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Alkali-thermal gasification and hydrogen generation potential of biomass

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2017年第3期11卷 369-378页

作者： alexander B. Koven Shitang S. Tong Ramin R. Farnood Charles Q. Jia Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Ontario M5S-3E5 Canada School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430081 China

Generating hydrogen gas from biomass is one approach to lowering dependencies on fossil fuels for energy and chemical feedstock, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Using both equilibrium simulations and batch experiments with NaOH as a model alkaline, this study established the technical feasibility of converting various biomasses （e.g., glucose, cellulose, xylan and lignin） into H2-rich gas via catalyst-free, alkali-thermal gasification at moderate temperatures （as low as 300℃）. This process could produce more H2 with less carbon-containing gases in the product than other comparable methods. It was shown that alkali-thermal gasification follows CxHyO2 ＋ 2xNaOH ＋（x-z）H20 = （2x＋y/2-z）H2 ＋xNa2CO3, with carbonate being the solid product which is different from the one suggested in the literature. Moreover, the concept of hydrogen genera- tion potential （H2-GP）-the maximum amount of H2 that a biomass can yield, was introduced. For a given biomass CxHyO2, the H2-GP would be （2x ＋ y/2-z） moles of H2. It was demonstrated experimentally that the H2-GP was achievable by adjusting the amounts of H20 and NaOH, temperature and pressure. Keywords hydrogen generation potential, biomass, lignocellulose, alkali-thermal gasification, sodium hydroxide

关键词： hydrogen generation potential biomass lignocellulose alkali-thermal gasification sodium hydroxide

Use of recycled concrete aggregates in asphalt mixtures for pavements:A review

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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2022年第5期9卷 725-741页

作者： Juan Gabriel Bastidas-Martínez Fredy Alberto Reyes-Lizcano Hugo alexander Rondón-Quintana Faculty of Engineering Universidad Piloto de ColombiaBogotáDC 110231Colombia Faculty of Engineering Pontificia Universidad JaverianaBogotáDC 110131Colombia Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Universidad Distrital Francisco Joséde CaldasBogotáDC 110131Colombia

Large quantities of natural aggregates(NA)are required in the manufacturing of asphalt mixtures for *** extraction of NA generates high environmental impacts that negatively affect environmental preservation and *** alternative materials obtained in construction and demolition processes in civil construction worked have been studies as possible replacements for NA,with the purpose of reducing these environmental *** foregoing study presents a state of knowledge review referring to the use of recycled concrete aggregates(RCA)when these are used in the manufacturing of asphalt mixtures(mainly hot-mix asphalt HMA type).Environmental aspects are presented,as well as possible benefits and limitations of using RCA as replacements for NA in asphalt ***,it is not possible to establish a behavior pattern,since the characteristics of the RCA are very heterogeneous and vary from the original source of the *** is highlighted from the literature that RCA has a wide potential for use in the manufacture of asphalt mixtures,since in most studies,the mixtures with these materials comply the quality requirements contemplated by the construction specifications,mainly in low-volume ***,based on the literature review,some recommendations and suggestions are presented for future research.

关键词： Recycled concrete aggregates Asphalt mixtures Mechanical properties Volumetric composition

The effects of an experimental drought on the ecophysiology and fruiting phenology of a tropical rainforest palm

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2020年第6期13卷 744-753页

作者： Nara O.Vogado Michael J.Liddell Susan G.W.Laurance Mason J.Campbell alexander W.Cheesman Jayden E.Engert Ana C.Palma Françoise y.Ishida Lucas A.Cernusak Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityCairnsAustralia College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of ExeterExeter EX44RJDevonUK

