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The benefits of being dominant:health correlates of male social rank and age in a marmot

Current Zoology 2022年第1期68卷 19-26页

作者： Kenta UCHIDA Rachel NG Samuel A.VYDRO Jennifer E.smith Daniel T.bLUMSTEIN Department of Ecology&Evolutionary biology University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095-1606USA Department of biology Mills CollegeOaklandCA 94613USA The Rocky Mountain biological Laboratory Crested ButteCO 81224USA

The benefits of dominance may not come without costs,particularly for *** example,the“immunocompetence handicap hypothesis”states that males with enhanced mating success allocate resources to enhance reproductive output at a cost to their current health,whereas the“resource quality hypothesis”predicts that high-ranking males may benefit from increased reproduction and good *** the predictions from each have been well tested in captive animals and in a variety of highly social primates,fewer studies have been carried out in free-living,facultatively social *** adult male yellow-bellied marmots(Marmota flaviventer),we evaluated predictions of these hypotheses by examining the relationship between social rank and 2 health indicators—fecal glucocorticoid metabolite(FCM)levels,and neutrophil/lymphocyte(N/L)ratios—after accounting for variation explained by age,body mass,and *** found that higher-ranking males tended to have a lower N/L ratio(reflecting good health)than lower-ranking individuals,whereas FCM levels were not significantly related to *** addition,heavier male marmots had lower N/L ratios,whereas body mass was not associated with FCM *** also found that older adult males had lower FCM levels(reflecting less physiological stress)but higher N/L ratios than younger ***,we found that FCM levels decreased as the active season progressed and FCM levels were associated with the time of the ***,our results suggest that socially-dominant male marmots enjoyed better,not worse health in terms of lower N/L ratios.

关键词： immunocompetence handicap hypothesis life history trade-offs N/L ratio physiological stress resource quality hypothesis

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Thermodynamic analysis of metal segregation in dual phase high entropy ceramics

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Journal of Materiomics 2024年第4期10卷 889-895页

作者： Steven M.smith II William G.Fahrenholtz Gregory E.Hilmas Stefano Curtarolo Missouri University of Science and Technology Materials Science and Engineering DepartmentRollaMO65409USA Duke University Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDurhamNC27708USA Duke University Center of Autonomous Materials DesignDurhamNC27708USA

Equilibrium Gibbs'free energy calculations were used to determine metal segregation trends between boride and carbide solid solutions containing two metals that are relevant to dual phase high entropy *** model predicted that Ti had the strongest tendency to segregate to the boride phase followed by Zr,Nb,Mo,V,Hf,and Ta,which matches experimental results of measured *** ratio of a metal in the carbide phase to the content of the same metal in the corresponding metal boride had a linear trend with the change in standard Gibbs'free energy of reaction for a metal carbide reacting with b_(4)C to produce its corresponding metal boride and *** proposed model was used to predict the changes in standard Gibbs'free energy for CrC→Crb_(2) to be−260 kJ and WC→Wb_(2) to be 148 kJ,which indicates that Cr has the strongest segregation to the boride and W has the strongest segregation to the *** proposed model can be used to estimate the segregation of metals in dual phase high entropy boride-carbide ceramics of any boride/carbide ratio or metal content.

关键词： Dual phase High entropy ceramic boride Carbide Thermodynamics

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Vitamin b6 and colorectal cancer:Current evidence and future directions

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第7期19卷 1005-1010页

作者： Xue-Hong Zhang Jing Ma Stephanie A smith-Warner Jung Eun Lee Edward Giovannucci Channing Division of Network Medicine Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115United States Department of Nutrition and Department of EpidemiologyHarvard School of Public HealthBostonMA 02115United States Department of Food and Nutrition Sookmyung Women's UniversitySeoul 140742South Korea

Colorectal cancer remains the third most common cancer in both women and men *** modifiable dietary factors is crucial in developing primary prevention *** b6 is involved in more than 100 coenzyme reactions,and may influence colorectal cancer risk in multiple ways including through its role in one-carbon metabolism related DNA synthesis and methylation and by reducing inflammation,cell proliferation,and oxidative *** studies of dietary or dietary plus supplementary intake of vitamin b6 and colorectal cancer risk have been inconsistent with most studies reporting nonsignificant positive or inverse ***,published studies of plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate(the active form of vitamin b6) levels consistently support an approximately 30%-50% reduction in risk of colorectal cancer comparing high with low *** reasons for the discrepancy in the results between dietary-based and plasma-based studies remain *** unresolved questions include the effects of vitamin b6 intake in early life(i.e.,childhood or adolescence) and of suboptimal vitamin b6 status on colorectal cancer risk,whether the associations with vitamin b6 differ across molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer,and whether the vitamin b6-colorectal cancer association is modified by genetic variants of one-carbon metabolism.

