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Immune response to vaccines in children with celiac disease

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第18期23卷 3205-3213页

作者： Caterina Anania Francesca Olivero alessandra spagnolo Claudio Chiesa Lucia Pacifico Policlinico Umberto I Sapienza University of Rome Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome Institute of Translational Pharmacology National Research Council

Celiac disease(CD) is an immune-mediated systemic condition evoked by ingestion of gluten and related prolamines in genetically susceptible subjects. The disease is featured by a variable combination of clinical signs, specific antibodies, HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 haplotypes, and enteropathy. Vaccination is the most potent intervention for infectious disease prevention. Several factors including age, gender, ethnicity, quality and quantity of vaccine antigen, doses, and route of administration can influence immune response to vaccination, although the main cause of variation in the responsiveness among vaccine recipients is host genetic variability. The HLA system has a fundamental role in identifying the antigens introduced into the host with the vaccines and in the development of specific antibodies, and some HLA phenotypes have been associated with a less effective immunological response. The available literature indicates that the immunological response to vaccines in CD children does not differ markedly from that of general population and antibody titres are high enough to provide long-term protection, except for hepatitis B virus vaccine. In this article, we review and discuss the scarce literature in this field in order to provide clinical practice guidelines to achieve the most efficient monitoring of the response to vaccines in pediatric CD patients.

关键词：腹的疾病孩子感染疫苗肝炎 B 疫苗 HLA 面筋免费饮食

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Artificial reefs in the Mediterranean

Artificial reefs in the Mediterranean

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第二届现代化海洋牧场国际学术研讨会、中国水产学会渔业资源与环境专业委员会2018年学术年会

作者： Gianna Fabi alessandra spagnolo Carmen Ferrà Vega National Research Council (CNR)-Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM)

The Mediterranean Sea is the largest and deepest enclosed sea on Earth covering 0.7% of the world's ocean *** is one of the major reservoirs of marine and coastal biodiversity,with 17,000 species corresponding to the 7.5% of the world's marine fauna and 18% of its marine flora and 28% of endemic *** basin is also subjected to a strong human pressure due to a high degree of urbanisation and tourism in the coastal areas and several activities such as shipping,gas and oil extraction,fishing,and *** this contest ARs represent a tool for protecting sensitive habitats from fishing activities;restoring depleted habitats;enhancing biodiversity improving populations of aquatic organisms by providing shelter for juvenile and mature individuals as well as for adults during delicate life stages(e.g.,moulting season for crustaceans);enhancing professional fisheries;providing a mean to manage coastal activities and reduce conflicts and,more recently,developing recreational activities(e.g.,diving and recreational fishing).Establishment of ARs in the Mediterranean Sea is regulated by international,European,regional and national laws and a few guidelines have been produced at international and national *** hundred and fifty-three ARs have been deployed from 1960 s to present,most of them being realized in 1990 s and 2000 *** highest concentration of ARs is located along the Spanish coast,followed by Italy,Turkey and *** protection and fisheries enhancement have been the most common goals,however the interest towards ARs for recreational activities(i.e.,diving and recreational fishing) has been increasing over the years with the aim of promoting sustainable coastal tourism and reducing the tourists' pressure on the natural *** and modules also evolved over time with the aim of developing multi-functional infrastructures that protect the environment while allowing for a variety of economic activities by local stakeholders.

关键词： Artificial reefs in the Mediterranean

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