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Effect of Gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis as an Improver on the Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour Dough

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2024年第4期15卷 298-312页

作者： Roseline Mwihaki Kiama Mary Omwamba George Wafula wanjala Symon Maina Mahungu Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology Egerton University Nakuru Kenya Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute Nairobi Kenya

Dough improvers are substances with functional characteristics used in baking industry to enhance dough properties. Currently, the baking industry is faced with increasing demand for natural ingredients owing to increasing consumer awareness, thus contributing to the rising demand for natural hydrocolloids. Gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis is a natural gum exhibiting excellent water binding and emulsification capacity. However, very little is reported on how it affects the rheological properties of wheat dough. The aim of this study was therefore, to determine the rheological properties of wheat dough with partial additions of gum Arabic as an improver. Six treatments were analyzed comprising of: flour-gum blends prepared by adding gum Arabic to wheat flour at different levels (1%, 2% and 3%), plain wheat flour (negative control), commercial bread flour and commercial chapati flour (positive controls). The rheological properties were determined using Brabender Farinograph, Brabender Extensograph and Brabender Viscograph. Results showed that addition of gum Arabic significantly (p chapati. These findings support the need to utilize gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis as a dough improver.

关键词： Gum Arabic Improver Rheology Hydrocolloids Wheat Dough

Effect of Gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis as an Improver on the Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour Dough

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Application of SWAT Model to the Olifants Basin: Calibration, Validation and Uncertainty Analysis

Food and Nutrition Sciences（食品与营养科学） 2024年第4期 298页

作者： Roseline Mwihaki Kiama Mary Omwamba George Wafula wanjala Symon Maina Mahungu

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2016年第3期8卷 397-410页

作者： Charles Gyamfi Julius Musyoka Ndambuki Ramadhan wanjala Salim Department of Civil Engineering Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa School of Bio-Resources Engineering Anglican University College of Technology Nkoranza Ghana

The application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to the Olifants Basin in South Africa was the focus of our study with emphasis on calibration, validation and uncertainty analysis. The Basin was discretized into 23 sub-basins and 226 Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs) using 3 arc second (90 m × 90 m) pixel resolution SRTM DEM with stream gauge B7H015 as the Basin outlet. Observed stream flow data at B7H015 were used for model calibration (1988-2001) and validation (2002-2013) using the split sample approach. Relative global sensitivity analysis using SUFI-2 algorithm was used to determine sensitive parameters to stream flow for calibration of the model. Performance efficiency of the Olifants SWAT model was assessed using Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE), coefficient of determination (R2), Percent Bias (PBIAS) and Root Mean Square Error-Observation Standard deviation Ratio (RSR). Sensitivity analysis revealed in decreasing order of significance, runoff curve number (CN2), alpha bank factor (ALPHA_BNK), soil evaporation compensation factor (ESCO), soil available water capacity (SOIL_AWC, mm H2O/mm soil), groundwater delay (GW_ DELAY, days) and groundwater “revap” coefficient (GW_REVAP) to be the most sensitive parameters to stream flow. Analysis of the model during the calibration period gave the following statistics;NSE = 0.88;R2 = 0.89;PBIAS = -11.49%;RSR = 0.34. On the other hand, statistics during the validation period were NSE = 0.67;R2 = 0.79;PBIAS = -20.69%;RSR = 0.57. The observed statistics indicate the applicability of the SWAT model in simulating the hydrology of the Olifants Basin and therefore can be used as a Decision Support Tool (DST) by water managers and other relevant decisions making bodies to influence policy directions on the management of watershed processes especially water resources.

关键词： Calibration Validation Uncertainty Analysis Olifants Basin SWAT Model

Optimization of Protein Content and Dietary Fibre in a Composite Flour Blend Containing Rice (Oryza sativa), Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] and Bamboo (Yushania alpine) Shoots

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2020年第8期11卷 789-806页

作者： Wafula Nobert wanjala Omwamba Mary Mahungu Symon Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology Egerton University Egerton Kenya

Initiatives on tackling food insecurity among global emerging economies are being focused on enriching native staple foods with locally available nutritious underutilized crops. The objective of this study was to optimize protein content and dietary fibre in rice (Oryza sativa) flour using Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Bamboo shoots (Yushania alpine). An extreme vertices design of mixture approach with 11 runs was employed in the study using MINITAB® software. The 11 blends from 11 generated runs and individual ingredient samples were analyzed for nutritional composition. Energy value and energy-to-protein ratio for the samples was calculated. Bamboo shoots flour (BSF) had the highest content for all proximate components except total carbohydrates on dry weight basis. Rice had the highest content of total carbohydrates at 77.71% and energy to protein ratio of 53.72 kcal/g. Sorghum had the highest mean total phenolic and condensed tannins of 45.512 (mg GAE/kg) and 2.512 (mg CE/g) while rice the least with 0.042 (mg GAE/kg) and 0.102 (mg CE/g), respectively. Fresh bamboo shoo