Aims Anthropogenic climate change is predicted to increase mean temperatures and rainfall *** tropical rainforest species will respond to this climate change remains ***,we analysed the effects of a 4-year experimental throughfall exclusion(TFE)on an Australian endemic palm(Normambya normanbyi)in the Daintree rainforest of North Queensland,*** aimed to understand the impact of a simulated reduction in rainfall on the species’physiological processes and fruiting *** We examined the fruiting phenology and ecophysiology of this locally abundant palm to determine the ecological responses of the species to *** water availability was reduced overall by~30%under a TFE experiment,established in May *** monitored monthly fruiting activity for 8 years in total(2009–2018),including 4 years prior to the onset of the *** the most recent year of the study,we measured physiological parameters including photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and carbon stable isotopes(δ13C,an integrated measure of water use efficiency)from young and mature leaves in both the dry and wet *** Findings We determined that the monthly fruiting activity of all palms was primarily driven by photoperiod,mean solar radiation and mean ***,individuals exposed to lower soil moisture in the TFE decreased significantly in fruiting activity,photosynthetic rate and stomatal *** found that these measures of physiological performance were affected by the TFE,season and the interaction of the *** of fruiting activity in the TFE palms was observed in 2018,when there was an increase in shallow soil moisture compared with previous years in the *** findings suggest that palms,such as the ***,will be sensitive to future climate change with long-term monitoring recommended to determine population-scale impacts.

关键词： climate change water use efficiency stable isotopes seasonality reproductive phenology

Referral patterns of children with glaucoma and their caretakers in Northern Tanzania

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2020年第3期13卷 452-457页

作者： Achim Fieβ Furahini Godfrey alexander K.Schuster Richard Bowman Heiko Philippin Department of Ophthalmology University Medical Center MainzMainz 55131Germany International Centre for Eye Health Faculty of Infectious&Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene&Tropical MedicineLondon WC1E 7HTUK Department of Ophthalmology Kilimanjaro Christian Medical CentreMoshi 3010Tanzania Eye Center Medical CenterFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgKillianstraβe 5Freiburg 79106Germany

AIM:To describe the referral patterns of children with primary childhood glaucoma(PCG)or secondary childhood glaucoma(SCG)and their presenting symptoms in Northern ***:A retrospective observational study of childreny with PCG or SCG who were referred to Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre(KCMC)Eye Department between 2000 and 2013 was *** symptoms,age at presentation,place of origin,distance to hospital,type of glaucoma,visual acuity,optic disc appearance(vertical cupto-disc ratio)and type of referral were ***:Seventy patients with PCG and 27 patients with SCG were included in the *** age at first presentation was 1 y in the PCG group(range 0-16 y)and 9 y in the SCG group(range 1-15 y).In both groups around 87%of the children presented already with low vision(logM AR>0.48,better eye).Most of the children(60%)and their caretakers presented on their own initiative,while 24%were sent by different general health cadres and 16%by eye care *** was the main symptom mentioned as a trigger for ***:The study shows that most of the children presented late resulting in advanced stages of glaucoma at the time of initiation of *** majority attended the referral eye department on their own initiative with buphthalmos being the most commonly 452described *** creation among caretakers of children,general health and eye care providers,ideally embedded in general child health promotion activities,is needed to increase and accelerate referrals.

关键词： primary childhood glaucoma secondary childhood glaucoma referral Africa

Suitability of the woodchuck HCC as a preclinical model for evaluation of intra-arterial therapies

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Animal Models and Experimental Medicine 2020年第1期3卷 98-102页

作者： alexander y.Kim Joseph H.yacoub David H.Field Byoung Uk Park Bhaskar Kallakury Kyle E.Korolowicz Stephan Menne Department of Radiology Medstar Georgetown University HospitalWashingtonDistrict of Columbia Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medstar Georgetown University HospitalWashingtonDistrict of Columbia Department of Microbiology and Immunology Georgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of Columbia

The most commonly used preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)are limited for use in testing of intra-arterial therapies such as transarterial chemoembolization and *** encountered with the more commonly used animal models include dissimilarity in their disease development compared with humans and the size of the vasculature which can make intra-arterial therapy testing difficult or *** we describe the suitability of the woodchuck HCC model for testing of intra-arterial *** describe the techniques for pre-embolization imaging assessment using CT and MRI,technical tips on performing angiography and embolization,and pathological assessment of treated liver.

