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Study of the Management and Disposal Practices of Unused or Out-of-Date Medicines by Households in the Municipality of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第3期12卷 291-302页

作者： Daniel Dori adama guembré Kampadilemba Ouoba Nicolas Méda Rasmané Semdé Drug Development Laboratory African Center of Excellence for Training Research and Expertise in Pharmaceutical Sciences (CEA-CFOREM) Sciences and Health Doctoral School Training and Research Unit in Health Sciences Joseph KI-ZERBO University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Charles De Gaulle University Children's Hospital (CHUP-CDG) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso National Agency for Pharmaceutical Regulation (ANRP) Ministry of Health Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Public Health Laboratory Sciences and Health Doctoral School Joseph KI-ZERBO University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Introduction: Not all medicines that pass-through consumers’ hands are used, and some often expire in households. These health products can be sources of accidental risks and pollution when they are not properly disposed of. In Burkina Faso, there are as yet no guidelines for the disposal of unused medicines in households. The aim of this study was to estimate the extent of household possession of unused or expired medicines, and to describe attitudes and disposal practices. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study covering households in the Ouagadougou commune conducted from June to August 2021. Two-stage stratified sampling was used: selection of Enumeration Zones (EZs) and selection of households, with each EZ comprising several households. Data collection was based on direct interviews using a structured questionnaire. Data were processed using Epi Info software version 7.***.4.0. Results: In total, 417 household residents were surveyed out of the planned 423 households, corresponding to a completion rate of 98.58% compared with the initial sample. Among the respondents, 79.62% had unused and/or expired medicines in their household. A total of 2562 drug packaging units were counted, for a total weight of 121.90 kg. Nearly 75% were aware that improper disposal was a danger to the environment. Some respondents kept their unused medicines at home until they expired (43.41%), and disposed of them mainly by throwing them in the household garbage (75.58%). The majority (79%) were in favor of the government setting up a take-back program for these medicines. Conclusion: The introduction of a take-back program for unused or out-of-date medicines will ensure safer disposal of medicines, and better protection for households and the environment.

关键词： Unused Medicines Expired Medicines Disposal Household Risk

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A Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network with Hierarchical Multi-Scale Feature Fusion for Image Classification

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Journal of Computer and Communications 2024年第2期12卷 173-200页

作者： adama Dembele Ronald Waweru Mwangi Ananda Omutokoh Kube Department of Mathematics Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation Nairobi Kenya Department of Computing School of Computing and Information Technology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Department of Mathematics and Actuarial Sciences Kenyatta University Nairobi Kenya

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used in image classification tasks, but their increasing model size and computation make them challenging to implement on embedded systems with constrained hardware resources. To address this issue, the MobileNetV1 network was developed, which employs depthwise convolution to reduce network complexity. MobileNetV1 employs a stride of 2 in several convolutional layers to decrease the spatial resolution of feature maps, thereby lowering computational costs. However, this stride setting can lead to a loss of spatial information, particularly affecting the detection and representation of smaller objects or finer details in images. To maintain the trade-off between complexity and model performance, a lightweight convolutional neural network with hierarchical multi-scale feature fusion based on the MobileNetV1 network is proposed. The network consists of two main subnetworks. The first subnetwork uses a depthwise dilated separable convolution (DDSC) layer to learn imaging features with fewer parameters, which results in a lightweight and computationally inexpensive network. Furthermore, depthwise dilated convolution in DDSC layer effectively expands the field of view of filters, allowing them to incorporate a larger context. The second subnetwork is a hierarchical multi-scale feature fusion (HMFF) module that uses parallel multi-resolution branches architecture to process the input feature map in order to extract the multi-scale feature information of the input image. Experimental results on the CIFAR-10, Malaria, and KvasirV1 datasets demonstrate that the proposed method is efficient, reducing the network parameters and computational cost by 65.02% and 39.78%, respectively, while maintaining the network performance compared to the MobileNetV1 baseline.

