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Animal Nutrition 2021年第4期7卷 1219-1230页

作者： Amelia K.Almeida Roger SHegarty annette cowie School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia NSW Department of Primary Industries Trevenna RdArmidaleNSW2351Australia

Increasingly countries are seeking to reduce emission of greenhouse gases from the agricultural industries,and livestock production in particular,as part of their climate change *** many reviews update progress in mitigation research,a quantitative assessment of the efficacy and performance-consequences of nutritional strategies to mitigate enteric methane(CH_(4))emissions from ruminants has been lacking.A meta-analysis was conducted based on 108 refereed papers from recent animal studies(2000-2020)to report effects on CH4 production,CH_(4) yield and CH_(4) emission intensity from 8 dietary *** interventions(oils,microalgae,nitrate,ionophores,protozoal control,phytochemicals,essential oils and 3-nitrooxypropanol).Of these,macroalgae and 3-nitrooxypropanol showed greatest efficacy in reducing CH_(4) yield(g CH_(4)/kg of dry matter intake)at the doses *** confidence intervals derived for the mitigation efficacies could be applied to estimate the potential to reduce national livestock emissions through the implementation of these dietary interventions.

关键词： Beef cattle Methane emissions abatement Dairy cattle Greenhouse gas Sheep

Effects of Different Biochars on Pinus elliottii Growth,N Use Efficiency,Soil N_2O and CH_4 Emissions and C Storage in a Subtropical Area of China

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Pedosphere 2017年第2期27卷 248-261页

作者： LIN Zhibin LIU Qi LIU Gang annette L.cowie BEI Qicheng LIU Benjuan WANG Xiaojie MA Jing ZHU Jianguo XIE Zubin State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008(China) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049(China) University of New England Rural Climate SolutionsArmidale NSW 2351(Australia) Jiangsu Biochar Engineering Center Nanjing 210008(China)

Intensive management of planted forests may result in soil degradation and decline in timber yield with successive rotations. Biochars may be beneficial for plant production, nutrient uptake and greenhouse gas mitigation. Biochar properties vary widely and are known to be highly dependent on feedstocks, but their effects on planted forest ecosystem are elusive. This study investigated the effects of chicken manure biochar, sawdust biochar and their feedstocks on 2-year-old Pinus elliottii growth, fertilizer N use efficiency （NUE）, soil N20 and CH4 emissions, and C storage in an acidic forest soil in a subtropical area of China for one year. The soil was mixed with materials in a total of 8 treatments： non-amended control （CK）; sawdust at 2.16 kg m^-2 （SD）; chicken manure at 1.26 kg m^-2 （CM）; sawdust biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 （SDB）; chicken manure biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 （CMB）; 15N-fertilizer alone （10.23 atom% 15N）（NF）; sawdust biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 plus lSN-fertilizer （SDBN） and chicken manure biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 plus 15N-fertilizer （CMBN）. Results showed that the CMB treatment increased P. elliottii net primary production （aboveground biomass plus litterfall） and annual net C fixation （ANCF） by about 180% and 157%, respectively, while the the SDB treatment had little effect on P. eUiottii growth. The 15N stable isotope labelling technique revealed that fertilizer NUE was 22.7% in CK, 25.5% in the NF treatment, and 37.0% in the CMB treatment. Chicken manure biochar significantly increased soil pH, total N, total P, total K, available P and available K. Only 2% of the N in chicken manure biochar was available to the tree. The soil N20 emission and CH4 uptake showed no significant differences among the treatments. The apparent C losses from the SD and CM treatments were 35% and 61%, respectively; while those from the CMB and SDB treatments were negligible. These demonstrated that it is crucial to consider biochar properties while evaluating their effects on plant g

关键词： biochar properties C sequestration 15N-fertilizer application emissions of greenhouse gases planted forest soil fertility

Most root-derived carbon inputs do not contribute to long-term global soil carbon storage

