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A Hybrid and Lightweight Device-to-Server Authentication Technique for the Internet of Things

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第3期78卷 3805-3823页

作者： Shaha Al-Otaibi Rahim khan Hashim Ali Aftab ahmed khan Amir Saeed Jehad Ali Department of Information Systems College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityP.O.Box 84428Riyadh11671Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science Abdul Wali Khan University MardanMardan23200Pakistan Department of Computer Science and IT UET PeshawarJalozai Campus PeshawarPeshawar24240Pakistan Department of AI Convergence Network Ajou UniversitySuwon16499South Korea

The Internet of Things(IoT)is a smart networking infrastructure of physical devices,i.e.,things,that are embedded with sensors,actuators,software,and other technologies,to connect and share data with the respective server *** IoTs are cornerstones in different application domains,the device’s authenticity,i.e.,of server(s)and ordinary devices,is the most crucial issue and must be resolved on a priority ***,various field-proven methodologies were presented to streamline the verification process of the communicating devices;however,location-aware authentication has not been reported as per our knowledge,which is a crucial metric,especially in scenarios where devices are *** paper presents a lightweight and location-aware device-to-server authentication technique where the device’s membership with the nearest server is subjected to its location information along with other ***,Media Access Control(MAC)address and Advance Encryption Scheme(AES)along with a secret shared key,i.e.,λ_(i) of 128 bits,have been utilized by Trusted Authority(TA)to generate MaskIDs,which are used instead of the original ID,for every device,i.e.,server and member,and are shared in the offline ***,TA shares a list of authentic devices,i.e.,server S_(j) and members C_(i),with every device in the IoT for the onward verification process,which is required to be executed before the initialization of the actual communication ***,every device should be located such that it lies within the coverage area of a server,and this location information is used in the authentication process.A thorough analytical analysis was carried out to check the susceptibility of the proposed and existing authentication approaches against well-known intruder attacks,i.e.,man-in-the-middle,masquerading,device,and server impersonations,etc.,especially in the IoT ***,proposed authentication and existing state-of-the-art approaches have been s

关键词： Internet of things authenticity security location communication

Unsupervised Color Segmentation with Reconstructed Spatial Weighted Gaussian Mixture Model and Random Color Histogram

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第3期78卷 3323-3348页

作者： Umer Sadiq khan Zhen Liu Fang Xu Muhib Ullah khan Lerui Chen Touseef ahmed khan Muhammad Kashif Khattak Yuquan Zhang School of Computer and Information Science Hubei Engineering UniversityXiaogan432000China Institute for AI Industrial Technology Research Hubei Engineering UniversityXiaogan432000China Key Lab of Mountain Hazards and Surface Processes Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610041China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China College of Aviation Zhongyuan University of TechnologyZhengzhou451191China Research Center of Digital Mountain and Remote Sensing Application Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610041China School of Computer Science University of PoonchAzad Jammu Kashmir12350Pakistan School of Computer Science and Information Engineering Hubei UniversityWuhan430062China

Image classification and unsupervised image segmentation can be achieved using the Gaussian mixture *** the Gaussian mixture model enhances the flexibility of image segmentation,it does not reflect spatial information and is sensitive to the segmentation *** this study,we first present an efficient algorithm that incorporates spatial information into the Gaussian mixture model(GMM)without parameter *** proposed model highlights the residual region with considerable information and constructs color ***,we incorporate the content-based color saliency as spatial information in the Gaussian mixture *** segmentation is performed by clustering each pixel into an appropriate component according to the expectation maximization and maximum ***,the random color histogram assigns a unique color to each cluster and creates an attractive color by default for segmentation.A random color histogram serves as an effective tool for data visualization and is instrumental in the creation of generative art,facilitating both analytical and aesthetic *** experiments,we have used the Berkeley segmentation dataset BSDS-500 and Microsoft Research in Cambridge *** the study,the proposed model showcases notable advancements in unsupervised image segmentation,with probabilistic rand index(PRI)values reaching 0.80,BDE scores as low as 12.25 and 12.02,compactness variations at 0.59 and 0.7,and variation of information(VI)reduced to 2.0 and 1.49 for the BSDS-500 and MSRC datasets,respectively,outperforming current leading-edge methods and yielding more precise segmentations.

