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Electron Temperature Measurement Using PIN Diodes as Detectors to Record the X-ray Pulses from a Low-Energy Mather-Type Plasma Focus

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Plasma Science and Technology 2004年第2期6卷 2199-2203页

作者： M.Asif amna ikram Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54000 Pakistan Hefei 230031 China Department of Physics Government College University Lahore 54000 Pakistan

In the experiment to determine the plasma electron temperature, a modifiedmultichannel PIN diodes assembly is used as detectors to record the X-ray pulses from a low-energyMather-type plasma focus device energized by a 32μF, 15 kV (3.6kJ) single capacitor, with deuteriumas a filling gas. The ratio of the integrated bremsstrahlung emission transmitting through foils tothe total incident flux as a function of foil thickness at various temperatures is obtained forfoil absorbers of material. Using 3 μm, 6 μm, 9 μm,12 μm,15 μm and 18 μm thick aluminiumabsorbers, the transmitted X-ray flux is detected. By comparing the experimental and theoreticalcurves through a computer program, the plasma electron temperature is determined. Results show thatthe deuterium focus plasma electron temperature is about 800 eV.

关键词： plasma focus PIN diodes X-ray foil absorber thickness

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Is Tuberculosis Treatment Truly Free? A Study to Identify Key Factors Contributing to the Catastrophic Cost of TB Care in Pakistan

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2020年第4期8卷 181-198页

作者： Aamer ikram amna Ali Sana Habib Abbasi Nosheen Ashraf Sidra Wali Mohammad Salman Mumtaz A. Khan Naveed Syed Jamil A. Ansari National Institute of Health Islamabad Pakistan Public Health England London UK

Background: The interplay between financial deprivation and tuberculosis (TB) is considered one of the vital socio-economic determinants of disease. This is the first study of its kind to be carried in Pakistan, which aims to identify leading factors contributing towards catastrophic costs of TB diagnosis and management in order to help policy makers. Methodology: From four tertiary care hospitals (TCH) in Islamabad and Rawalpindi, 400 TB patients were interviewed through a cross-sectional survey. The patient’s pre and post-TB income and direct and indirect costs for treatment were analysed following WHO recommendations. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants of catastrophic total cost. Results: For TB management expenditures, the median (interquartile range) of total costs by households was Rs. 58,175 Rs (32,050 - 97,500). At 20% threshold, 67% of TB patient’s households were affected by catastrophic

关键词： Tuberculosis Financial Deprivation Catastrophic Cost

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