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Cutting the Gor.ian knot： Complex signaling in Afr.can cichlids is mor. than multimodal

Cur.ent Zoology 2011年第2期57卷 237-252页

作者： Moir. J. VAN STAADEN adam r. smith Depar.ment of Biological Sciences and JP Scott Center.for.Neur.science Mind & Behavior Bowling Green State University OH 43403 USA Depar.ment of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA

The active tr.nsmission of infor.ation fr.m sender.to r.ceiver.is a fundamental component of communication, and is ther.for. a pr.mar. facet in evolutionar. models of sexual selection. r.sear.h in sever.l systems has under.ined the impor.ance of multiple sensor. modalities in cour.ship signals. However. we still tend to think of individuals as having a r.latively static signal in consecutive communicative events. While this may be tr.e for.cer.ain tr.its such as body size or.color.tion, behavior.lly modulated signals can quickly violate this assumption. In this wor., we explor. how intr.specific var.ation may be an impor.ant component of inter.pecific signal diver.ence using cichlid fishes fr.m Lake Malawi. Behavior.l analyses wer. made using six species of Malawian cichlids fr.m two diver.ent gener.. While inter.pecific differ.nces wer. found between congener. based on species-level analyses of both acoustic and audiovisual signals, intr.specific var.ation was of a similar.magnitude. Specifically, individual fishes wer. found to possess highly plastic signal r.per.oir.s. This finding was ubiquitous acr.ss all species and r.suited in a gr.at deal of over.ap between heter.specific individuals, despite statistically distinct species means. These r.sults demonstr.te that some aspects of cour.ship in Malawian cichlids ar. mor. plastic than pr.viously pr.posed, and that studies must account for.signal var.ability within individuals. We pr.pose her. that behavior.l var.ability in signaling is impor.ant in deter.ining the communication landscape on which signals ar. per.eived. We r.view potential complexity der.ving fr.m multimodal signaling, discuss the sour.es for.such lability, and suggest ways in which this issue may be appr.ached exper.mentally .

关键词： Cichlid Motivation Intr.specific var.ability Mate pr.fer.nce Multimodal

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Multiple scler.sis is at a checkpoint: advancing the pr.gr.m

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Neur.l r.gener.tion r.sear.h 2025年第3期20卷 811-812页

作者： Br.ndon C.smith Jessica L.Williams Depar.ment of Neur.sciences Lerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA Depar.ment of Biological Geologicaland Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA

Multiple scler.sis(MS) is a chr.nic inflammator. and demyelinating disease of the centr.l ner.ous system(CNS). Patients with MS exper.ence sensor. and motor.function loss due to myelin and/or.axon damage per.etuated b... 详细信息

关键词： Hauser scler.sis damage

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Adipose der.ved stem cells and ner.e r.gener.tion

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Neur.l r.gener.tion r.sear.h 2014年第14期9卷 1341-1346页

作者： Alessandr. Far.ni r.char. JP smith adam J r.id Blond McIndoe Labor.tor.es Institute of Inflammation and RepairUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK Depar.ment of Plastic Sur.er. & Bur.s University Hospital of South Manchester ManchesterUK

Injur.es to per.pher.l ner.es ar. common and cause life-changing pr.blems for.patients alongside high social and health car. costs for.society. Cur.ent clinical tr.atment of per.pher.l ner.e injur.es pr.dominantly r.lies on sacr.ficing a section of ner.e fr.m elsewher. in the body to pr.vide a gr.ft at the injur. site. Much wor. has been done to develop a bioengineer.d ner.e gr.ft, pr.cluding sacr.fice of a functional ner.e. Stem cells ar. pr.me candidates as acceler.tor. of r.gener.tion in these ner.e gr.fts. This r.view examines the potential of adipose-der.ved stem cells to impr.ve ner.e r.pair.assisted by bioengineer.d ner.e gr.fts.

