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Genetic variation in birds in relation to predation risk by hawks： A comparative analysis

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Current Zoology 2015年第1期61卷 1-9页

作者： anders p. moller Jan T. NIELSEN Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systematique et Evolution CNRS UMR 8079 Universite Paris-Sud Batiment 362 F-91405 Orsay Cedex France Espedal 4 Tolne DK-9870 Sindal Denmark

The level of genetic variation among individuals may affect performance by reducing the ability of prey to detect and escape from predators if lack of genetic variation reduces flight ability directly or indirectly through reduced parasite resistance. We investigated vulnerability of common avian prey species to predation by the sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus and the goshawk A. gentilis in relation to an index of genetic similarity among adults of potential prey species. We estimated a prey vulnerability in- dex that reflects the abundance of prey relative to the expected abundance according to local p.p.lation density, and related this index to band sharing coefficients based on analyses of minisatellites for adults in local breeding p.p.lations. The prey vulnera- bility index was positively correlated with the band sharing coefficient in both predators, even when controlling for potentially confounding variables. These findings indicate that prey species with high band sharing coefficients, and hence low levels of genetic variation, are more readily caught by avian predators. Therefore, predation may constitute a major cost of low levels of genetic variation in extant p.p.lations of prey [Current Zoology 61（1）： 1-9, 2015].

关键词： Band sharing Birds Minisatellites predation risk

Why cuckoos should parasitize parrotbills by laying eggs randomly rather than laying eggs matching the egg appearance of parrotbill hosts?

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Chinese Birds 2015年第2期6卷 53-59页

作者： Canchao Yang Fugo Takasu Wei Liang anders p moller Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Tropical plant and Animal Ecology College of Life SciencesHainan Normal University Department of Information and Computer Sciences Nara Women’s University Laboratoired’Ecologie Systématique et EvolutionCNRS UMR 8079Universite Paris-Sud

The coevolutionary interaction between cuckoos and their hosts has been studied for a long time, but to date some puzzles still remain unsolved. Whether cuckoos parasitize their hosts by laying eggs randomly or matching the egg morphs of their hosts is one of the mysteries of the cuckoo problem. Scientists tend to believe that cuckoos lay eggs matching the appearance of host eggs due to selection caused by the ability of the hosts to recognize their own *** this p.p.r, we first review previous empirical studies to test this mystery and found no studies have provided direct evidence of cuckoos choosing to parasitize host nests where egg color and pattern match. We then present examples of unmatched cuckoo eggs in host nests and key life history traits of cuckoos, e.g. secretive behavior and rapid egg-laying and link them to cuckoo egg laying behavior. Finally we develop a conceptual model to demonstrate the egg laying behaviour of cuckoos and propose an empirical test that can provide direct evidence of the egg-laying properties of female cuckoos. We speculate that the degree of egg matching between cuckoo eggs and those of the host as detected by humans is caused by the ability of the hosts to recognize their own eggs, rather than the selection of matching host eggs by cuckoos. The case of Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) and their parrotbill hosts(paradoxornis alphonsianus), where it has been shown that both have evolved polymorphic eggs(mainly blue and white), was used to develop a conceptual model to demonstrate why cuckoos should utilize parrotbill hosts by laying eggs randomly rather than laying eggs matching the appearance of host *** conclusion, we found no evidence for the hypothesis that cuckoos lay eggs based on own egg color matching that of the parrotbill-cuckoo system. We argue theoretically that laying eggs matching those of the hosts in this system violates a key trait of the life history of cuckoos and therefore should be maladaptive.

关键词： Host imprint Egg laying behavior Egg color Host selection Common cuckoo Egg polymorphy

Extreme climatic events in relation to global change and their impact on life histories

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Current Zoology 2011年第3期57卷 375-389页

作者： Juan MORENO anders p.p. moller Departamento de Ecologia Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC C/Jod Gutierrez Abascal 2 E-28006 Madrid Spain Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systematique et Evolution CNRS UMR 8079 Universite Paris-Sud Bfttiment 362 F-91405 Orsay Cedex Franc

Extreme weather conditions occur at an increasing rate as evidenced by higher frequency of hurricanes and more extreme precipitation and temperature anomalies. Such extreme environmental conditions will have important implications for all living organisms through greater frequency of reproductive failure and reduced adult survival. We review examples of reproductive failure and reduced survival related to extreme weather conditions. phenotypic plasticity may not be sufficient to allow adaptation to extreme weather for many animals. Theory predicts reduced reproductive effort as a response to increased stochasticity. We predict that patterns of natural selection will change towards truncation selection as environmental conditions become more extreme. Such changes in patterns of selection may facilitate adaptation to extreme events. However, effects of selection on reproductive effort are difficult to detect. We present a number of predictions for the effects of extreme weather conditions in need of empirical tests. Finally, we suggest a number of empirical reviews that could improve our ability to judge the effects of extreme environmental conditions on life history [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 375-389, 2011].