关键词： angiography animal model hepatocellular carcinoma woodchuck

Transient bone resorption following finger replantation： a report of 3 cases

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2011年第3期14卷 178-182页

作者： Stefano Lucchina Hillary A. Becker Cesare Fusetti alexander y. Shin Hand Unit EOC Surgical Department Locarno's Re- gional Hospital 6600 Locarno Switzerland Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN 55905 USA

Radiographic changes consisting of al- terations in mineral content, osteopaenia or destructive neuropathy that occur following successful finger replantation have already been described. We report our experience about four fingers in three individuals in whom bone changes developed in the first three months postoperatively with complete ＂restitution ad integrum＂. Three patients, 21-49 years old （average 36 years） sustained a clean-cut amputation of four fingers. The first patient had an amputation at the base of the middle phalanx of the index finger and the second patient at the base of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger. The third had an amputation at the base of the first metacarpal bone and the proxi- mal phalanx of the small finger in a five finger amputation. In the first case, two dorsal veins and two palmar digital arteries and nerves were repaired. In the second case, one pal- mar artery and one dorsal vein were reanastomosed. In the third case at the thumb, two dorsal veins and two palmar digital arteries and nerves were reconstructed. At the small finger, one dorsal vein, one palmar digital artery and twodigital nerves were reconstructed. Bone fixation was achieved with two and three K-wires or tension-band wiring. Replantation was successful in all cases. Three weeks after replantation, the X-rays showed rapid development of osteopaenia in the juxtaarticular region and metaphyses of the bone. These changes were followed by subperiosteal, intracortical and endosteal bone resorption. No further surgical procedures or splintage were needed and hand therapy was not discontinued. At 10-13 weeks （average 12 weeks） postoperatively, the X-rays showed a complete recovery with new periosteal bone formation. We suggest that the radiographic changes after finger replantation are transient, first evident subperiosteally and progressing centrally. They may reflect small-vessel compromise and microinfarction and transient hyperemia secondary to neurovascular da

关键词： Fingers Replantation Bone resorption

A novel marker for the platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus) W chromosome is derived from a Polinton transposon

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2010年第3期37卷 181-188页

作者： Qingchun Zhou Ingo Braasch alexander Froschauer Astrid Boehne Christina Schultheis Manfred Schartl Jean-Nicolas Volff Biofuture Research Group Physiologische Chemie I Biozentrum University ofWiirzburg Wiirzburg 97074 Germany Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and lntegrative Biology College of Life Science Huazhong Normal University Wuhan 97074 China Institut fur Zoologie Technische Universitait Dresden Dresden 01062 Germany Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon Universit~ de Lyon Institut Fdddratif Biosciences Gerland Lyon Sud UniversiM Lyon 1 CNRS INRA Ecole Normale Supdrieure de Lyon Lyon 69364 France

A consensus sequence, encoding a putative DNA polymerase type B derived from a Polinton transposon, was assembled from the sex determination region of Xiphophorus maculatus. This predicted protein, which is 1,158 aa in length, contains a DNAA_pol_B_2 domain and a DTDS motif. The DNA polymerase type B gene has about 10 copies in the haploid X. maculatus genome with one y-specific copy. Interestingly, it has specific copies on the W chromosome in the X. maculatus Usumacinta strain （sex determination with female het- erogamety）, which represent new markers for this type of sex chromosome in platyfish. This marker with W- and y-specific copies suggests relationship between different types of gonosomes and allows comparing male and female heterogameties in the platyfish. Further molecular analysis of the DNA polymerase type B gene in X. maculatus will shed new light on the evolution of sex chromosomes in platyfish.

