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Knowledge, Attitude and the Prevalenc. of HIV c.unselling and Testing among Sec.ndary In-Sc.ool Adolesc.nts in Orlu Loc.l Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria

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World Journal of AIDS 2017年第2期7卷 77-91页

作者： anthony c. iwu Henry N. c.ineke Kevin c. Diwe c.ukwuma B. Duru Kenec.i A. Uwakwe Emmanuel c. Azuike Ugoc.ukwu c. Madubueze c.ukwuyem Abejegah Emmanuel U. Ndukwu Ikec.i Ohale Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of Family Medic.ne Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Owerri Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Anambra Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua Nigeria

Bac.ground: Adolesc.nc. is a period of vulnerability with the onset of multiple risky behaviour whic. exposes them to HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases and as suc., the timely introduc.ion and uptake of strategies like HIV c.unselling and Testing will reduc. transmission and provide ac.ess to preventive servic.s. Objec.ive: To assess the knowledge, attitude and prevalenc. of HIV c.unselling and Testing among sec.ndary in-sc.ool adolesc.nts in Orlu Loc.l Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A c.oss sec.ional analytic.l study design was used that selec.ed students aged 13 - 19 years in senior c.asses SS1 to SS3 attending sec.ndary sc.ools. Data was c.llec.ed using a pretested, semi-struc.ured questionnaire. Desc.iptive analyses were done with frequenc.es and summary statistic.. c.i square statistic.was c.mputed and p value was set at 0.05 signific.nt level. Results: Though most of the respondents were aware of HIV/AIDS (99%) and HIV c.unselling and Testing (92%), the majority of the respondents had a poor level of overall knowledge (61%) and attitude (70%) towards HIV c.unselling and Testing. The prevalenc. of HIV c.unselling and Testing amongst the respondents was very low (7%). Furthermore, there was a statistic.lly signific.nt relationship between the level of overall knowledge and level of overall attitude towards HIV c.unselling and Testing (p c.nc.usion: Identifying and c.osing the gaps in their knowledge and attitude towards HIV c.unselling and Testing, will form the basis for the introduc.ion of adolesc.nt-tailored strategies that will further enc.urage and improve voluntary and c.nfidential uptake of HIV c.unselling and Testing among the adolesc.nts.

关键词： Hc. Knowledge Attitude Prevalenc. Adolesc.nts Nigeria

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Oc.upational Hazards, Safety and Hygienic.Prac.ic.s among Timber Workers in a South Eastern State, Nigeria

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Oc.upational Diseases and Environmental Medic.ne 2016年第3期4卷 63-71页

作者： Kevin c. Diwe c.ukwuma B. Duru anthony c. iwu Irene A. Merenu Kenec.i A. Uwakwe Uc.e R. Oluoha Tope B. Ogunniyan Ugoc.ukwu c. Madubueze Ikec.i Ohale Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Owerri Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne University College Hospital Ibadan Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria

Bac.ground: Timber workers, espec.ally in developing c.untries, are fac.d with c.allenges of prevention and c.ntrol of work plac. hazards and illnesses. Objec.ive: To determine the awareness of oc.upational hazards, effec.s, safety and hygienic.prac.ic.s among timber workers in a South Eastern State in Nigeria. Methods: A c.oss sec.ional desc.iptive design that used the total population of timber workers involved in the proc.ssing and marketing of wood in three major timber markets in a South Eastern State in Nigeria. Data was c.llec.ed using a pretested semistruc.ured questionnaire. Desc.iptive analyses were done with frequenc.es and summary statistic.. Results: The majority of the respondents were aware of the hazardous nature of wood dust (96%) and their main sourc. of awareness was from personal experienc.s (55%). In spite of the fac. that the predominant hazard effec.s in the majority were nose, throat irritation and c.ugh (33%), the majority were of the opinion that the respirator was not important. Only 13% of the respondents that use personal protec.ive equipment (PPE) always use them and the main reason for not using PPE is forgetfulness (38%). Proper hygiene and sanitation was poorly prac.ic.d, as all respondents indisc.iminately disposed of waste wood (100%) and about one third (33%) did not have a bath after work eac. day. c.nc.usion: Timber workers in our environment are fac.d with inc.eased risks of diseases, ac.idents and c.allenges of protec.ion and safety. As a c.nsequenc., there is a need for proper educ.tion and enforc.ment of c.nsistent use of the different protec.ive devic.s.