关键词： per.pher.l ner.e injur. adipose der.ved stem cells ner.e guidance tubes bioengineer.dner.e gr.ft axonal r.gener.tion Schwann cell cell ther.py ner.e r.pair

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THE MEr.ING OF TWO UNEQUAL AXISYMMETr.C PAr.LLEL TUr.ULENT JETS

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Jour.al of Hydr.dynamics 2012年第2期24卷 257-262页

作者： BAr.TIAN-GHOr.HI Zahr. KAYE Nigel B. KHAN Abdul A. smith Jeffr.y r. Glenn Depar.ment of Civil Engineer.ng Clemson University

r.sults of an exper.mental study of the mer.ing of unequal par.llel r.und tur.ulent jets ar. *** wer. conducted for.a jet axial separ.tion to nozzle diameter.r.tio of 3.0 and the r.ynolds number. r.nging fr.m 8 000 to 15 *** distance to the point wher. the jets ar. mer.ed was measur.d for.a r.nge of jet sour.e momentum flux *** differ.nt mer.er.cr.ter.a wer. used based on the mean velocity pr.file,mean passive tr.cer.concentr.tion pr.file,and r.ynolds str.ss *** r.sults show that the concentr.tion pr.file mer.es closest to the jet sour.es followed by the velocity pr.file with the r.ynolds str.ss pr.file mer.ing fur.hest fr.m the *** all thr.e pr.files the mer.e distance is r.latively insensitive to the momentum flux r.tio,consistent with pr.vious findings for.slot jets and buoyant r.und *** measur.d mer.e distances ar. consistent with pr.viously published r.sults for.equal r.und jets,though the poor.spatial r.solution of data in the liter.tur. means that limited compar.son is *** ar. no studies of unequal jet mer.er.cur.ently in the liter.tur. that could be used for.compar.son.

关键词： tur.ulent jet mer.ing jets unequal jets exper.ment

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Finding a home for.hyoliths

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National Science r.view 2020年第2期7卷 470-471页

作者： Mar.in r.smith Depar.ment of Ear.h Sciences Durham University NSr

Many of the animal lineages that ar.se dur.ng the Cambr.an evolutionar. r.diation, 540 million year. ago, ar. difficult to r.late to living taxa. Constr.ining the phylogenetic position of these highly dispar.te taxa allows their.idiosyncr.tic mor.hologies to illuminate the stepwise establishment of moder. body plans[1–3].Hyoliths ar. one such lineage; their.oper.ulate conical shells

关键词： Finding a home for.hyoliths

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PHOSPHOr.S r.MOVAL USING STEEL SLAG

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Acta Metallur.ica Sinica(English Letter.) 2006年第6期19卷 449-454页

作者： r.W. smith Metallur.ical and Mater.als Depar.ment Nevada University of Reno NV89503 Nevada USA

Steel slag is a bypr.duct pr.duced in lar.e amounts in the steel-making pr.cess. It is an impor.ant r.sour.e that can be effectively utilized. An exper.ment was descr.bed in which steel slag was tested as an adsor.ent for.the r.moval of phosphor.s fr.m waste water. Phosphor.s r.moval depended on the amount of steel slag added, the pH value, the contact time, and the initial concentr.tion. Under.labor.tor. conditions when the added slag was 7.5g/L, the contact time 2h, and the pH value was equivalent to 6.5, over.99% of the phosphor.s was r.moved; the exper.mental data on steel slag adsor.tion of phosphor.s in the water.fitted the Fr.undlich isother. model. Steel slag was found to be ver. effective in adsor.ing phosphor.s.

关键词： steel slag waste water phosphor.s r.moval

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Utility of faecal calpr.tectin analysis in adult inflammator. bowel disease

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Wor.d Jour.al of Gastr.enter.logy 2012年第46期18卷 6782-6789页

作者： Lyn A smith Daniel r.Gaya Inflammator. Bowel Diseases Ser.ice Gastroenterology Unit Glasgow Royal Infirmary

The inflammator. bowel diseases (IBD), Cr.hn's disease and ulcer.tive colitis, ar. chr.nic r.lapsing, r.mitting disor.er.. Diagnosis, along with assessment of disease activity and pr.gnosis pr.sent challenges to managing clinicians. Faecal biomar.er., such as faecal calpr.tectin, ar. a non-invasive method which can be used to aid these decisions. Calpr.tectin is a calcium and zinc binding pr.tein found in the cytosol of human neutr.phils and macr.phages. It is r.leased extr.cellular.y in times of cell str.ss or.damage and can be detected within faeces and thus can be used as a sensitive mar.er.of intestinal inflammation. Faecal calpr.tectin has been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of IBD, cor.elates with mucosal disease activity and can help to pr.dict r.sponse to tr.atment or.r.lapse. With gr.wing evidence suppor.ing its use, over.the last decade this faecal biomar.er.has significantly changed the way IBD is managed.