关键词： DNA polymerase type B chromosome marker Xiphophorus maculatus

TNF-α gene polymorphisms: association with age-related macular degeneration in Russian population

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2019年第1期12卷 25-29页

作者： Valeriy Chernykh Alla Shevchenko Vladimir Konenkov Viktor Prokofiev Alena Eremina alexander Trunov Novosibirsk Branch S.Fyodorov Eye microsurgery Federal State Scientific Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymрhology

AIM: To study polymorphisms in promotor regions of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α TNF-863 A/C(rs1800630), TNF-308 A/G(rs1800629), and TNF-238 A/G(rs361525) in patients with age-related macular degeneration(AMD) and associations of complex TNF-α genotypes with AMD. METHODS: One hundred and two patients(82 women, 20 men; mean age 64.2±1.2 y) with AMD and 100 healthy age-and sex-matched controls(82 women, 18 men; 60±1.4 y) were included in the study. All subjects were Caucasian, all subjects and their parents were inhabitants of Russia. Genomic DNA was obtained from EDTA-preserved blood using the standard phenol-chloroform method. Polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction followed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The following TNF-α genotypes were studied: TNF-α-238 AA, GA, GG, TNF-α-308 AA, GA, GG, TNF-α-863 AA, CA, CC. RESULTS: Differences in TNF-α-863 and TNF-α-238 genotypes frequencies in patients with AMD and healthy controls were not found. The distribution of TNF-α-308 AA and TNF-α-308 GA genotypes was significantly different between the studied group and the controls [odds ratios(OR) =0.22, P=0.0287 and OR=2.91, P=0.0063, respectively]. TNF-863 CC/TNF-308 GA and TNF-308 GA/TNF-238 GG genotypes were associated with the increased risk of AMD(OR=2.48, P=0.0332 and OR=2.51, P=0.0187, respectively). Five genotypes combinations appeared to be protective. CONCLUSION: In the present study, single nucleotide polymorphisms and complex polymorphisms of one of the key inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, and a number of significant associations of these polymorphisms with AMD in Russian population have been shown. Complexanalysis of genotypes could be important in AMD risk factors detection and studying pathogenesis.

关键词： tumor necrosis factor-a genetic polymorphisms age-related macular degeneration

Gas-assisted microfluidic step-emulsification forgenerating micron- and submicron-sized droplets

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2023年第4期9卷 167-179页

作者： Biao Huang Xinjin Ge Boris y.Rubinstein Xianchun Chen Lu Wang Huiying Xie alexander M.Leshansky Zhenzhen Li Department of Aerospace Engineering Beijing Institute of TechnologyNo.5 ZhongGuanCunNan StreetHaiDian DistrictBeijing 100081China State Key Laboratory of Engines Tianjin UniversityNo.92 Weijin RoadNankai DistrictTianjin 300350China Stowers Institute for Medical Research Kansas CityMO 64110USA School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of TechnologyNo.5 ZhongGuanCunNan StreetHaiDian DistrictBeijing 100081China Department of Chemical Engineering Technion–Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa 32000Israel

Micron- and submicron-sized droplets have extensive applications in biomedical diagnosis and drug ***, accurate high-throughput analysis requires a uniform droplet size distribution and high production *** the previously reported microfluidic coflow step-emulsification method can be used to generate highlymonodispersed droplets, the droplet diameter (d) is constrained by the microchannel height (b), d\3b, while theproduction rate is limited by the maximum capillary number of the step-emulsification regime, impedingemulsification of highly viscous liquids. In this paper, we report a novel, gas-assisted coflow step-emulsificationmethod, where air serves as the innermost phase of a precursor hollow-core air/oil/water emulsion. Air graduallydiffuses out, producing oil droplets. The size of the hollow-core droplets and the ultrathin oil layer thickness bothfollow the scaling laws of triphasic step-emulsification. The minimal droplet size attains d 1:7b, inaccessible instandard all-liquid biphasic step-emulsification. The production rate per single channel is an order-of-magnitudehigher than that in the standard all-liquid biphasic step-emulsification and is also superior to alternative emulsificationmethods. Due to low gas viscosity, the method can also be used to generate micron- and submicron-sized droplets ofhigh-viscosity fluids, while the inert nature of the auxiliary gas offers high versatility.

关键词： sized viscosity generating