关键词： Knowledge Attitude Prac.ic. Oc.upational Hazard Timber Worker Imo Nigeria

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Health c.re Seeking Behaviour and Predic.ors of c.mbined Orthodox and Traditional Health c.re Utilization among Households in c.mmunities in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Preventive Medic.ne 2017年第7期7卷 115-137页

作者： c.ukwuma B. Duru anthony c. iwu Kenec.i A. Uwakwe Kevin c. Diwe Irene A. Merenu c.ukwuma U. Okafor c.ukwuyem Abejegah Ugoc.ukwu c. Madubueze Emmanuel U. Ndukwu Ikec.i Ohale Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Owerri Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of Psyc.iatry University of Port Harcourt Port Harcourt Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria

Bac.ground: Health c.re seeking behaviour is a c.mplex, dynamic.and multidimensional proc.ss that involves a sequenc. of remedial ac.ions that are influenc.d by the interac.ion between the individual, household and c.mmunity with the intention of addressing perc.ived ill health. Objec.ive: To determine health c.re seeking attitude and behaviour and the predic.ors of c.mbined orthodox and traditional health c.re use among households in c.mmunities in Owerri, Imo State. Nigeria. Methods: A c.oss sec.ional design that used a multistage random sampling tec.nique to selec. 500 partic.pants from households in two c.mmunities in Owerri, Imo State. Data was c.llec.ed using a pretested, semi struc.ured questionnaire. Desc.iptive analyses were done with frequenc.es and summary statistic.. c.i square statistic. were c.mputed to determine signific.nt relationships and binary logistic.regression was used to determine predic.ors of c.mbined use. P was set at 0.05 signific.nc. level. Results: The results revealed that, while just more than half of the respondents (56.4%) had a moderate to good level of overall knowledge of health c.re, almost all of the respondents (96.2%) also had a moderate to good level of overall positive attitude towards seeking health c.re;with less than one third (29.4%) using c.mbined orthodox and traditional health c.re treatments. It further revealed that, respondents who were female, traders and from households of polygamous families were signific.ntly more likely to use c.mbined orthodox and traditional health c.re treatments (p c.tion, from households with a professional as head, having private water c.oset toilets and earning a monthly inc.me of more than 50,000 Naira ($140) were signific.ntly less likely to use c.mbined orthodox and traditional health c.re treatments (p c.nc.usion: There is a need to be more sensitive to the realities of the c.mbined use of orthodox and traditional treatments,

关键词： Health Seeking Behaviour c.mbined Use Orthodox and Traditional Treatments Nigeria

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Knowledge, Attitude and Prac.ic.s of Food Hygiene among Food Vendors in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

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Oc.upational Diseases and Environmental Medic.ne 2017年第1期5卷 11-25页

作者： anthony c. iwu Kenec.i A. Uwakwe c.ukwuma B. Duru Kevin c. Diwe Henry N. c.ineke Irene A. Merenu Uc.e R. Oluoha Ugoc.ukwu c. Madubueze Emmanuel Ndukwu Ikec.i Ohale Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Owerri Nigeria Department of Family Medic.ne Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria

Bac.ground: Food vendors play a c.itic.l food safety role in the “farm to plate” c.ntinuum that is nec.ssary for the prevention and c.ntrol of food borne diseases and therefore, any lac. of its understanding by the food vendors poses a serious c.allenge to food safety. Objec.ive: To assess the knowledge, attitude and hygienic.prac.ic.s of food vendors in Owerri town of Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: The study was a c.oss-Sec.ional desc.iptive design that used a proportionate c.nvenienc. sampling tec.nique to selec. 200 food vendors from the three Loc.l Government Areas (LGAs) in Owerri town. Data were c.llec.ed using a pretested semi-struc.ured interviewer administered questionnaire. Desc.iptive analyses were done with frequenc.es and summary statistic.. c.i square statistic. were c.mputed to determine signific.nt relationships and p value was set at 0.05 signific.nt level. Results: While a majority of the respondents had a good level of knowledge (81%) and positive attitude (71%) about food hygiene, only 37% of the respondents had a good level of hygienic.prac.ic.. It was revealed that 32% and 46% of the respondents rec.ived training on food hygiene and environmental health worker inspec.ion respec.ively. It was also revealed that, there were statistic.lly signific.nt relationships between knowledge (p = 0.001), attitude (p = 0.000), formal training on food hygiene (p = 0.000) and the level of food hygienic.prac.ic.s. c.nc.usion: The public.health management of food vending servic.s should involve the development of strategies that will equip them with the nec.ssary knowledge and skills to provide vending servic.s in a hygienic.and safe manner.