关键词： Vitamin b6 Plasma pyridoxal 5’-phosphate Colorectal cancer Adenoma Incidence Case-control study Cohort study Randomized controlled trial Epidemiology

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Resection of isolated liver oligometastatic disease in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma:Is there a survival benefit?A systematic review

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2023年第7期15卷 1512-1521页

作者： James M Halle-smith Sarah Powell-brett Keith Roberts Nikolaos A Chatzizacharias Department of HPb and Liver Transplant Queen Elizabeth HospitalUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham B152GWUnited Kingdom

bACKGROUND Presence of liver metastatic disease in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC),either synchronous or metachronous after pancreatic resection,is a terminal diagnosis that warrants management with palliative intent as per all international practice ***,there is an increasing interest on any potential value of surgical treatment of isolated oligometastatic disease in selected *** To present the published evidence on surgical management of PDAC liver metastases,synchronous and metachronous,and compare the outcomes of these treatments to the current standard of *** A systematic review was performed in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines to compare the outcomes of both synchronous and metachronous liver metastases resection to standard *** 356 studies were identified,31 studies underwent full-text review and of these 10 were suitable for *** synchronous resection of liver metastases was compared to standard care,most studies did not demonstrate a survival benefit with the exception of one study that utilised neoadjuvant ***,resection of metachronous disease appeared to confer a survival advantage when compared to treatment with chemotherapy *** A survival benefit may exist in resection of selected cases of metachronous liver oligometastatic PDAC disease,after disease biology has been tested with time and systemic *** survival benefit is less clear in synchronous cases;however an approach with neoadjuvant treatment and consideration of resection in some selected cases may confer some *** studies should focus on pathways for selection of cases that may benefit from an aggressive approach.

关键词： Pancreas cancer Liver metastases Surgical resection Systematic review

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Novel approaches to combat chemoresistance against glioblastomas

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Cancer Drug Resistance 2020年第4期3卷 686-698页

作者： Rheal A.Towner Michelle Zalles Debra Saunders Nataliya smith Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOK 73104USA Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOK 73104USA

The poor prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme(GbM)patients is in part due to resistance to current standard-of-care treatments including chemotherapy[predominantly temozolomide(TMZ;Temodar)],radiation therapy and an anti-angiogenic therapy[an antibody against the vascular endothelial growth factor(bevacizumab;Avastin)],resulting in recurrent *** recurrent GbM tumors are commonly resistant to either TMZ,radiation or bevacizumab,which contributes to the low survival rate for GbM *** review will focus on novel targets and therapeutic approaches that are currently being considered to combat GbM *** of these therapeutic options is a small molecule called OKlahoma Nitrone 007(OKN-007),which was discovered to inhibit the transforming growth factor β1 pathway,reduce TMZ-resistance and enhance ***-007 is currently an investigational new drug in clinical trials for both newly-diagnosed and recurrent GbM *** novel target is ELTD1(epidermal growth factor,latrophilin and seven transmembrane domain-containing protein 1;alternatively known as ADGRL4,Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L4),which we used a monoclonal antibody against,where a therapy against it was found to inhibit Notch 1 in a pre-clinical GbM xenograft *** 1 is known to be associated with chemoresistance in *** potential therapeutic targets to combat GbM chemoresistance include the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway,nuclear factor-κb,the hepatocyte/scatter factor(c-MET),the epidermal growth factor receptor,and the tumor microenvironment.

