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The Origin of Power a.d a.celera.ion of High-Redshift Ga.a.ies in the Unicentric Model of the Universe

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Journa. of Modern Physics 2022年第12期13卷 1581-1597页

作者： ahmad a. hujeirat IWR University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Recently, a.unicentric model of our observa.le universe wa. proposed. a.cordingly, the big ba.g wa. neither a.singula. event nor invoked by externa. forces, but ra.her a.frequent event in cosmic life cycles tha. occur sequentia.ly or in pa.a.lel a. the sa.e a.d/or in different loca.ions of our infinitely la.ge, fla., homogeneous, a.d isotropic pa.ent universe. The progenitor of our big ba.g is predicted to ha.e been of a.mea.ura.le size a.d ha.pened to be in our neighbourhood. Ba.ed on theoretica. a.guments a.d genera. rela.ivistic numerica. ca.cula.ions, it is a.gued tha.: 1) The surfa.e of the progenitor is most a.propria.e for the ha.ron fla.h to run a.a.;2) The structure of the progenitor is immune to self-colla.se into a.hyper-ma.sive bla.k hole;a.d 3) The power a.d a.celera.ion of high-redshift ga.a.ies ma. be connected to the BB-explosion. We conclude tha. the currently observed high-redshift ga.a.ies must ha.e been old a.d ina.tive in older times, but turned into life through ma.ter a.d momentum tra.sfer from the fireba.l a.d the collision of the loca.ly curved spa.etime embedding the ga.a.y with the expa.ding one embedding the fireba.l. With the present scena.io, the origin of the monstrous bla.k hole ca.dida.es with MBH ≥109Me , tha. a.e believed to ha.e resided a. the centre of ga.a.ies when the observa.le universe wa. 400 Myr old, could be stra.ghtforwa.dly expla.ned. This implies tha. QSOs with ever higher redshifts should exist, though their detection becomes increa.ingly ha.der.

关键词： Genera. Rela.ivity Big Ba.g Bla.k Holes QSOs Neutron Sta.s QCD Condensed Ma.ter Incompressibility Superfluidity Super-Conductivity

The Progenitor of the Big Ba.g a.d Its Connection to the Fla.ness a.d a.celera.ion of the Universe

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Journa. of Modern Physics 2022年第11期13卷 1474-1498页

作者： ahmad a. hujeirat IWR Universit&auml t Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

It wa. a.gued tha. old a.d ma.sive neutron sta.s end up a. bla.k objects tha. a.e ma.e of purely incompressible superconducting gluon-qua.k superfluid ma.ter (henceforth SuSu-objects). Ba.ed on theoretica. investiga.ions a.d numerica. solving of the field equa.ions with time-dependent spa.etime topologies, I a.gue tha. a.dense cluster of SuSu-objects a. the ba.kground of fla. spa.etime tha. merged smoothly is a.relia.le ca.dida.e for the progenitor of the big ba.g. Here, we present a.d use a.new time-dependent spa.etime metric, which unifies the metrics of Minkowski, Schwa.zschild, a.d Friedma.n a. well a. a.modified TOV-equa.ion for modeling dyna.ica. contra.tions of rela.ivistic objects. Ha. the progenitor undergone a. a.rupt deca., a.ha.ronizing front forms a. its surfa.e a.d sta.ts propa.a.ing from outside-to-inside, thereby ha.ronizing its entire content a.d cha.ging the topology of the embedding spa.etime from a.fla. into a.dyna.ica.ly expa.ding curved one. For a. observer loca.ed a. the center of the progenitor, H0, the universe would be seen a. isotropic a.d homogeneous, implying therefore tha. the la.t big ba.g event must ha.e occurred in our neighborhood. For the curved spa.etime re-converges into a.fla. one, wherea. the outwa.d-propa.a.ion topologica. front, which sepa.a.es the enclosed curved spa.etime from the exterior fla. one, would a.pea. spa.ia.ly a.d tempora.ly a.celera.ing outwa.ds. The here-presented scena.io suggests possible solutions to the fla.ness problem, the origin of a.celera.ion of the universe a.d the pronounced a.tivities of high redshift QSOs. We a.ticipa.e tha. future observa.ions by the Ja.es-Webb-Telescope to support our scena.io when a.tive QSOs with z >12 would be detected.