关键词： Bet hedging Climate change Extreme weather Reproductive failure Truncation selection

Brain size and urbanization in birds

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Chinese Birds 2015年第2期6卷 92-98页

作者： anders p.p. moller Johannes Erritzoe Laboratoire d’Ecologie Systématique et EvolutionCNRS UMR 8079Universite Paris-Sud Taps Old Rectory

Background: Brain size may affect the probability of invasion of urban habitats if a relatively larger brain entails superior ability to adapt to novel environments. However, once urbanized urban environments may provide poor quality food that has negative consequences for normal brain development resulting in an excess of individuals with small ***: Here we analyze the independent effects of mean, standard deviation and skewness in brain mass for invasion of urban habitats by 108 species of birds using phylogenetic multiple regression analyses weighted by sample ***: There was no significant difference in mean brain mass between urbanized and non-urbanized species or between urban and rural p.p.lations of the same species, and mean brain mass was not significantly correlated with time since urbanization. Bird species that became urbanized had a greater standard deviation in brain mass than non-urbanized species, and the standard deviation in brain mass increased with time since urbanization. Brain mass was significantly left skewed in species that remained rural, while there was no significant skew in urbanized species. The degree of left skew was greater in urban than in rural p.p.lations of the same species, and successfully urbanized species decreased the degree of left skew with time since urbanization. This is consistent with the hypothesis that sub-optimal brain development was more common in rural habitats resulting in disproportionately many individuals with very smal ***: These findings do not support the hypothesis that large brains promote urbanization, but suggest that skewness has played a role in the initial invasion of urban habitats, and that variance and skew in brain mass have increased as species have become urbanized.

关键词： Birds Brain mass Skewness in Brain Mass Standard deviation in Brain Mass Urbanization

Long-lived birds suffer less from oxidative stress

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Avian Research 2018年第4期9卷 363-369页

作者： Canwei Xia anders p.p. moller Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering College of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina Ecologie Systématique Evolution UniversitéParis-SudCNRSAgroParisTechUniversitéParis-Saclay91405 Orsay CedexFrance

Background: Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants, is thought to be an important intrinsic mechanism for aging. Ecologists have tested this hypothesis in birds, although the evidence supporting the link between oxidative stress and lifespan has so far been ambiguous. Two previous studies based on a wide range of different free-living bird species provided contradictory findings: antioxidants were negatively associated with survival rate in one study, but positively associated with longevity in ***: In this study, we identified possible shortcomings in previous research, and then used the comparative methods to test whether long-lived birds experience less oxidative stress reflected by four blood redox state markers(total antioxidant status, uric acid, total glutathione, malondialdehyde) based on data for 78 free-living ***: Relatively long-lived bird species had high levels of antioxidants(total antioxidant status, total glutathione) and low levels of reactive oxygen species(malondialdehyde). These associations were independent of statistical control for any effects of body mass, sampling effort and similarity among taxa due to common phylogenetic ***: The direction of these associations is consistent with the oxidative stress theory of aging.

关键词： Ageing Antioxidant Birds Longevity Oxidative stress Sampling effort

Avian preference for close proximity to human habitation and its ecological consequences

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Current Zoology 2018年第5期64卷 623-630页

作者： anders p.p. moller Mario DiAZ Ecologie Systematique Evolution CNRS Universite Paris-Sud AgroParisTech Universite Pari-Saclay 0rsay Cedex F-91400 France Department of Biogeography and Global Change (BGC-MNCN-CSIC) National Museum of Natural Sciences CSIC c/Serrano 155bis Madrid E-28006 Spain

Human proximity often have negative consequences for wildlife. However, animals may also benefit from human proximity in terms of availability of resources and protection against predators and parasites. We recorded the distance between all birds detected during the breeding season along 18 5-kin transects and the nearest inhabited house in three areas of 50 km2 in Spain, France, and Denmark. More than three quarters of birds were located closer than 100 m to the nearest house, while the null expectation was less than a third. Mean distance for species was correlated with degree of bird urbanization and with flight initiation distance. Habitat specialist species with small breeding territories tended to live closer to houses. Birds from species having more broods per year, larger annual fecundity and lower nest predation rate lived closer to human habitation. Breeding range size, p.p.lation density, and continental breeding p.p.lation sizes were larger for species living closer to human habitation. Most relationships between distance to houses and bird traits had a strong phylogenetic signal, but most additive trait effects remained after phylogenetic correction. proximity to human habitation was a main driver of the distribution of birds, with most individuals and species tightly linked to inhabited houses. Living close to human habitation was associated with success in the colonization of urban habitats and with consistent changes in distribution, abundance, behavior, and life history. Replicated measurements of the spatial and tempo- ral variation in these distributions may be useful for monitoring and analyzing the ongoing process of organisms＇ urbanization.