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第5期66卷 1072-1086页

作者： Guocheng WANG Liujun XIAO Ziqi LIN Qing ZHANG Xiaowei GUO annette cowie Shuai ZHANG Mingming WANG Songchao CHEN Ganlin ZHANG Zhou SHI Wenjuan SUN Zhongkui LUO Institute of Agriculture Remote Sensing and Information Technology College of Environmental and Resource SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China LAPC Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China School of Atmospheric Sciences Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster StudiesSun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai519082China New South Wales Department of Primary Industries University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing210008China Academy of Ecological Civilization Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health Ministry of EducationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information System Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310058China

Plant root-derived carbon(C)inputs(I_(root))are the primary source of C in mineral bulk ***,a fraction of I_(root)may lose quickly(I_(loss),e.g.,via rhizosphere microbial respiration,leaching and fauna feeding)without contributing to long-term bulk soil C storage,yet this loss has never been quantified,particularly on a global *** this study we integrated three observational global data sets including soil radiocarbon content,allocation of photo synthetically assimilated C,and root biomass distribution in 2,034 soil profiles to quantify I_(root)and its contribution to the bulk soil C *** show that global average I_(root)in the 0-200 cm soil profile is 3.5 Mg ha^(-1)yr^(-1),~80%of which(i.e.,I_(loss))is lost rather than co ntributing to long-term bulk soil C storage.I_(root)decreases exponentially with soil depth,and the top 20 cm soil contains>60%of total I_(root).Actual C input contributing to long-term bulk soil storage(i.e.,I_(root)-I_(loss))shows a similar depth distribution to I_(root).We also map I_(loss)and its depth distribution across the *** results demonstrate the global significance of direct C losses which limit the contribution of I_(root)to bulk soil C storage;and provide spatially explicit data to facilitate reliable soil C predictions via separating direct C losses from total root-derived C inputs.

关键词： Carbon inputs Root biomass Soil organic carbon Depth distribution Bulk soil carbon Radiocarbon

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粮草畜耦合系统模拟

粮草畜耦合系统模拟

Extreme fire weather is the major driver of severe bushfires in southeast Australia

第二十届中国作物学会学术年会

作者：王自奎刘德立王斌 annette cowie 兰州大学草业农业科技学院

粮草畜耦合系统包括作物、牧草和家畜的共同生产,相较于传统单一粮食作物种植系统其自给能力更强、环境成本较低。然而该耦合系统产量优势的形成机制尚不清楚,气候变化条件下系统资源利用规律和生产潜力也不清晰。本研究利用经过验证的A... 详细信息