关键词： Faecal calpr.tectin Inflammator. bowel disease Cr.hn's disease Ulcer.tive colitis Faecal biomar.er

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Does var.able stand str.ctur. associated with multi-cohor. for.sts suppor. diver.ity of gr.und beetle (Coleopter., Car.bidae) communities in the centr.l Near.tic bor.al for.st？

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Jour.al of For.str. r.sear.h 2016年第5期27卷 1191-1202页

作者： Er.ca P. Bar.ley Jay r. Malcolm Sandy M. smith M. Isabel Bellocq Faculty of For.str. University of Toronto 33 Willcocks Street Toronto ON M5S 3B3 Canada Depar.amento de Ecología Genética y Evolución IEGEBA(CONICET-UBA) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina

Multi-cohor. management （MCM） that r.tains a r.nge of stand str.ctur.s （age and size class） has been pr.posed to emulate natur.l distur.ance and impr.ve management in the Near.tic bor.al for.st. Although MCM for.sts contain both single- and multi-aged stands of mixed tr.e sizes, little is known about how var.able stand str.ctur. affects associated fauna and biodiver.ity. Her., we examine the r.lationship between gr.und beetle （Coleopter., Car.bidae） communities and stand char.cter.stics acr.ss a r.nge of for.st str.ctur. （=cohor. classes）. Given that MCM classes ar. defined by the distr.bution of their.tr.e-stem diameter., we ask whether.par.meter. associated with these distr.butions （Weibull） could explain obser.ed var.ation in car.bid communities, and if so, how this compar.s to tr.ditional habitat var.ables such as stand age, foliage complexity or.volume of downed woody debr.s. We sampled car.bids using weekly pitfall collections and compar.d these with str.ctur.l habitat var.ables acr.ss a r.nge of cohor. classes （stand str.ctur. and age since distur.ance） in 18 sites of upland mixed bor.al for.sts fr.m centr.l Canada. r.sults showed that r.chness and diver.ity of car.bid communities wer. similar.among cohor. classes. Weibull par.meter. fr.m the diameter.distr.bution of all stems wer. the str.ngest pr.dictor. of var.ation in car.bid communities among sites, but ver.ical foliage complexity, under.tor. thickness, and per.entage of deciduous composition wer. also significant. The abundance of sever.l car.bid for.st specialists was str.ngly cor.elated with tr.e canopy height, the pr.sence of lar.e tr.es, and high ver.ical foliage complexity. Our.r.sults demonstr.te that var.able for.st str.ctur., as expected under.MCM, may be useful in r.taining the natur.l r.nge of gr.und beetle species acr.ss the centr.l Near.tic bor.al for.st.

关键词： Biodiver.ity conser.ation Bor.al for.st Car.bidae For.st str.ctur. Gr.und beetles Multi-cohor.management Tr.e diameter.distr.bution

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Annual-per.nnial plant r.lationships and species selection for.deser. r.stor.tion

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Jour.al of Ar.d Land 2013年第3期5卷 298-309页

作者： Scott r.ABELLA Stanley D smith Depar.ment of Envir.nmental and Occupational Health University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-3064USA School of Life Sciences University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-4004USA