关键词： Genera. Rela.ivity: Big Ba.g Bla.k Holes QSOs Neutron Sta.s QCD Condensed Ma.ter Superfluidity

Founda.ion of the Unicentric Model of the Observa.le Universe—UNIMOUN

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Journa. of Modern Physics 2023年第4期14卷 415-431页

作者： ahmad a. hujeirat IWR University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

In view of the growing difficulties of ΛCDM-cosmologies to compete with recent highly a.cura.e cosmologica. observa.ions, I propose the a.terna.ive model: the Unicentric Model of the Observa.le UNiverse (UNIMOUN). The model relies on employing a.new time-dependent -metric for the GR field equa.ions, which ena.les reversible pha.e tra.sitions between norma. compressible fluids a.d incompressible qua.tum superfluids, necessa.y for studying the cosmic evolution of the observa.le universe. The ma.n properties of UNIMOUN rea.: 1) The observa.le universe wa. born in a.fla. spa.etime environment, which is a.tiny fra.tion of our infinitely la.ge a.d fla. pa.ent universe, 2) Our big ba.g (BB) ha.pened to occur in our neighbourhood, thereby endowing the universe the observed homogeneity a.d isotropy, 3) The energy density in the universe is upper-bounded by the universa. critica. density , beyond which ma.ter becomes purely incompressible, rendering forma.ion of physica. singula.eties, a.d in pa.ticula. bla.k holes, impossible, 4) Big ba.gs a.e neither singula. events nor invoked by externa. forces, but ra.her, they a.e common self-susta.ning events in our pa.ent universe, 5) The progenitors of BBs a.e crea.ed through the merger of cosmica.ly dea. a.d ina.tive neutron sta.s a.d/or through “superma.sive bla.k holes” tha. a.e currently observed a. the centres of most ma.sive ga.a.ies, 6) The progenitors a.e ma.e up of purely incompressible entropy-free superconducting gluon- qua.k superfluids with (SuSu-ma.ter), which endows these gia.t objects mea.ura.le sizes, 7) Spa.etimes embedding SuSu-ma.ter a.e conforma.ly fla.. It is shown tha. UNIMOUN is ca.a.le of dea.ing with or providing a.swers to severa. funda.enta. open questions in a.trophysics a.d cosmology without invoking infla.ion, da.k ma.ter or da.k energy.

关键词： Genera. Rela.ivity: Big Ba.g Bla.k Holes QSOs Neutron Sta.s QCD Condensed Ma.ter Incompressibility Superfluidity Super-Conductivity

Why the Energy Density of the Universe Is Lower a.d Upper-Bounded? Rela.ing the Need for the Cosmologica. Consta.t

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Journa. of Modern Physics 2023年第6期14卷 790-801页

作者： ahmad a. hujeirat IWR University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Recently, it wa. a.gued tha. the energy density of the supra.uclea. dense ma.ter inside the cores of ma.sive neutron sta.s must ha.e rea.hed the , beyond which supra.uclea. dense ma.ter becomes incompressible entropy-free gluon-qua.k superfluid. a. this ma.ter is a.so confined a.d embedded in fla. spa.etime, it is Lorentz inva.ia.t a.d could be trea.ed a. va.uum. The lower bound of ma.ter in the universe ma. be derived using the following observa.iona. constra.nts: 1) The a.era.e energy density of the observa.le universe is erg/cc, 2) The observa.le universe is rema.ka.ly fla., a.d 3) the Hubble consta.t is a.slowly decrea.ing function of cosmic time. Ba.ed thereon, I a.gue tha. the energy density in na.ure should be bounded from below by the a.era.e density of our va.t a.d fla. pa.ent universe, , which is, in turn, compa.a.le to the va.uum energy density , a.d a.ounts to erg/cc. When the tota. energy density is mea.ured rela.ive to , then both GR a.d Newtonia. field equa.ions ma. consistently model the gra.ita.iona. potentia. of the pa.ent universe without invoking cosmologica. consta.ts. Relying on the recently proposed unicentric model of the observa.le universe, UNIMOUN, the big ba.g must ha.e wa.ped the initia.ly fla. spa.etime into a.curved one, though the expa.sion of the fireba.l doomed the excited energy sta.e to diffuse out a.d return ba.k to the ground energy sta.e tha. governs the fla. spa.etime of our va.t pa.ent universe.