粮草畜耦合系统包括作物、牧草和家畜的共同生产,相较于传统单一粮食作物种植系统其自给能力更强、环境成本较低。然而该耦合系统产量优势的形成机制尚不清楚,气候变化条件下系统资源利用规律和生产潜力也不清晰。本研究利用经过验证的APSIM模型,在两种共享社会经济路径（SSP245和SSP585）下,利用27个全球气候模型（GCMs）提供的气候数据,模拟了包含6种不同作物轮作的粮食-牧草-绵羊耦合生产系统（WCWC、WFWC、WFWO、WWB、WWC和WWO）,将纯作物轮作设定为参照,评估了历史时期（1985-2008）、近未来（NF,2033-2056）和远未来（FF,2057-2080）条件下耦合农业系统中牧草、作物和家畜放牧对土壤水分和氮平衡及系统生产力的影响。结果显示,与作物系统相比耦合生产系统将更多的氮（N）还原回土壤,作物生长阶段的氮还原量在历史时期为28.1～28.3 kg ha,在未来气候下为32.2～36.4 kg ha,牧草生长阶段的氮以有机物和尿素的形式返回土壤,SSP245情景下历史时期、NF和FF等不同时期返还量分别为66.3、80.4和83.8 kg ha,SSP585情景下NF和FF返还量分别为85.5和94.4 kg ha。耦合系统中存在时间上的氮素互补作用,不同的轮作和气候情景下作物每年从土壤中吸收25.4～58.2 kg ha的氮。在水分平衡方面,耦合系统显著减少了深层排水,降雨的收集效率比作物系统提高了11.0%-12.3%。耦合系统中更多的水分用于蒸腾作用,蒸腾与蒸散比（T/ET）相较于作物系统增加了38.1%～44.6%。SSP245情景下历史、NF和FF等不同时期常规系统中作物水分利用效率为9.81、10.71和11.03 kg ha mm,耦合系统中增加到10.67、11.60和11.99 kg ha mm,SSP585 NF和FF下进一步增加至为12.33和13.60 kg ha mm。耦合系统粗蛋白水分利用效率比作物系统分别提高了33.1%～61.6%。在未来气候条件下,紫花苜蓿后的第一年小麦作物的产量优势受到土壤水分含量的限制,而其他作物产量优势由于气候变暖而增加。WCWC轮作苜蓿的8年耦合生产系统经济效益最高,而WFWO轮作苜蓿系统的经济效益增加幅度最大。并且,耦合种植系统大幅度增加了土壤有机碳,历史条件下温室气体排放与传统农业系统相当,未来气候下需要通过秸秆还田增加土壤碳汇,以减少耦合农业系统的温室气体排放量。本研究表明,粮草畜耦合农业系统对氮输入的依赖较低,减少了水分渗漏和蒸发损失,提高了水分利用效率和系统产量。在未来的气候条件下,水氮互补利用和产量优势可以进一步增强。建议在旱作农区采用粮食作物-苜蓿轮作饲养家畜的耦合生产方式提高变化环境下农业系统的生产稳定性。

关键词： APSIM 农业系统建模耦合农业水氮互补利用资源利用效率

来源： cnki会议评论

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Science Bulletin 2022年第6期67卷 655-664,M0004页

作者： Bin Wang Allan C.Spessa Puyu Feng Xin Hou Chao Yue Jing-Jia Luo Philippe Ciais Cathy Waters annette cowie Rachael H.Nolan Tadas Nikonovas Huidong Jin Henry Walshaw Jinghua Wei Xiaowei Guo De Li Liu Qiang Yu State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Wagga Wagga Agricultural InstituteWagga Wagga 2650Australia Department of Geography College of ScienceSwansea UniversitySingleton ParkSwansea SA28PPUK College of Land Science and Technology China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China Institute for Climate and Application Research(ICAR)/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education(KLME) Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement CEA-CNRS-UVSQGif sur Yvette F-91191France New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Dubbo 2830Australia New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Armidale 2351Australia School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New EnglandArmidale 2351Australia Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney UniversityPenrith 2751Australia CSIRO Data61 Canberra 2601Australia Python Charmers Pty Ltd Hawthorn 3122Australia Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesXining 810008China Climate Change Research Centre University of New South WalesSydney 2052Australia College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

In Australia,the proportion of forest area that burns in a typical fire season is less than for other vegetation ***,the 2019-2020 austral spring-summer was an exception,with over four times the previous maximum area burnt in southeast Australian temperate *** forest fires have extensive socio-economic,human health,greenhouse gas emissions,and biodiversity impacts due to high fire intensities.A robust model that identifies driving factors of forest fires and relates impact thresholds to fire activity at regional scales would help land managers and fire-fighting agencies prepare for potentially hazardous fire in ***,we developed a machine-learning diagnostic model to quantify nonlinear relationships between monthly burnt area and biophysical factors in southeast Australian forests for 2001-2020 on a 0.25°grid based on several biophysical parameters,notably fire weather and vegetation *** model explained over 80%of the variation in the burnt *** identified that burnt area dynamics in southeast Australian forest were primarily controlled by extreme fire weather,which mainly linked to fluctuations in the Southern Annular Mode(SAM)and Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD),with a relatively smaller contribution from the central Pacific El Niño Southern Oscillation(ENSO).Our fire diagnostic model and the non-linear relationships between burnt area and environmental covariates can provide useful guidance to decision-makers who manage preparations for an upcoming fire season,and model developers working on improved early warning systems for forest fires.