关键词： MobileNet Image Classification Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network Depthwise Dilated Separable Convolution Hierarchical Multi-Scale Feature Fusion

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An Application of Machine Learning Methods to Detect Mango Varieties

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第7期14卷 1666-1690页

作者： Abou Bakary Ballo Moustapha Diaby adama Coulibaly Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University FLIX HOUPHOUT-BOIGNY Abidjan Cte dIvoire African College of Information and Communication Technologies Abidjan Cte dIvoire

The mango, a fruit of immense economic and dietary significance in numerous tropical and subtropical regions, plays a pivotal role in our agricultural landscape. Accurate identification is not just a necessity, but a crucial step for effective classification, sorting, and marketing. This study delves into the potential of machine learning for this task, comparing the performance of four models: MobileNetV2, Xception, VGG16, and ResNet50V2. These models were trained on a dataset of annotated mango images, and their performance was evaluated using precision, accuracy, F1 score, and recall, which are standard metrics for image classification. The Xception model, with its exceptional performance, outshone the other models on all performance indicators. It achieved a staggering accuracy of 99.47%, an F1 score of 99.43%, and a recall of 99.43%, showcasing its remarkable ability to accurately identify mango varieties. MobileNetV2 followed closely with performances of 98.95% accuracy, 98.85% F1 score, and 98.86% recall. ResNet50V2 also delivered satisfactory results with 97.39% accuracy, 97.08% F1 score, and 97.17% recall. VGG16, however, was the least effective, with a precision rate of 83.25%, an F1 score of 83.25%, and a recall of 85.47%. These results confirm the superiority of the Xception model in detecting mango varieties. Its advanced architecture allows it to capture more distinguishing features of mango images, leading to greater precision and reliability. Xception’s robustness in identifying true positives is another advantage, minimizing false positives and contributing to more accurate classification. This study highlights the promising potential of machine learning, particularly the Xception model, for accurately identifying mango varieties.

关键词： Machine Learning Recognition Mango Varieties Algorithms Feature Extraction Convolution Training Classification

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Growth, Population Parameters and Stock Status of Sarotherodon galilaeus in Samandeni Reservoir, Burkina Faso

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Open Journal of Ecology 2024年第4期14卷 257-273页

作者： Nomwine Da Raymond Ouedraogo Mahamoudou Minoungou adama Oueda Institute for the Environment and Agricultural Research National Center for Scientific and Technological Research Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Animal Biology and Ecology Laboratory Joseph Ki-Zerbo University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Mango tilapia, Sarotherodon galilaeus is one of the most caught fish species in the Samandeni multi-species fishing sites of which, few data on its biology and exploitation are available. The study aimed to Assess the stock status of S. galilaeus. Sampling was conducted from March, 2021 to February 2022 based on commercial fish catches to analyze growth parameters, first sexual maturity size and harvest status of the stock. A total of 572 specimens including 297 females and 275 males were examined. The stock assessment was performed by using the Length based Bayesian method of Biomass (LBB) and that of growth by the ELEFAN method. The growth parameters showed a seasonality of growth and females appeared to grow faster than males. On the other hand, males had a greater asymptotic length than females. Results on the estimated length of fish at first maturity showed that females firstly reached the maturity compared to males. The relative biomass (B/B0) estimated for the stock was higher than the relative biomass that produces maximum sustainable yield (BMSY/B0) indicating healthy biomass. In addition, the length at first sexual maturity was less than the length at the first catch, indicating the absence of overfishing of growth. In addition, extending the study to the various stocks of the reservoir would be important for the sustainable management of the Samandeni high economic fishing area.

关键词： Growth Stock Status Sarotherodon galilaeus Samandeni Reservoir Maturity

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Rare-Element Pegmatites Rocks Rich and Li of the Aïr Massif of the Tchirozerine: Mineralogy and Chemical Composition Agadez Region-Northem Niger

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第1期14卷 171-181页

作者： Ntoumbé Mama Hamza Bassara Amaya adama Awona Paul Zéphyrin Nomenjanahary Limbisoa Department of Mines Geology School of Geology and Mining Engineering University of Ngaoundere Meiganga Cameroon Department of Geology Faculty of Sciences and Technic University of Abdou Moumouni Niger Department of Geomatic and Geology Mapping School of Geology and Mining Engineering University of Ngaoundere Meiganga Cameroon National Advance School of Engineering of Yaounde Yaounde Cameroon School of Thematic Doctoral Faculty of Sciences University of Antsiranana Antsiranana Madagascar

The lithium potential in the Aïr massif is represented by mineral index of spodumene pegmatites and, lepidolite pegmatites. The mineral deposits of lithium occur in cluster or veins that cut the host rock or are located near the contact between the greenstone belt and granitic massif. The evidence of lithium is in the form of clusters or disseminated and stockwerk. Mineralogical characteristics show similarities between the Air Massif pegmatites and indicate the same homogenous source during the magma-generation process. The pegmatite rocks attracted the attention due to their wide exposure and composition, well appearance, and economically hosting of significant rare earth metals such as Sn and W. The mineralogical and petrographical investigations on the eight pegmatites rocks samples observed have a relative similarity, while a little difference in the shapes attributed to the ratio in the pegmatite rocks of the minerals. The occurrence of the kink band indicates the influence of the tectonic processes which affected the Aïr massif after the emplacement of late magmatic or post-magmatic pegmatites by injection into fractured rocks in the upper part of the crust. The Air Massif pegmatite has higher concentrations Li and of all trace elements except Hf and occasionally Zr, Ti, Sn and Mg of for the economic exploration.