关键词： Unsupervised segmentation color saliency spatial weighted GMM random color histogram

Developing Lexicons for Enhanced Sentiment Analysis in Software Engineering:An Innovative Multilingual Approach for Social Media Reviews

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第5期79卷 2771-2793页

作者： Zohaib Ahmad khan Yuanqing Xia ahmed khan Muhammad Sadiq Mahmood Alam Fuad AAwwad Emad A.A.Ismail School of Automation Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China Department of Computer Science and Technology University of Science and Technology BannuKPKBannu28100Pakistan School of Computer Science and Engineering Central South UniversityChangsha410083China Department of Quantitative Analysis College of Business AdministrationKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 71115Riyadh11587Saudi Arabia

Sentiment analysis is becoming increasingly important in today’s digital age, with social media being a significantsource of user-generated content. The development of sentiment lexicons that can support languages other thanEnglish is a challenging task, especially for analyzing sentiment analysis in social media reviews. Most existingsentiment analysis systems focus on English, leaving a significant research gap in other languages due to limitedresources and tools. This research aims to address this gap by building a sentiment lexicon for local languages,which is then used with a machine learning algorithm for efficient sentiment analysis. In the first step, a lexiconis developed that includes five languages: Urdu, Roman Urdu, Pashto, Roman Pashto, and English. The sentimentscores from SentiWordNet are associated with each word in the lexicon to produce an effective sentiment score. Inthe second step, a naive Bayesian algorithm is applied to the developed lexicon for efficient sentiment analysis ofRoman Pashto. Both the sentiment lexicon and sentiment analysis steps were evaluated using information retrievalmetrics, with an accuracy score of 0.89 for the sentiment lexicon and 0.83 for the sentiment analysis. The resultsshowcase the potential for improving software engineering tasks related to user feedback analysis and productdevelopment.

关键词： Emotional assessment regional dialects SentiWordNet naive bayesian technique lexicons software engineering user feedback

Value-Based Test Case Prioritization for Regression Testing Using Genetic Algorithms

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第1期74卷 2211-2238页

作者： Farrukh Shahzad ahmed Awais Majeed Tamim ahmed khan Department of Software Engineering Bahria UniversityIslamabadCapitalPakistan

Test Case Prioritization(TCP)techniques perform better than other regression test optimization techniques including Test Suite Reduction(TSR)and Test Case Selection(TCS).Many TCP techniques are available,and their performance is usually measured through a metric Average Percentage of Fault Detection(APFD).This metric is value-neutral because it only works well when all test cases have the same cost,and all faults have the same *** APFD for performance evaluation of test case orders where test cases cost or faults severity varies is prone to produce false ***,using the right metric for performance evaluation of TCP techniques is very important to get reliable and correct *** this paper,two value-based TCP techniques have been introduced using Genetic Algorithm(GA)including Value-Cognizant Fault Detection-Based TCP(VCFDB-TCP)and Value-Cognizant Requirements Coverage-Based TCP(VCRCB-TCP).Two novel value-based performance evaluation metrics are also introduced for value-based TCP including Average Percentage of Fault Detection per value(APFDv)and Average Percentage of Requirements Coverage per value(APRCv).Two case studies are performed to validate proposed techniques and performance evaluation *** proposed GA-based techniques outperformed the existing state-of-the-art TCP techniques including Original Order(OO),Reverse Order(REV-O),Random Order(RO),and Greedy algorithm.