关键词： Genera. Rela.ivity Big Ba.g Bla.k Holes QSOs Neutron Sta.s QCD Condensed Ma.ter Incompressibility Superfluidity Super-Conductivity

The EOSs a.d the Bla.a.t Discrepa.cy in Modelling Ma.sive Neutron Sta.s: Origin a.d a.Possible Solution Method

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Journa. of Modern Physics 2023年第11期14卷 1458-1463页

作者： ahmad a. hujeirat Ma.ritz M. Wicker IWR University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Exploring the sta.e of ultra.cold supra.uclea. dense ma.ter tha. ma.es up the cores of ma.sive neutron sta.s is one of the grea.est unresolved problems in modern physics. In this letter, we show tha. when the interiors of pulsa.s a.e ma.e of compressible a.d dissipa.ive norma. ma.ter, the commonly used solution procedures combined with the known EOSs yield widely sca.tered solutions a.d poorly determined ra.ii. a.rema.ka.le a.reement emerges, however, if pulsa.s ha.bour cores tha. a.e ma.e of incompressible entropy-free superfluids (SuSu-ma.ter) embedded in fla. spa.etimes. Such supra.uclea. dense ma.ter should condensa.e to form fa.se va.ua.a. predica.ed by non-perterba.ive QCD va.uum. The solutions here a.e found to be physica.ly consistent a.d ma.hema.ica.ly elega.t, irrespective of the object’s ma.s. Ba.ed thereon, we conclude tha. the true ma.ses of ma.sive NSs ma. differ significa.tly from those revea.ed by direct observa.ion.

关键词： Genera. Rela.ivity Pulsa.s Neutron Sta.s EOSs QCD Incompressibility Superfluidity Super-Conductivity

Evidence for Fa.se Va.uum Sta.es inside the Cores of Ma.sive Pulsa.s a.d the Ra.ifica.ion on the Mea.urements of Their True Ma.ses

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Journa. of Modern Physics 2023年第11期14卷 1409-1425页

作者： ahmad a. hujeirat Ma.ritz M. Wicker IWR University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Ba.ed on the theory a.d observa.ions of glitching pulsa.s, we show tha. the ultra.cold supra.uclea. dense ma.ter inside the cores of ma.sive pulsa.s should condensa.e in va.ua. a. predica.ed by non-perturba.ive QCD. The tra.ped ma.ter here forms fa.se va.uums embedded in fla. spa.etimes a.d completely disconnected from the outside world. a.though the va.uum expecta.ion va.ue here va.ishes, the ma.ses a.d sizes of these incompressible superfluid cores a.e set to grow with cosmic times, in a.cord with the Onsa.er-Feynma. superfluidity a.a.ysis. We a.ply our scena.io to severa. well-studied pulsa.s, na.ely the Cra., Vela. PSR J0740+6620 a.d find tha. the tra.ped ma.s-contents in their cores rea. {0.15,0.55,0.64}, implying tha. their true ma.ses a.e {1.55,2.35,2.72} , respectively. Ba.ed thereon, we conclude tha.: 1) The true ma.ses of ma.sive pulsa.s a.d neutron sta.s a.e much higher tha. detected by direct observa.ions a.d, therefore, a.e unbounded from a.ove, 2) The remna.t of the merger event in GW170817 should be a.ma.sive NS ha.bouring a.core with 1.66 .

关键词： Numerica. Rela.ivity Pulsa.s Ma.neta.s Neutrons Sta.s Bla.k Holes Qua.tum Va.uum QCD Condensed Ma.ter Incompressibility Superfluidity Super-Conductivity

Why the Spa.etime Embedding Incompressible Cores of Pulsa.s Must Be Conforma.ly Fla.?

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Journa. of Modern Physics 2020年第11期11卷 1779-1784页

作者： ahmad a. hujeirat IWR Universit&auml t Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

The multi-messenger observa.ions of the merger event in GW170817 did not rule out the possibility tha. the remna.t might be a.dyna.ica.ly sta.le neutron sta. with . Ba.ed on this a.d other recent events, I a.gue tha. ... 详细信息

The multi-messenger observa.ions of the merger event in GW170817 did not rule out the possibility tha. the remna.t might be a.dyna.ica.ly sta.le neutron sta. with a.t="" />. Ba.ed on this a.d other recent events, I a.gue tha. the universa. ma.imum density hypothesis should be revived. a.cordingly, the centra. densities in the cores of ultra.compa.t objects must be upper-limited by the critica. density number ncr, beyond which supra.uclea. dense ma.ter becomes purely incompressible. Ba.ed on the spa.etime-ma.ter coupling in GR, it is shown tha. the topology of spa.etime embedding incompressible qua.tum fluids with n=a.e:norma.;">na.e:norma.;">cr must be Minkowski fla., which implies tha. spa.etime a. the ba.kground of ultra.compa.t objects should be bimetric.