关键词： Remote sensing Forest fires Climate drivers Burnt area modelling Machine learning Southeast Australia

植物根系碳输入对非根际土壤碳库贡献的全球定量研究

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中国科学：地球科学 2023年第5期53卷 1067-1082页

作者：王国成肖浏骏林子祺张晴郭晓伟 annette cowie 张帅王明明陈颂超张甘霖史舟孙文娟罗忠奎浙江大学环境与资源学院农业遥感与信息技术应用研究所杭州310058 中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室北京100029 中山大学大气科学学院珠海519082 New South Wales Department of Primary Industries/University of New England ArmidaleNSW 2351Australia 中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室南京210008 浙江大学生态文明研究院杭州310058 浙江大学污染环境修复与生态健康教育部重点实验室杭州310058 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室北京100093 浙江省农业遥感与信息技术重点研究实验室杭州310058

植物根系碳输入(Iroot)是土壤碳的主要来源.一部分Iroot进入土壤后会通过根际微生物呼吸、淋溶和动物啃食等过程迅速离开土壤(Iloss),从而限制Iroot对土壤固碳的贡献.然而,全球尺度上鲜有针对Iroot和Iloss的定量研究.通过整合三套全球... 详细信息

植物根系碳输入(Iroot)是土壤碳的主要来源.一部分Iroot进入土壤后会通过根际微生物呼吸、淋溶和动物啃食等过程迅速离开土壤(Iloss),从而限制Iroot对土壤固碳的贡献.然而,全球尺度上鲜有针对Iroot和Iloss的定量研究.通过整合三套全球观测数据集(包括土壤放射性碳同位素14C、植物地上和地下净初级生产力以及植物根系生物量垂直分布,共计2,034个站点),文章估算了Iroot和Iloss及其全球分布格局.结果表明,全球0~200cm土壤中,Iroot平均为3.5Mg ha–1a–1,其中约80%为***随土层深度增加指数减少,全球0~200cm土壤中超过60%的Iroot集中在表层0~20cm;Iloss的绝对量也同样随土层深度增加而迅速减少.利用机器学习模型模拟的方法,文章进一步在全球1km×1km空间分辨率上对不同土层的Iroot和Iloss进行了数字制图.这项研究在全球尺度上证明了大部分植物根系碳输入并不直接贡献于非根际土壤的长期固碳,并为促进全球土壤碳动态的准确预测提供了一系列高精度土壤碳输入数据产品.

关键词：碳输入根系生物量土壤有机碳土壤固碳非根际土壤放射性碳同位素

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《自然》评论有关零排放目标的建议

家电科技 2021年第3期3卷 15-15页

作者： Joeri Rogelj Oliver Geden annette cowie Andy Reisinger 不详

五年前,《联合国巴黎气候协定》为抑制全球变暖设定了一个上限,该上限的值远低于2℃,理想情况是相对于工业化前水平的1.5℃。世界各国领导人同意在本世纪下半叶平衡温室气体的排放,以使人类活动所排放的所有温室气体的总和为零。越来越... 详细信息

五年前,《联合国巴黎气候协定》为抑制全球变暖设定了一个上限,该上限的值远低于2℃,理想情况是相对于工业化前水平的1.5℃。世界各国领导人同意在本世纪下半叶平衡温室气体的排放,以使人类活动所排放的所有温室气体的总和为零。越来越多的国家、机构和公司企业积极响应,宣布了碳中和目标。包括美国、中国、欧盟、科技公司微软和欧洲机场联盟等都在积极努力。《自然》评论指出,这虽然令人鼓舞,但实现这些目标非常困难。

关键词：温室气体碳中和全球变暖零排放《自然》工业化巴黎气候协定