关键词： Optimization Protein Dietary Fibre Bamboo Shoots Mixture Analysis

Influence of Feed Rate, Moisture and Mixture Composition from Composites Containing Rice (Oryza sativa), Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] and Bamboo (Yushania alpine) Shoots on Physical Properties of Extruded Flour and Mass Transfer

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2020年第8期11卷 807-823页

作者： Wafula Nobert wanjala Omwamba Mary M. Mahungu Symon Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology Egerton University Egerton Kenya

Raw material composition, loading rate and moisture level in extrusion processing have a direct bearing on physical properties of the product besides other extruder operational parameters. These properties greatly influence the consumer appeal, package design and shelflife of the product. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of sorghum and rice flour containing bamboo shoot flour (BSF) and other ingredients on resultant flour and product throughput. A commercial single screw extruder with a constant barrel temperature of 250°C and screw speed of 1480 rpm was used. Five different blends (100:0:0, 70:30:0, 60:30:10, 55:30:15 and 50:27:23 for rice, sorghum and BSF respectively, on dry weight basis) were extruded at three levels of water addition (15, 20 and 25 kg/h) and two feed rates (1800 and 2100 kg/h). Extrudates were analyzed for expansion ratio (ER). Extrudates were then milled to particle size of 2 mm and flour samples were analyzed for hydration properties, colour, bulk density (BD) and oil holding capacity (OHC). Product throughput was calculated using mass balance equation based on dry matter content of the raw materials and the corresponding extruded product. Mixture composition significantly affected all physico-chemical properties analyzed for the products except water solubility index (WSI). Feed rate significantly affected all physico-chemical of the product properties except WSI and colour lightness (L*). Water addition significantly affected product mass transfer, ER, BD, colour and swelling capacity (SC). Therefore, BSF can be blended with other ingredients and extrusion parameters be

关键词： Bamboo Shoots Extrusion Physical Properties Mass Transfer

Electrophoretic Deposition of TiO2/Nb2O5 Composite Electrode Thin Films for Photovoltaic Application

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Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 2014年第4期8卷 757-764页

作者： John Njagi Nguu Bernard Odhiambo Aduda Francis wanjala Nyongesa Robinson Juma Musembi Department of Physics University of Nairobi Nairobi P.O.Box 30197-00100 Nairobi Kenya

Nano sized powders of TiO2 （titanium dioxide） and Nb2O5 （Niobium （V） oxide） were used to fabricate TiO2/Nb2O5 composites thin films by EPD （electrophoretic deposition） technique. The metal oxide powders, together with magnesium nitrate hexahydrate pellets, were suspended in propan-2-ol inside an EPD cell. The electrodes, placed 1.2 cm apart, were partially immersed in the suspension and a DC potential applied across them. Key EPD process parameters, which include applied DC electric field, deposition time and solid concentration in suspension, were optimized through visual inspection and from UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer spectra. The highest （55%） transmittance was obtained for films with deposition time of 90 s, powder concentration of 0.01 g/40 mL, and 35 V DC （direct current） voltage. XRD micrographs confirmed that TiO2 and Nb2O5 particles were presented in the composite film. SEM （scanning electron microscope） micrographs of the composite electrode thin films showed that porous films of high quality with well controlled morphology were deposited by using the EPD technique.

关键词： Electrophoretic deposition TiO2/Nb2O5 composite electrode thin films.

Chimeric ALT Perforator-Free Flap with Vastus Lateralis Muscle for the Obliteration of the Intrathoracic Dead Space Post-Pneumonectomy: A Case Report

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Modern Plastic Surgery 2023年第3期13卷 63-73页

作者： Nelson Oduor Ouma Daniel Odhiambo Otieno Lee Njagi Munge Ferdinand wanjala Nang’ole Department of Surgery Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Thematic Unit College of Health Sciences The University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Chest wall reconstruction is a surgical procedure aimed at restoring the integrity and function of the chest wall, which may be damaged due to trauma, cancer, infection, or congenital defects. The chest wall plays a vital role in protecting the thoracic organs, supporting the respiratory system, and maintaining the shape of the chest. Therefore, any defect or deformity of the chest wall can have significant functional and aesthetic consequences for the patient. The authors present a case report at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) of a dyspneic 47-year-old male patient with a right anterolateral chest wall defect post-pneumonectomy previously complicated by bronchopleural fistula. Past attempts at the chest wall reconstruction had utilized the ipsilateral latissimus dorsi muscle, pectoralis major muscle, and the omental pedicled flaps with limited success. A chimeric anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator-free flap with vastus lateralis (VL) muscle was used to obliterate the post-pneumonectomy intrathoracic dead space and to provide a cutaneous paddle. This case report aims to show the versatility of the ALT flap for chest wall reconstruction to prevent the post-pneumonectomy syndrome associated with tracheal deviation, inspiratory stridor, and exertional dyspnea. In conclusion, chest wall reconstruction with obliteration of intrathoracic dead space post-pneumonectomy is challenging and needs careful planning and execution.