关键词： Pegmatite Lithium Rare Elements Hydrothermal Processes Aïr Massif

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Performance Evaluation of Solar Chimney Draft: Application to Ventilation

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2024年第4期15卷 107-122页

作者： Boukaré Ouedraogo adama Ouedraogo Arouna Kabore Kalifa Palm Dieudonné Joseph Bahiebo Laboratoire dEnergies Thermiques Renouvelables (LETRE) Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO: UFR/SEA Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Physique Spatiale et Energtique (LACAPSE) Universit Norbert ZONGO Koudougou Burkina Faso Centre Universitaire Polytechnique de Kaya (CUP-Kaya) Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire des Systmes dEnergie Renouvelable et Environnement Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliques et Technologies (IRSAT) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Ventilation is one of the factors contributing to energy consumption in buildings and food preservation. The solar chimney proves to be an alternative for reducing conventional energy consumption. Thus, in this study, the performance of a solar chimney with two active faces for thermally drawing air from a chamber for preserving agri-food products was evaluated. These performances were experimentally assessed through data measurements: temperatures and velocities within the chimney, and their analysis using Excel and MATLAB. The obtained results were compared with those from literature to verify their validity. From this study, it is found that the maximum temperature at the chimney outlet reaches 49.4˚C with an average value of 43.7˚C. Additionally, the heating evolution of the chimney air presents four (04) identical phases in pairs, reflecting the chimney’s operation throughout day. The temperature difference between the outlet and inlet of the chimney reaches a maximum of 17˚C with an average of 12.6˚C. Regarding airflow, the maximum air velocity at the chimney outlet is 0.8 m/s, and the average velocities have consistently been greater than or equal to 0.46 m/s. Thus, it can be concluded that the solar chimney is capable of providing ventilation for the preservation chamber through thermal draft.

关键词： Solar Chimney Natural Ventilation Thermal Draft Airflow Chimney Effect

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Optimization of Diesel and Crude Oil Degradation in a Ghanaian Soil Using Organic Wastes as Amendment

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2024年第1期13卷 1-12页

作者： adama Sawadogo Innocent Yao Dotse Lawson Hama Cissé Cheikna Zongo Aly Savadogo Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology Research and Training Unit Life and Earth Sciences Joseph Ki-Zerbo University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Soil Science Department School of Agriculture University of Ghana Accra Ghana

Soil contamination by hydrocarbons poses numerous environmental, health and agricultural problems. The degradation of these pollutants can occur naturally but very slowly. It is therefore generally necessary to stimulate this degradation by different means. Thus, this study aimed to improve the bio-degradation of diesel and crude oil in a Ghanaian soil by biostimulation. For this, the sampled soil was characterized by standard methods and contaminated with diesel and crude oil at a proportion of 1% (w/w). Then, contaminated soil samples were supplemented with biochar-compost, poultry manure or cow dung at the proportion of 10% (w/w). Periodically, fractions of these samples were taken to evaluate the density of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) and the residual quantities of diesel or crude oil. The characteristics of the soil used show the need for supplementation for better degradation of hydrocarbons. The results of the study show that supplementing the soil with organic substrates increases HUB loads in soils contaminated by diesel and crude oil. They also show that the residual quantities of diesel and crude oil are generally significantly lower in supplemented soils (p = 0.048 and p < 0.0001 respectively). In addition, the study shows that degradation was generally greater in soils contaminated by diesel compared to those contaminated by crude oil, especially at the end of the study.

关键词： Biodegradation Biostimulation Soil Diesel Crude Oil Organic Amendment Ghana

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Experimental Study of a Quadratic Boost: The Cascaded Connected Single Switch

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2024年第6期15卷 139-148页

作者： Prince Abdoul Aziz Honadia Bernard Zouma adama Ouédraogo Fabé Idrissa Barro Department of Physics and Chemistry Centre Universitaire de Kaya (CU-K) Kaya Burkina Faso Thermal Renewable Energies Laboratory Department of Physics Joseph Ki-Zerbo University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Semiconductors and Solar Energy Laboratory Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technique Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal

The quadratic boost is studied under its real model. The equations, of the continuous conduction mode, descriptive of this model are established. From these equations, the expressions of the voltage gain and the efficiency are extracted. These two quantities are plotted as a function of the duty cycle in order to appreciate them in different operating points of the transistor. The values of the different components have also been extracted for the fabrication of a prototype of the converter. Thanks to a set of experimental measurements at the input as well as at the output of the prototype converter, the voltage gain and the efficiency could also be observed. These were also plotted for different loads to observe converter behavior. The theoretical curves were compared with the experimental curves which allowed to validate the proposed mathematical models on a large range of duty cycles.