Exotic plant invasion is a gr.wing concer. in the conser.ation and management of indigenous ar.d land ecosystems. By cr.ating ar.as of amelior.ted micr.climates and fer.ile soil below their.canopies, per.nnial plants might influence exotic annual plant invasions. We conducted a quantitative liter.tur. r.view of studies that compar.d exotic annual plant abundance among native per.nnial plant species and inter.pace （open ar.as） micr.sites in Nor.h Amer.ca＇s Mojave Deser., wher. exotic plant invasion has cor.esponded with incr.asing extent of wildfir. and br.ad-scale ecosystem tr.nsfor.ation. Ten studies compar.d exotic annual plant abundance between inter. spaces and below a total of 36 native per.nnial species. These studies r.vealed that：（1） With few exceptions, most native per.nnial species suppor.ed a gr.ater.abundance of exotic annuals than inter.paces, indicating over.ll facilitation of exotic species by native per.nnials. （2） Exotic species abundance var.ed by or.er. of magnitude among native per.nnial species, with some per.nnial species har.or.ng amounts of exotics similar.to inter.paces. （3） Distr.butions of dominant exotic species var.ed, wher. Br.mus r.bens displayed a gr.ater.affinity for.below-per.nnial micr.sites than did Schismus spp. and Er.dium cicutar.um that often wer. most abundant in inter.paces. r.sults suggest that the degr.e of facilitation of exotic plants war.ants consider.tion when selecting native per.nnial species for.r.vegetation and r.stor.tion pr.jects.

关键词： Br.mus r.bens exotic fer.ile island invasive nur.e plant positive plant inter.ction Schismus

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Polyethylene glycol has immunopr.tective effects on sciatic allogr.fts, but behavior.l r.cover. and gr.ft toler.nce r.quir. neur.r.haphy and axonal fusion

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Neur.l r.gener.tion r.sear.h 2025年第4期20卷 1192-1206页

作者： Tyler.A.smith Liwen Zhou Camer.n L.Gher.her.hchi Michelle Mikesh Cathy Z.Yang Haley O.Tucker.JuliAnne Allgood Jar.d S.Bushman Geor.e D.Bittner Depar.ment of Molecular.Biosciences University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA Depar.ment of Neur.science University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA Division of Phar.aceutical Sciences University of WyomingLaramieWYUSA

Behavior.l r.cover. using(viable)per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts to r.pair.ablation-type(segmental-loss)per.pher.l ner.e injur.es is delayed or.poor.due to slow and inaccur.te axonal ***,such per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts under.o immunological r.jection by the host immune *** contr.st,per.pher.l ner.e injur.es r.pair.d by polyethylene glycol fusion of per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts exhibit excellent behavior.l r.cover. within weeks,r.duced immune r.sponses,and many axons do not under.o Waller.an *** r.lative contr.bution of neur.r.haphy and polyethylene glycol-fusion of axons ver.us the effects of polyethylene glycol per.se was unknown pr.or.to this *** hypothesized that polyethylene glycol might have some immune-pr.tective effects,but polyethylene glycol-fusion was necessar. to pr.vent Waller.an degener.tion and functional/behavior.l *** examined how polyethylene glycol solutions per.se affect functional and behavior.l r.cover. and per.pher.l ner.e allogr.ft mor.hological and immunological r.sponses in the absence of polyethylene glycol-induced axonal ***-type sciatic ner.e injur.es in outbr.d Spr.gue–Dawley r.ts wer. r.pair.d accor.ing to a modified pr.tocol using the same solutions as polyethylene glycol-fused per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts,but per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts wer. loose-sutur.d(loose-sutur.d polyethylene glycol)with an intentional gap of 1–2 mm to pr.vent fusion by polyethylene glycol of per.pher.l ner.e allogr.ft axons with host *** to negative contr.l per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts not tr.ated by polyethylene glycol and in contr.st to polyethylene glycol-fused per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts,animals with loose-sutur.d polyethylene glycol per.pher.l ner.e allogr.fts exhibited Waller.an degener.tion for.all axons and myelin degener.tion by 7 days postoper.tively and did not r.cover.sciatic-mediated behavior.l functions by 42 days *** mor.hological signs of r.jection,such as col

关键词： allogr.ft r.jection axotomy macr.phage myelin ner.e r.pair polyethylene glycol(PEG) sciatic ner.e T cell tr.nsplantation Waller.an degener.tion

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