关键词： Average percentage of fault detection test case prioritization regression testing and value-based testing value-based test case prioritization genetic algorithms

A Cost-Efficient Environment Monitoring Robotic Vehicle for Smart Industries

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第4期71卷 473-487页

作者： Arfat Ahmad khan Chitapong Wechtaisong Faizan ahmed khan Nadeem Ahmad Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima30000Thailand University of Engineering and Technology LahorePakistan The University of Lahore LahorePakistan

Environmental monitoring is essential for accessing and avoiding the undesirable situations in industries along with ensuring the safety of ***,inspecting and monitoring of environmental parameters by humans lead to various health concerns,which in turn brings to the requirement of monitoring the environment by *** this paper,we have designed and implemented a cost-efficient robotic vehicle for the computation of various environmental parameters such as temperature,radiation,smoke,and pressure with the help of ***,the robotic vehicle is designed in such a way that it can be dually controlled by using the remote control along with the distant *** addition,contrary to the existing researches,the GSM modules are used to achieve the two-way long distance communication between the robotic vehicle and the distant *** the distant computer,the above-mentioned environmental parameters can be monitored along with controlling the robotic vehicle with the help of Graphical User Interface(GUI).In order to fulfill the given tasks,we have proposed two algorithms implemented at the robotic vehicle and the distant computer respectively in this *** final results validate the proposed algorithms where the above-mentioned environmental parameters can be monitored along with the smooth-running operation of the robotic vehicle.

关键词： Industry 4.0 sensors robotic vehicle distant communication environment monitoring

Automatic Leukaemia Segmentation Approach for Blood Cancer Classification Using Microscopic Images

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第11期73卷 3629-3648页

作者： Anuj Sharma Deepak Prashar Arfat Ahmad khan Faizan ahmed khan Settawit Poochaya School of Computer Applications Lovely Professional UniversityPhagwara144411India School of Computer Science&Engineering Lovely Professional UniversityPhagwara144411India Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima30000Thailand COMSATS University Lahore 54000Pakistan

Leukaemia is a type of blood cancer that is caused by undeveloped White Blood Cells(WBC),and it is also called a blast blood *** the marrow of human bones,leukaemia is developed and is responsible for blood cell generation with leukocytes and WBC,and if any cell gets blasted,then it may become a cause of ***,the diagnosis of leukaemia in its early stages helps greatly in the treatment along with saving human ***,in terms of detection,image segmentation techniques play a vital role,and they turn out to be the important image processing steps for the extraction of feature patterns from the Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia(ALL)type of blood ***,the image segmentation technique focuses on the division of cells by segmenting a microscopic image into background and cancer blood cell nucleus,which is well-known as the Region Of Interest(ROI).As a result,in this article,we attempt to build a segmentation technique capable of solving blood cell nucleus segmentation issues using four distinct scenarios,including K-means,FCM(Fuzzy Cmeans),K-means with FFA(Firefly Algorithm),and FCM with ***,we determine the most effective method of blood cell nucleus segmentation,which we subsequently use for the Leukaemia classification ***,using the Convolution Neural Network(CNN)as a classifier,we developed a leukaemia cancer classification model from the microscopic *** proposed system’s classification accuracy is tested using the CNN to test the model on the ALL-IDB dataset and equate it to the current state of the *** terms of experimental analysis,we observed that the accuracy of the model is near to 99%,and it is far better than other existing models that are designed to segment and classify the types of leukaemia cancer in terms of ALL.

关键词： Leukaemia blood cell nucleus image segmentation HOG descriptor K-means FCM CNN microscopic images

Process Discovery and Refinement of an Enterprise Management System

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第3期44卷 2019-2032页

作者： Faizan ahmed khan Farooq Ahmad Arfat Ahmad khan Chitapong Wechtaisong COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore54000Pakistan Sunaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima30000Thailand