关键词： Chest Wall Reconstruction Bronchopleural Fistula Pneumonectomy Chimeric ALT Flap Intrathoracic Dead Spacepost-Pneumonectomy

Evaluation of Cowpea Genotypes for Resistance to Fusarium redolensin Uganda

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第9期8卷 2296-2314页

作者： Roy wanjala Namasaka Geoffrey Tusiime Martin Orawu Paul Gibson Josiane Nyiramugisha Richard Edema Department of Agricultural Production Makerere University Kampala Uganda National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute (NaSARRI) Soroti Uganda

Fusarium redolens, a virulent fungus which causes damping off, leaf yellowing, wilting and root rots has recently been devastating cowpea fields in Uganda. This study aimed at identifying cowpea genotypes that are resistant to Fusarium redolens. Therefore, ninety cowpea genotypes were evaluated two times against a highly virulent Fusarium redolens (isolate from Zombo in Paidha district) in the screen house in 2016. Genotype effect was highly significant (P 0.001) for root rot severity. Based on the Index of Susceptibility (IS), three genotypes (Asontem, Dan1 LA and IT89KD-88) remained resistant (IS 3.5) over the two screening periods, 72 moderately resistant (3.5 ≤ IS 6.5) and 11 susceptible (IS ≥ 6.5). Resistance was found to be enhanced by presence of lateral roots above or at the ground level. Further results suggested a difference in genetic control of resistance to root rots and seed rots caused by Fusarium redolens. All the released varieties tested (SECOW 1 T, SECOW 2 W, SECOW 3 B, SECOW 4 W and SECOW 5 T) had moderate resistance to Fusarium redolens. Correlation analysis revealed root rot severity was strongly correlated to disease incidence (+0.64, P 0.001), to proportion of plants with lateral roots (-0.56, P 0.001), to amount of leaf chlorophyll (-0.53, P 0.001) and to proportion of plants that died prematurely due to Fusarium redolens infection (+0.45, P 0.001). No significant correlation was detected between root rot severity and proportion of plants that germinated. The established resistance could be exploited for improvement of farmer preferred cowpea varieties towards Fusarium redolens resistance in Uganda.

关键词： Root Rot Severity Lateral Roots Seed Rots Root Rots Resistance Index of Susceptibility

The Effectiveness of Coccinellids as Natural Enemies of Aphids in Maize, Beans and Cowpeas Intercrop

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2012年第8期2卷 1003-1010页

作者： Robert W. Nyukuri Stella C. Kirui Fred M. E. wanjala 1 Jared O. Odhiambo Evelyne Cheramgoi Department of Biological Sciences School of Science Moi University P.O. Box 1125 Eldoret Kenya Department of Biological Sciences School of Science Narok University College P.O. Box 861 Narok Department of Physics Masinde Muliro University P.O. Box 190 Kakamega Department of Plant Protection Tea Research Foundation P.O. Box 820-20200 Kericho

A field study was conducted in Busia district of Kenya to elucidate the dynamics of ladybirds in mixed stands of maize, beans and cowpeas to determine their efficacy as sole control measures for Aphids. Maize, beans and cowpeas were intercropped using conventional husbandry practices and the general Coccinellid quantified as follows： Colonies of four Coccinellids, starved for 12 hours to enhance feeding on Aphids were assessed. The effects of weather on the abundance of Coccinellids were also investigated and involved collection of meteorological data from the Busia District Agricultural Office （BDAO） and from Busia Farmers Training Centre （BFTC） and relating them to the abundance and predation values. The predator population was most abundant in the mixed stands of maize and beans （2.33 predators/30 Aphids） as compared to their occurrence in pure stands of cowpeas （0.85 predators/30 Aphids）. The genus Cheilomenes spp. was the most ubiquitous predator with a mean of 4.00 individuals/30 Aphids while Hippodamia variegata was the least abundant predator species with a mean of 0.92 individuals/30 Aphids in all the agro-ecosystems. The larvae of Hippodamia variegata were the most bio-efficient, consuming 32.44 Aphids while their adults were the least bio-efficient, consuming 4.22 individuals for a period of 12 hours. The Coccinellids consumed more Aphids at higher aphid densities （24.05 Aphids） than at lower aphid densities （9.44 Aphids） over the same period of time. Rainfall and relative humidity had significant （F = 3.675; P 〈 0.05） effects on the abundance of Coccinellids. Temperature had significant （F = 3.58; P 〈 0.05） effect on the abundance of Coccinellids though at a lower level. Rainfall （r = -0.162） and relative humidity （r = - 0.084） were both inversely correlated with the abundance of Coccinellids. On the other hand, temperature was positively correlated （r = 0.159） with the prevalence of Coccinellids indicating that warmer and drier conditions favoured their

关键词： Efficacy Coccinellids Aphids natural enemies ecological factors crops.