他们在习得过程中遇到的主要难点。研究发现,汉、韩语在比较程度表现形式上的差异是造成韩国学生"比"字句习得难点的主要原因。

关键词： “比”字句汉韩对比口语语料微变化分析习得

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