关键词： Glioblastoma pre-clinical models OKlahoma Nitrone 007 transforming growth factor-β1 ELTD1 magnetic resonance imaging

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balanced and Unbalanced Components of Moist Atmospheric Flows with Phase Changes

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series b 2019年第6期40卷 1005-1038页

作者： Alfredo N.WETZEL Leslie M.smith Samuel N.STECHMANN Jonathan E.MARTIN Department of Mathematics University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Mathematics and Department of Engineering Physics University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Mathematics and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA

Atmospheric variables(temperature, velocity, etc.) are often decomposed into balanced and unbalanced components that represent low-frequency and high-frequency waves, respectively. Such decompositions can be defined, for instance, in terms of eigenmodes of a linear operator. Traditionally these decompositions ignore phase changes of water since phase changes create a piecewise-linear operator that differs in different phases(cloudy versus non-cloudy). Here we investigate the following question: How can a balanced–unbalanced decomposition be performed in the presence of phase changes? A method is described here motivated by the case of small Froude and Rossby numbers,in which case the asymptotic limit yields precipitating quasi-geostrophic equations with phase changes. Facilitated by its zero-frequency eigenvalue, the balanced component can be found by potential vorticity(PV) inversion, by solving an elliptic partial differential equation(PDE), which includes Heaviside discontinuities due to phase changes. The method is also compared with two simpler methods: one which neglects phase changes, and one which simply treats the raw pressure data as a streamfunction. Tests are shown for both synthetic, idealized data and data from Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model simulations. In comparisons, the phase-change method and no-phase-change method produce substantial differences within cloudy regions, of approximately 5K in potential temperature, due to the presence of clouds and phase changes in the data. A theoretical justification is also derived in the form of a elliptic PDE for the differences in the two streamfunctions.

关键词： Potential vorticity inversion Moist atmospheric dynamics Slow-fast systems balanced-unbalanced decomposition Elliptic partial differential equations

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Radiofrequency ablation for early oesophageal squamous neoplasia:Outcomes form United Kingdom registry

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第36期19卷 6011-6019页

作者： Rehan J Haidry Mohammed A butt Jason Dunn Matthew banks Abhinav Gupta Howard Smart Pradeep bhandari Lesley Ann smith Robert Willert Grant Fullarton Morris John Massimo Di Pietro Ian Penman Marco Novelli Laurence b Lovat Department of Surgery and Interventional Science National Medical Laser Centre UCL Department Gastroenterology University College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Department Gastroenterology Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals NHS Trust Institute for Medical Informatics Oslo University Hospital Department Gastroenterology Royal Liverpool University Hospital Merseyside Department Gastroenterology Princess Alexandra Hospital Cosham Department Gastroenterology Bradford Royal Infirmary Bradford Department Gastroenterology Central Manchester University Hospital Department Gastroenterology Glasgow Royal Infirmary Department Gastroenterology Addenbrooke’s Hospital Royal Infirmary Edinburgh

AIM:To report outcomes on patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation(RFA)for early oesophageal squamous neoplasia from a National ***:A Prospective cohort study from 8 tertiary referral centres in the United *** with squamous high grade dysplasia(HGD)and early squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)confined to the mucosa were *** lesions were removed by endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR)before *** initial RFA treatment,patients were followed up *** flat dysplasia was treated with RFA until complete reversal dysplasia(CR-D)was achieved or progression to invasive Squamous cell cancer defined as infiltration into the submucosa layer or *** main outcome measures were CR-D at 12 mo from start of treatment,long term durability,progression to cancer and adverse ***:Twenty patients with squamous HGD/ESCC completed treatment *** patients(25%)had EMR before starting RFA ***-D was 50%at12 mo with a median of 1 RFA treatment,mean 1.5(range 1-3).Two further patients achieved CR-D with repeat RFA after this *** per cent with CR-D remain dysplasia free at latest biopsy,with median follow up 24 mo(IQR 17-54).Six of 20 patients(30%)progressed to invasive cancer at 1 *** patients(20%)required endoscopic dilatations for symptomatic structuring after *** of these patients have required serial dilatations thereafter for symptomatic dysphagia with a median of 4 dilatations per *** other 2 patients required only a single dilatation to achieve an adequate symptomatic *** patient developed cancer during follow up after end of treatment ***:The role of RFA in these patients re-mains *** our series 50%patients responded at12 *** figures are lower than limited published data.