关键词： Voltage Gain Factor Conversion Efficiency Duty Cycle Quadratic Boost

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Study and Formulation of Composite Flours Based on Gluten Flour and Local Cereal Flours: Fonio, Millet and Sorghum

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2024年第1期13卷 169-181页

作者： Laouratou Bah Kéloua Kourouma adama Moussa Sakho Aboubacar Diallo Mamadou Madaniou Sow Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Sciences of the Higher School of Tourism and Hospitality Conakry Republic of Guinea Department of Laboratory Technology Higher Institute of Technology of Mamou Mamou Republic of Guinea Higher Institute of Architecture and Town Planning Conakry Republic of Guinea Department of Chemistry Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry Conakry Republic of Guinea

This study makes it possible to establish baking flours of nutritional quality and technologically acceptable following the increase in their rheological parameters due to the insertion of gluten flour. The composite flours were obtained using the Philips mixer type (model HR2811). The nutritional qualities of the formulated flours were determined by the Kjeldahl, AOAC 985-29, UV-VIS spectrophotometry (DR 5000;HACH and LANGE, France) and Soxhlet gravimetric methods. The compounds obtained are respectively: Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, micronutrient and vitamin contents. Monitoring the analysis of functional properties (water and oil absorption capacity) as well as baking value.

关键词： Cereal Flour Gluten Flour Bread Making Biochemical and Rheological Properties

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Determination of the Physico-Chemical Quality of the Waters of the Mamouwol River in the Urban Commune of Mamou, Republic of Guinea

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2024年第4期13卷 111-121页

作者： Mamadou Madaniou Sow Mamadou Lamarana Souare adama Moussa Sakho Alhassane Diami Diallo Laboratory Techniques Department Mamou Higher Institute of TechnologyMamou 063Republic of Guinea Chemistry Department Gamal Abdel Nasser UniversityConakryConakry 1147Republic of Guinea Guinea Waters Company Laboratory Almamya QuarterConakry BP:150Republic of Guinea

Water is one of the most important elements on which our daily lives depend,because of its many uses in various *** ensure that people have the right of access to water,the authorities must provide them with treated water that complies with the regulations and standards in force,particularly from a physico-chemical point of view,for all possible uses to avoid any health problems for *** aim of this research is to study the water in the Mamouwol River by measuring physico-chemical parameters:(1)pH,it varies from 5.2“Mam3”to 7.8“Mam4”in August 2021 then from 5.5“Mam3”to 7.7“Mam4”in March 2022,*** average of 6.9 for all sampling points;(2)Turbidity varies from 0.3 NTU“Mam1”to 26.3 NTU“Mam4”in August 2021,then from 0.3 NTU“Mam1”to 30.6 NTU“Mam4”in March 2022,*** average of 9.0 NTU for all sampling points;(3)Suspended matter,varying from 0.6 mg/L“Mam1”to 17.6 mg/L“Mam4”in August 2021,then from 0.6 mg/L“Mam1”to 30.0 mg/L“Mam4”in March 2022,*** average of 8.8 mg/L for all the sampling points“Mam1”,“Mam2”,“Mam3”and“Mam4”;(4)Dissolved oxygen,varying from 2.07 mg/L“Mam3”to 6.12 mg/L“Mam1”in August 2021,then from 1.05 mg/L“Mam3”to 5.05 mg/L“Mam1”in March 2022,*** average of 2.77 mg/L for all sampling points;(5)Nitrates vary from 1.32 mg/L“Mam1”to 3.96 mg/L“Mam4”in August 2021,then from 1.49 mg/L“Mam1”to 5.27 mg/L“Mam3”in March 2022,*** average of 5.53 mg/L for all sampling points;(6)Nitrites,varying from 0 mg/L“Mam1’and“Mam2”to 0.06 mg/L“Mam3”in August 2021,then from 0 mg/L“Mam1”and“Mam2”to 0.13 mg/L“Mam3”in March 2022,*** average of 0.03 mg/L for all sampling *** results show the presence of organic pollution.

关键词： River water Mamouwol physico-chemistry pollution.

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