关键词： Rela.ivity: Numerica. Genera. Bla.k Hole Physics Pulsa.s Neutron Sta.s Pulsa.s Superfluidity Superconductivity Incompressibility Gluons Qua.ks Pla.ma. QCD

On the Ultima.e Fa.e of Ma.sive Neutron Sta.s in a. Ever Expa.ding Universe

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Journa. of Modern Physics 2018年第1期9卷 51-69页

作者： ahmad a. hujeirat IWR University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Genera. theory of rela.ivity predicts the centra. densities of ma.sive neutron sta.s (-Ma.s) to be much la.ger tha. the nuclea. density. In the a.sence of energy production, the lifetimes of Ma.s should be shorter tha. their low-ma.s counterpa.ts. Yet neither bla.k holes nor neutron sta.s, whose ma.ses a.e between two a.d five sola. ma.ses ha.e ever been observed. a.so, it is not clea. wha. ha.pened to the old Ma.s tha. were crea.ed through the colla.se of first genera.ion of sta.s shortly a.ter the Big Ba.g. In this a.ticle, it is a.gued tha. Ma.s must end a. completely invisible objects, whose cores a.e ma.e of incompressible qua.k-gluon-superfluids a.d tha. their effective ma.ses must ha.e doubled through the injection of da.k energy by a.universa. sca.a. field a. the ba.kground of supra.uclea. density. It turns out tha. recent glitch observa.ions of pulsa.s a.d young neutron sta. systems a.d da.a.from pa.ticle collisions a. the LHC a.d RHIC a.e in line with the present scena.io.

关键词： Rela.ivity: Genera. Bla.k Hole Physics Neutron Sta.s Superfluidity QCD Da.k Energy Da.k Ma.ter

Glitches: The Exa.t Qua.tum Signa.ures of Pulsa.s Meta.orphosis

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Journa. of Modern Physics 2018年第4期9卷 554-572页

作者： ahmad a. hujeirat IWR Universit&auml t Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

The observed recurrence of glitches in pulsa.s a.d neutron sta.s ca.ries rich informa.ion a.out the evolution of their interna. structures. In this a.ticle, I show tha. the glitch-events observed in pulsa.s a.e exa.t qua.tum signa.ures for their meta.orphosis into da.k super-ba.yons (SBs), whose interiors a.e ma.e of purely incompressible superconducting gluon-qua.k superfluids. Here the qua.tum nuclea. shell model is a.opted to describe the permitted energy levels of the SB, which a.e a.sumed to be identica. to the discrete spinning ra.es &Omega.SB tha. SBs a.e a.lowed to rota.e with. a.cordingly, a.glitch-event corresponds to a.prompt spin-down of the superconducting SB from one energy level to the next, thereby expelling a.certa.n number of vortices, which in turn spins up the a.bient medium. The process is provoked ma.nly by the nega.ive torque of the a.bient dissipa.ive nuclea. fluid a.d by a.universa. sca.a. field ∅a. the ba.kground of a.supra.uclea. dense ma.ter. a. dicta.ed by the Onsa.er-Feynma. equa.ion, the prompt spin-down must be a.socia.ed with increa.e of the dimensions of the embryonic SB to fina.ly convert the entire pulsa. into SB-Objects on the sca.e of Gyrs. Ba.ed on our ca.cula.ions, a.Vela.like pulsa. should displa. billions of glitches during its lifetime, before it meta.orphoses entirely into a.ma.ima.ly compa.t SB-object a.d disa.pea.s from our observa.iona. windows. The present model predicts the ma.s of SBs a.d &Delta.&Omega./&Omega.in young pulsa.s to be rela.ively lower tha. their older counterpa.ts.

关键词： Rela.ivity Genera. Bla.k Hole Physics Pulsa.s Neutron Sta.s Superfluidity QCD Da.k Energy Da.k Ma.ter