关键词： birds distance to nearest house flight initiation distance humans refuge urbanization.

Function of the uropygial gland in eiders (Somateria mollissima)

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Avian Research 2019年第3期10卷 330-335页

作者： anders p.p. moller Karsten Laursen Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875China Ecologie Systématique Evolution Université Paris-SudCNRSAgroParisTechUniversité Paris-Saclay91405 Orsay CedexFrance Department of Bioscience Aarhus UniversityGrenavej 14Kalo 8410 RandeDenmark

Background:The uropygial gland is an exocrine gland located above the tail of birds that produces a diverse range of *** has been hypothesized to be involved in chemical protection,water-proofing and maintenance of plumage *** these not necessarily mutually exclusive functions have received some empirical support,there has been little empirical research on the function of ***:Here we analyzed data for 229 individual eiders(Somateria mollissima)collected by Danish hunters during ***:The Eider is a sea-duck that spends almost its entire life in sea water emphasizing water-proofing of the *** size of the uropygial gland increased with body mass in males,but not in females,and it increased with *** size of the uropygial gland decreased during winter. Eiders with small uropygial glands grew their feathers at a fast *** with large wing areas had large uropygial glands. Conclusions:These findings are consistent with large uropygial glands playing a role in water-proofing during molt and foraging, but also that uropygial glands may play a role in chemical defense.

关键词： Anti-microbial substance Eider Somateria mollissima Uropygial gland Water-proofing

A meta-analysis of the effects of geolocator application on birds

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Current Zoology 2013年第6期59卷 697-706页

作者： David COSTANTINI anders p.p. moller Institute for Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine Graham Kerr Building College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK Department of Biology University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systematique et Evolution CNRS UMR 8079 Universite Paris-Sud Batiment 362 F-91405 OrsayCedex France

An increasing trend in use of tracking devices such as geolocators is based on the assumption that the information gathered from such devices provides reliable information about the migratory behavior of free-living birds. This underlying as- sumption is rarely tested, as evidenced by the absence in many studies of controls, in particular treated controls, and so far never with a reasonable statistical power. published studies have shown reduced survival prospects or delayed breeding in some species, suggesting that there may be reason to doubt that tracking devices provide unbiased information. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies applying geolocators to wild birds to determine whether geolocators affected fitness components. Ge- olocators had an overall negative effect on fitness components, in particular survival, and ecological variables. Effect size was larger for aerial foragers than for other species. Moreover the leg band attachment method was more detrimental for birds than the leg-loop backpack harness. A meta-regression model of effect size showed independent negative effects of geolocators on ae- rial foragers, smaller species, species with smaller migration distances and in studies where geolocators were attached with a ring. These results suggest that geolocator studies should be interpreted with caution, but also raise questions whether it is ethically defensible to use geolocators on aerial foragers or small species without carrying out robust pilot studies.

关键词： Aerial foraging Aerodynamics Fitness cost Geolocator Migration Survival cost

plumage brightness and uropygial gland secretions in barn swallows

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Current Zoology 2019年第2期65卷 177-182页

作者： anders p.p. moller Fernando MATEOS-GONZALEZ Ecologie Systematique Evolution Universite Paris-Sud CNRS AgroParisTech Universite Paris-Saclay Batiment 362 F-91405 Orsay Cedex France Department of Ecology and Genetics Evolutionary Biology Centre University of Uppsala Norbyvagen 18d SE-75236 Uppsala Sweden

The uropygial gland has been hypothesized to play a role in sexual signaling through a "make-up" function derived from the effects of secretions from the gland on the appearanee of the plumage and bare parts of the body. Here we show that plumage brightness of dorsal feathers of individual barn swallows Hirundo rustica was greater in mated than in unmated individuals. In addition, plumage brightness in creased with colony size. Furthermore, plumage bright ness was positively correlated with the amount of wax in the uropygial gland, negatively correlated with time of sampling of uropygial wax (perhaps because more wax is present early in the morning after an entire night of wax production without any preening), and negatively correlated with the number of chewing lice that degrade the plumage. Experimentally preventing barn swallows from access to the uropygial gland reduced plumage brightness, showing a causal link between secretions from the uropygial gland and plumage brightness. These findings provide evidence consistent with a role of uropygial secretions in signaling plumage brightness.

关键词： brightness coloration preening wax sexual selection uropygial gland