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Pacing and predictors of performance during cross-country skiing races:A systematic review

Journal of Sport and Health Science 2018年第4期7卷 381-393页

作者： Thomas Stogg Barbara Pellegrini hans-Christer Holmberg Department of Sport and exercise Science University of SalzburgHallein/Rif 5400Austria CeRiSM Research Centre＂Sport Mountainand Health＂Rovereto 36068Italy Department of Neuroscience Biomedicine and MovementUniversity of VeronaVerona 37100Italy Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre Mid Sweden UniversityOstersund 83128Sweden School of Sport Sciences UiT Arctic University of NorwayTroms（）9037Norway School of Kinesiology University of British ColumbiaVancouverBC V6T 121Canada Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska InstitutetStockhol 17177Sweden Corresponding author.e-mail address：thomas.stoeggl@sbg.ac.at

Background： Cross-country skiing （XCS） racing, a popular international winter sport, is complex and challenging from physical, technical, and tactical perspectives. Despite the vast amount of research focusing on this sport, no review has yet addressed the pacing strategies of elite XCS racers or the factors that influence their performance. The aim was to review the scientific literature in an attempt to determine the effects of pacing strategy on the performance of elite XCS racers. Methods： Four electronic databases were searched using relevant subject headings and keywords. Only original research articles published in peerreviewed journals and the english language and addressing performance, biomechanics, physiology, and anthropometry of XCS racers were reviewed. Results： All 27 included articles applied correlative designs to study the effectiveness of different pacing strategies. None of the articles involved the use of an experimental design. Furthermore, potential changes in external conditions （e.g.,weather, ski properties） were not taken into consideration. A comparable number of studies focused on the skating or classical technique. In most cases, positive pacing was observed, with certain indications that higher-level athletes and those with more endurance and strength utilized a more even pacing strategy. The ability to achieve and maintain a long cycle length on all types of terrain was an important determinant of performance in all of the included studies, which was not the case for cycle rate. In general, uphill performance was closely related to overall race performance, with uphill performance being most closely correlated to the success of female skiers and performance on flat terrain being more important for male skiers. Moreover, pacing was coupled to the selection and distribution of technique during a race, with faster skiers employing more double poling and kick double poling, less diagonal stride, and more V2 （double dance） than V1 （single d

关键词： Classic style Competition Cycle characteristics Positive pacing Skating

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荷马墓上的一朵玫瑰

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新东方英语（中学版） 2006年第9期 36-37页

作者： hans Christian andersen 周宇

荷马是公元前1000年希腊的一位伟大诗人.他写有两部描写希腊人远征特洛伊城的驰名史诗——《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。他的墓地上开满了美丽的玫瑰花。花丛中有只夜莺,为那朵最漂亮的玫瑰唱着爱情之歌……

关键词：玫瑰花荷马伊利亚特花瓣北极光骆驼爱情歌手土地载货

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The pairwise velocity difference of over 2000 BHB stars in the Milky Way halo

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2009年第11期9卷 1230-1240页

作者： Xiang-Xiang Xue hans-Walter Rix Gang Zhao National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100012 China Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy Konigstuhl 17 D-69117 Heidelberg Germany Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Models of hierarchical galaxy formation predict that the extended stellar halos of galaxies like our Milky Way show a great deal of sub-structure, arising from disrupted satellites. Spatial sub-structure is directly observed, and has been quantified, in the Milky Way＇s stellar halo. Phase-space conservation implies that there should be sub-structure in position-velocity space. Here, we aim to quantify such position-velocity sub-structure, using a state-of-the art data set having over 2000 blue horizontal branch （BHB） stars with photometry and spectroscopy from SDSS. For stars in dynamically cold streams （＂young＂ streams）, we expect that pairs of objects that are physically close also have similar velocities. Therefore, we apply the well-established ＂pairwise velocity difference＂（PVD） statistic （｜ △Vlos ｜）（△r）, where we expect （｜ △Vlos ｜） to drop for small separations At. We calculate the PVD for the SDSS BHB sample and find 〈｜ △Vlos ｜〉（△r） ≈ const., i.e. no such signal. By making mock-observations of the simulations by Bullock ＆ Johnston and applying the same statistic, we show that for individual, dynamically young streams, or assemblages of such streams, （｜ △Vlos ｜） drops for small distance separations At, as qualitatively expected. However, for a realistic complete set of halo streams, the pair-wise velocity difference shows no signal, as the simulated halos are dominated by ＂dynamically old＂ phase-mixed streams. Our findings imply that the sparse sampling and the sample sizes in SDSS DR6 are still insufficient to use the position-velocity sub-structure for a stringent quantitative data-model comparison. Therefore, alternate statistics must be explored and much more densely sampled surveys, dedicated to the structure of the Milky Way, such as LAMOST, are needed.