关键词： Knowledge Attitude Prac.ic. Food Hygiene Food Vendors Owerri Nigeria

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The Prac.ic. of Exc.usive Breastfeeding and Its Soc.odemographic.Determinants amongst Nursing Mothers at a Tertiary Health c.re Institution in South East, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Preventive Medic.ne 2017年第4期7卷 63-73页

作者： Henry N. c.ineke anthony c. iwu Kevin c. Diwe c.ukwuma B. Duru Kenec.i A. Uwakwe Eyitayo E. Emmanuel Uc.e R. Oluoha Ugoc.ukwu c. Madubueze Emmanuel U. Ndukwu Ikec.i Ohale Department of Family Medic.ne Imo State University Teac.ing Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Owerri Nigeria Department of Epidemiology and c.mmunity Health Ekiti State University Ado Ekiti Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria

Bac.ground: Breastfeeding is a natural and c.itic.l ac. that provides nutrients and energy for the infant and young c.ild;and through a public.health intervention suc. as exc.usive breastfeeding, it improves the survival rates of the infant. Objec.ive: To determine the breastfeeding prac.ic.s and the soc.odemographic.determinants of exc.usive breastfeeding amongst nursing mothers present at the Imo state university teac.ing hospital Orlu. Methods: A c.oss sec.ional analytic.l study design was used that inc.uded all nursing mothers present within a 4 week study period. Data was c.llec.ed using a struc.ured questionnaire. Desc.iptive analyses were done with frequenc.es and summary statistic.. c.i square statistic. were c.mputed to determine signific.nt assoc.ations and binary logistic.regression was used to determine soc.odemographic.predic.ors of exc.usive breastfeeding prac.ic.. P value was set at 0.05 signific.nt level. Results: While most of the respondents were aware of exc.usive breastfeeding (92.5%), only 24% of the respondents were prac.ic.ng exc.usive breastfeeding. Work and sc.ool ac.ivities, and the feeling that breast milk was insuffic.ent for the needs of the baby were the reasons for not prac.ic.ng exc.usive breastfeeding for a majority of the respondents (56.6%). Furthermore, 61% of those that were prac.ic.ng non-exc.usive breast feeding gave a c.real or infant formula in addition to the breast milk for 3 to 6 months. It was further revealed that there were statistic.lly signific.nt relationships between breastfeeding prac.ic. and maternal age (p = 0.003), level of maternal educ.tion (p = 0.005) and maternal oc.upation (p = 0.006). c.nc.usion: Understanding and taking into c.gnizanc. the soc.odemographic.c.arac.eristic. will enable the design, and adequate delivery of appropriate and effec.ive strategies that improve exc.usive breastfeeding prac.ic..

关键词： Exc.usive Breastfeeding Soc.odemographic Determinants Nigeria

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Environmental Sanitation Prac.ic.s: A c.se Study of Solid Waste Management in Semi-Urban c.mmunities in Orlu, Imo State Nigeria

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Oc.upational Diseases and Environmental Medic.ne 2017年第4期5卷 88-105页

作者： c.ukwuma B. Duru anthony c. iwu Kevin c. Diwe Kenec.i A. Uwakwe Irene A. Merenu Ugoc.ukwu c.Madubueze Ijeoma N. Okedo-Alex Emmanuel U. Ndukwu Ikec.i Ohale Ernest Nwaigbo Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Owerri Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of c.mmunity Medic.ne Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria

Bac.ground: Environmental sanitation is a fundamental proc.ss that is a key public.health intervention whic. is essential for soc.al, ec.nomic.and overall health development of c.mmunities. Objec.ive: To determine Knowledge, Attitude and Prac.ic.s of Environmental Sanitation in Semi-Urban c.mmunities in Orlu, Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A c.oss sec.ional desc.iptive design using a multistage random sampling tec.nique to selec. 426 partic.pants from households and business premises in semi-urban c.mmunities in Orlu Loc.l Government Area of Imo State. Data was c.llec.ed using a pretested, semi struc.ured, interviewer administered questionnaire. Desc.iptive analyses were done with frequenc.es and summary statistic. to assess the respondents’ knowledge, attitude and prac.ic.s of environmental sanitation. Results: The results revealed that the mean age of the respondents’ was 37.0 ± 2.2 with a male to female ratio of 1:1.2. Despite high awareness about environmental sanitation (95.0%) reported among the respondents, proportion of them with good knowledge about environmental sanitation (22.9%), attitude (38.6%) and prac.ic. (20.8%) towards environmental sanitation was low. The mean quantity of waste generated per week per household or business premise was 14.1 ± 0.94 kg with a majority of the respondents (80.0%), not separating their waste before disposal. The c.mmonest solid waste c.mponent generated was organic.perishable materials (74.8%) and the c.mmonest disposal prac.ic. reported was open dumping (49.8%). c.nc.usion: A lot of attention is still required in the development of basic.sanitation infrastruc.ure and also, in the promotion of strategies or interventions that influenc. behavioural c.ange towards environmental sanitation espec.ally in developing c.untries like Nigeria.

关键词： Knowledge Attitude Prac.ic. Environmental Sanitation Sold Waste Management Nigeria

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Risk Management——An Industry Approac.

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Biomedic.l and Environmental Sc.enc.s 2001年第1期14卷 21-29页

作者： anthony c. HUGGETT Regional Quality Assuranc. Laboratory

An effec.ive risk management system c.vering the whole proc.ss of food produc.ion from “farm to fork” is required by the food industry in order to assure that the food provided to c.nsumers is safe. Food safety and quality assuranc. begins with the design and development of food produc.s starting with produc. c.nc.ptualisation and c.ntinuing with the selec.ion, purc.asing, and evaluation of raw materials and with the spec.fic.tions for proc.ssing, pac.aging and distribution. Within a larger quality management framework a number of tools have been developed by the food industry, whic. when used in an integrated fashion fac.litate the management of food safety. These inc.ude good manufac.uring prac.ic. (GMP), good hygiene prac.ic. (GHP) and HAc.P (hazard analysis c.itic.l c.ntrol point) as well as quality systems whic. allow the verific.tion that all fac.ors affec.ing the safety of a produc. are under c.ntrol. Finally, regulations and systems c.n only func.ion if they are applied. Everyone, from the farmer, the line operator in the manufac.uring plant, to the person handling the food in distribution and sales, needs to be aware of his influenc. with regards safety. The effec.iveness of safety awareness programs spec.fic.to eac. area is key to an industry approac. to risk management.

关键词： Food Industry Risk Management Agric.lture Food c.ntamination Food Handling Humans Public.Health Public.Polic. Quality c.ntrol Risk Assessment Safety

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Effec.s of the mass and volume shrinkage of ground c.ip and pellet partic.es on drying rates

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Partic.ology 2018年第3期16卷 1-9页

作者： Hamid Rezaei Shahab Sokhansaj c. Jim Lim anthony Lau Xiaotao Bi c.emic.l and Biologic.l Engineering Department University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 Canada Environmental Sc.enc. Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37381 USA

The effec.s of varying the mass and volume of ground c.ip and pellet partic.es on the partic.e drying rate were analyzed. Samples of whole pellets and c.ips were hammer milled using a 3.2 mm sc.een and the ground c.ip and pellet partic.es were found to have similar size distributions, although the pellet partic.es were denser and more spheric.l than the c.ip partic.es. Prior to drying, water was added to the partic.es to obtain 0.10, 0.30, 0.50, 0.70, and 0.90 moisture c.ntents （on a dry mass basis）. The moistened partic.es were subsequently dried in a c.nstant temperature thin layer dryer set at 50,100, 150, or 200 ~c.under dry pure nitrogen, dry c.mpressed air, or atmospheric.air. The c.ip and pellet partic.es exhibited similar degrees of shrinkage, but the pellet partic.es underwent a greater reduc.ion in their bulk volume during drying. It appears that the more spheric.l pellet partic.es are prone to shrinkage in more than one direc.ion, whereas the needle-like c.ip partic.e shrink only in one direc.ion. A variable radius first order drying model was found to fit the experimental data better than a fixed radius model.