The need for the analysis of modern businesses is rapidly increasing as the supporting enterprise systems generate more and more *** data can be extremely valuable for executing organizations because the data allows constant monitoring,analyzing,and improving the underlying processes,which leads to the reduction of cost and the improvement of the *** mining is a useful technique for analyzing enterprise systems by using an event log that contains *** research focuses on the process discovery and refinement using real-life event log data collected from a large multinational organization that deals with coatings and *** investigating and analyzing their order handling pro-cesses,this study aims at learning a model that gives insight inspection of the processes and performance ***,the animation is also performed for the better inspection,diagnostics,and compliance-related questions to specify the *** configuration of the system and the conformance checking for further enhancement is also addressed in this *** achieve the objectives,this research uses process mining techniques,*** discovery in the form of formal Petri nets models with the help of process maps,and process refinement through conformance checking and ***,the identified executed process is reconstructed by using the process discovery *** the reconstruction,we perform a deep analysis for the underlying process to ensure the process improvement and ***,some recommendations are made to improve the enterprise management system processes.

关键词： Process mining enterprise management system business process management process discovery conformance analysis process enhancement

Chemical and Thermal Characterization of Cement Mortar Containing Ground Palm Oil Fuel Ash as a Partial Cement Replacement

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2023年第3期38卷 575-581页

作者： SUMRA Yousuf PAYAM Shafigh IFTIKHAR ahmed Channa M Rizwan TANVEER ahmed khan BELAL Alsubari MUSTABSHIRHA Gul l.Department of Building and Architectural Engineering Faculty of Engineering&TechnologyBahauddin Zakariya University60000 MultanPakistan Centre for Building Construction&Tropical Architecture(BuCTA)Faculty of Built EnvironmentUniversity of Malaya50603 Kuala LumpurMalaysia Department of Metallurgical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology74200 KarachiPakistan Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of EngineeringMiami College of Henan UniversityKaifeng475001China Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Malaya50603 Kuala LumpurMalaysia Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering&TechnologyBahauddin Zakariya University60000 MultanPakistan

This study investigates the influence of using ground palm oil fuel ash(G-POFA) from 10%-30% as cement replacement(by weight) on the cement mortar's pH under various curing conditions. These findings were supplemented by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA). Moreover, the resistance of G-POFA blended cement mortars to water absorption and sorptivity was determined. Further, the k-value test was carried out to explain the pozzolanic and filler behavior of G-POFA and to support the results obtained from TGA. It was found that there was no significant impact of several curing conditions on the pH of mortars. The mortar with 10% G-POFA in replacement of cement(G-POFA-10) exhibited the best resistance against water absorption and sorptivity.

关键词： curing condition Ca(OH)_(2)content k-value pH palm oil fuel ash

Band Structure Characteristics of Two-Dimensional Si-A (Ge, Pb, Sn) Alloy-Air Holes Thermal Crystals

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Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong university(Science) 2023年第2期28卷 180-185页

作者： AZKA Umar 姜淳 KHUSHIK Muhammad Hanif ahmed khan Key State Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Department of Electronics Engineering Technology Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University of Technology and Skill DevelopmentKhairpur Mirs 66020SindhPakistan

This paper designs the thermal crystals composed of alloy materials with air holes and analyzes their properties of band structures,heat transmission,and flux *** crystals composed of Si-A(A=Ge,Sn,Pb)alloys as background materials and air holes with square array are used to construct an elastic-constant periodic structure and their high-frequency phononic band is calculated by deploying finite element ***,this paper investigates heat transmission through a finite array of thermally excited phonons and presents the thermal crystal with maximum heat *** results show that a wider bandgap could be achieved by increasing the air hole radius and decreasing the lattice *** the alloy materials,with increasing atomic radius and thus atomic mass(Ge,Sn,Pb),the frequency range(contributed to thermal conductivity)shifts towards lower ***,the bandgap frequencies also shift toward low frequency,but this decreasing rate is not constant or in order,so former may have a faster or slower decreasing rate than the ***,the frequency range for the contribution of heat transportation overlaps with the bandgap frequency *** development of thermal crystals is promising for managing heat and controlling the propagation of the thermal wave.

关键词： thermal crystals phonons finite element method band structure periodic structure lattice constant