关键词： cosmology dark matter-- galaxies individual (Milky Way) -- galaxy halo -- stars horizontal-branch- stars kinematics

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第三十三夜

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新东方英语 2004年第12M期 80-81页

作者： hans Christian andersen 王妍

安徒生的童话陪伴我们的童年。当我们长大后,再去看那些童话,会猛然发现,原未安徒生的故事不只是写给被子看的。本文中,在一样的月光下,月亮看见了,安徒生看见了……邪我们呢,到底看见了什么?

关键词：安徒生故事童话月亮童年发现孩子

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卖火柴的小姑娘

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中学生英语（初中版） 2003年第12期 4-6页

作者： hans Christian andersen 胡笳

It was terribly cold and nearly dark on the last evening of the old year, and the snow was falling fast. In the cold and the darkness, a poor little girl, with bare; head and naked feet, roamed through the streets. It... 详细信息

关键词：《卖火柴的小姑娘》初中英语阅读欣赏英汉对照

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淘气的爱神

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大学英语 2014年第4期 4-5,7页

作者： hans Christian andersen 路遥

Along time ago, there lived an old poet, a thoroughly kind old poet. As he was sitting one evening in his room, a dreadful storm arose without, and the rain streamed down from heaven; but the old poet sat warm and com... 详细信息

关键词：高校英语课外阅读阅读材料

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小精灵星帽

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疯狂英语（初中天地） 2018年第4期 24-25页

作者： hans Christian andersen 抱朴子

参考译文众所周知,所有小精灵的样子都非常古怪;其中一个叫星帽的小精灵却更古怪。他个头仅比你的拇指大点,总是穿着一件经常变色的丝质夹克,时而绿色,时而红,时而蓝色,时而黄;头上总戴着一顶巨大的布满星形图案的礼帽。

关键词：中学英语课外阅读阅读材料

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枞树

枞树

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作者： (丹)安徒生(hans Christian andersen)

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Understanding genetics, sex and signaling: Implications of sex-dependent APOe4-neutrophil-microglia interactions for Alzheimer’s and tauopathies

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2024年第10期9卷 4167-4169页

作者： Natja Haag Juliane Bremer hans Zempel Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine University Hospital RWTH AachenAachenGermany Institute of Neuropathology University Hospital RWTH AachenAachenGermany Institute of Human Genetics Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne(CMMC) University of CologneCologneGermany Department of Nuclear Medicine Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany

A recent study published in Nature Medicine uncovers a novel sex-dependent mechanism involving the apolipoprotein e ε4 (APOe4) and in particular neutrophils and their signaling to microglia, which then would mediate cognitive decline in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD).1 We here put the main findings into perspective with current knowledge about APOe4 genotype and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of AD and related tauopathies, and discuss future research directions and therapeutic implications.

关键词： Alzheimer tau Medicine

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雪女王

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丛书名： WOW！不可思议的漫画英语

2011年

作者： (丹)安徒生(hans Christian andersen)原

本书选取了小朋友们最喜爱的雪女王，寓教于乐，让小朋友们在阅读故事中乐趣的学习英语。

ISBN: (纸本)7564044756

本书选取了小朋友们最喜爱的雪女王，寓教于乐，让小朋友们在阅读故事中乐趣的学习英语。

关键词：漫画

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