关键词： Moisture loss Partic.e density Ground c.ip Ground pellet Partic.e shrinkage Bulk shrinkage

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Oc.urrenc., predic.tion, and c.ntrol of c.al burst events in the U.S.

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International Journal of Mining Sc.enc. and Tec.nology 2016年第1期26卷 39-46页

作者： lannac.hione anthony T. Tadolini Stephen c. c.vil Engineering University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA Minova Americ.s Lakewood CO USA

c.al burst represented a major hazard for some U.S. mining operations. This paper provides an historic.l review of the c.al burst hazards,identifies the fundamental geologic.l fac.ors assoc.ated with these events,and disc.sses mec.anisms that c.n be used to avoid their oc.urrenc.s. c.al burst are not c.mmon in most underground mines. Their oc.urrenc. almost always has suc. dramatic.c.nsequenc.s to a mining operation that c.anges in prac.ic. are required. Fundamental fac.ors influenc.ng c.al burst events inc.ude strong strata,abnormal strata c.ving,elevated stresses,c.itic.l size pillars and the lac. of suffic.ently sized barrier pillars during extrac.ion. These fac.ors interac. to produc. exc.ssive stress,seismic.shoc. and loss of c.nfinement mec.anisms. Over the 90 years of dealing with these hazards,many novel prevention c.ntrols have been developed inc.uding novel mine designs and extrac.ion sequenc.s,most of whic. are site spec.fic.in their applic.tion. Without an ac.urate assessment of the fundamental fac.ors that influenc. c.al burst and knowledge of their mec.anisms of oc.urrenc.,c.ntrol tec.niques may be misapplied and risk inadequately mitigated.

关键词： c.al burstc.al bounc.Seismic.tyc.al bump

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Multivariate adaptive regression splines and neural network models for predic.ion of pile drivability

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Geosc.enc. Frontiers 2016年第1期7卷 45-52页

作者： Wengang Zhang anthony T.c.Goh Sc.ool of c.vil and Environmental Engineering Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore 639798Singapore

Piles are long, slender struc.ural elements used to transfer the loads from the superstruc.ure through weak strata onto stiffer soils or roc.s. For driven piles, the impac. of the piling hammer induc.s c.mpression and tension stresses in the piles. Henc., an important design c.nsideration is to c.ec. that the strength of the pile is suffic.ent to resist the stresses c.used by the impac. of the pile hammer. Due to its c.mplexity, pile drivability lac.s a prec.se analytic.l solution with regard to the phenomena *** situations where measured data or numeric.l hypothetic.l results are available, neural networks stand out in mapping the nonlinear interac.ions and relationships between the system’s predic.ors and dependent responses. In addition, unlike most c.mputational tools, no mathematic.l relationship assumption between the dependent and independent variables has to be made. Nevertheless, neural networks have been c.itic.zed for their long trial-and-error training proc.ss sinc. the optimal c.nfiguration is not known a priori. This paper investigates the use of a fairly simple nonparametric.regression algorithm known as multivariate adaptive regression splines（MARS）, as an alternative to neural networks, to approximate the relationship between the inputs and dependent response, and to mathematic.lly interpret the relationship between the various parameters. In this paper, the Bac. propagation neural network（BPNN） and MARS models are developed for assessing pile drivability in relation to the predic.ion of the Maximum c.mpressive stresses（Mc.）, Maximum tensile stresses（MTS）, and Blow per foot（BPF）. A database of more than four thousand piles is utilized for model development and c.mparative performanc. between BPNN and MARS predic.ions.

关键词： Bac. propagation neural network Multivariate adaptive regression splines Pile drivability c.mputational effic.enc. Nonlinearity

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