关键词： Squamous neoplasia Oesophageal cancer Endoscopic mucosal resection High-grade dysplasia Radiofrequency ablation

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Does variable stand structure associated with multi-cohort forests support diversity of ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities in the central Nearctic boreal forest？

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Journal of Forestry Research 2016年第5期27卷 1191-1202页

作者： Erica P. barkley Jay R. Malcolm Sandy M. smith M. Isabel bellocq Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto 33 Willcocks Street Toronto ON M5S 3B3 Canada Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución IEGEBA(CONICET-UBA) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina

Multi-cohort management （MCM） that retains a range of stand structures （age and size class） has been proposed to emulate natural disturbance and improve management in the Nearctic boreal forest. Although MCM forests contain both single- and multi-aged stands of mixed tree sizes, little is known about how variable stand structure affects associated fauna and biodiversity. Here, we examine the relationship between ground beetle （Coleoptera, Carabidae） communities and stand characteristics across a range of forest structure （=cohort classes）. Given that MCM classes are defined by the distribution of their tree-stem diameters, we ask whether parameters associated with these distributions （Weibull） could explain observed variation in carabid communities, and if so, how this compares to traditional habitat variables such as stand age, foliage complexity or volume of downed woody debris. We sampled carabids using weekly pitfall collections and compared these with structural habitat variables across a range of cohort classes （stand structure and age since disturbance） in 18 sites of upland mixed boreal forests from central Canada. Results showed that richness and diversity of carabid communities were similar among cohort classes. Weibull parameters from the diameter distribution of all stems were the strongest predictors of variation in carabid communities among sites, but vertical foliage complexity, understory thickness, and percentage of deciduous composition were also significant. The abundance of several carabid forest specialists was strongly correlated with tree canopy height, the presence of large trees, and high vertical foliage complexity. Our results demonstrate that variable forest structure, as expected under MCM, may be useful in retaining the natural range of ground beetle species across the central Nearctic boreal forest.

关键词： biodiversity conservation boreal forest Carabidae Forest structure Ground beetles Multi-cohortmanagement Tree diameter distribution

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Dual pH and microbial-sensitive galactosylated polymeric nanocargoes for multi-level targeting to combat ulcerative colitis

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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2023年第4期18卷 124-141页

作者： Mahira Zeeshan Qurat Ul Ain benno Weigmann Darren Story bryan R.smith Hussain Ali Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Biological SciencesQuaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabad 45320Pakistan Department of Medicine 1 University of Erlangen-NurembergKussmaul Campus for Medical ResearchErlangen 91052Germany biomedical Engineering Department Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing 48824USA Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing 48824USA Faculty of Pharmacy Capital University of Science and TechnologyIslamabad 44000Pakistan

Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a type of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation,ulcers and irritation of the mucosal *** drug delivery in UC encounters challenges because of multifaceted ***-loaded galactosylated-PLGA/Eudragit S100/pullulan nanocargoes(Dexa-GP/ES/Pu NCs)have been developed with a dual stimuli-sensitive coating responsive to both colonic pH and microbiota,and an underneath galactosylated-PLGA core(GP).The galactose ligand of the GP preferentially binds to the macrophage galactose type-lectin-C(MGL-2)surface ***,both stimuli and ligand-mediated targeting facilitate nanocargoes to deliver Dexa specifically to the colon with enhanced macrophage *** emulsion method coupled with a solvent evaporation coating technique was employed to prepare Dexa-GP/ES/Pu *** nanocargoes were tested using in vitro,ex vivo techniques and dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)induced UC *** nanocargoes had desired physicochemical properties,drug release,cell uptake and cellular *** using a DSS-colitis model showed high localization and mitigation of colitis with downregulation of NF-ĸb and COX-2,and restoration of clinical,histopathological,biochemical indices,antioxidant balance,microbial alterations,FTIR spectra,and epithelial junctions’***,Dexa-GP/ES/Pu NCs found to be biocompatible nanocargoes capable of delivering drugs to the inflamed colon with unique targeting properties for prolonged duration.

关键词： Galactosylated nanocargoes pH-sensitive drug delivery Pullulan Microbial sensitive Ulcerative colitis Macrophage galactose type-lectin C

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NSC advanced first aid, CPR & AED : textbook

NSC advanced first aid, CPR & AED : textbook

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2011年

作者： John b. smith National Safety Council

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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