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Appropriate Combination of Crossover Operator and Mutation Operator in Genetic Algorithms for the Travelling Salesman Problem

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第5期79卷 2399-2425页

作者： Zakir hussain Ahmed Habibollah Haron Abdullah Al-Tameem Department of Mathematics and Statistics College of ScienceImam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)Riyadh11432Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Faculty of Computing Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaJohor Bahru81310Malaysia College of Computer and Information Sciences Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)Riyadh11432Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Genetic algorithms(GAs)are very good metaheuristic algorithms that are suitable for solving NP-hard combinatorial optimization *** a set of solutions represented by a population of chromosomes and then uses the idea of survival of the fittest in the selection process to select some fitter *** uses a crossover operator to create better offspring chromosomes and thus,converges the ***,it uses a mutation operator to explore the unexplored areas by the crossover operator,and thus,diversifies the GA search space.A combination of crossover and mutation operators makes the GA search strong enough to reach the optimal ***,appropriate selection and combination of crossover operator and mutation operator can lead to a very good GA for solving an optimization *** this present paper,we aim to study the benchmark traveling salesman problem(TSP).We developed several genetic algorithms using seven crossover operators and six mutation operators for the TSP and then compared them to some benchmark TSPLIB *** experimental studies show the effectiveness of the combination of a comprehensive sequential constructive crossover operator and insertion mutation operator for the *** GA using the comprehensive sequential constructive crossover with insertion mutation could find average solutions whose average percentage of excesses from the best-known solutions are between 0.22 and 14.94 for our experimented problem instances.

关键词： Travelling salesman problem genetic algorithms crossover operator mutation operator comprehensive sequential constructive crossover insertion mutation

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PdCu alloy anchored defective titania for photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into methane with 100% selectivity

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第4期91卷 254-265页

作者： Lina Zhang Sajjad hussain Qiuye Li Jianjun Yang National&Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan UniversityKaifeng 475004HenanChina

The photoreduction of CO_(2)into CH_(4)with simultaneous high activity and selectivity is a promising strategy to increase energy supply and alleviate global ***,the absence of the active sites that is responsible for the adsorption and activation of CO_(2)and the generation of CO and H2via side reactions often lead to poor efficiency and low selectivity of the ***,Cu,Pd,and PdCu metal clusters cocatalyst-anchored defective TiO_(2)nanotubes(Cu/TiO_(2)-SBO,Pd/TiO_(2)-SBO,and Pd1Cu1/TiO_(2)-SBO)were designed via a simple solution impregnation reduction and applied for photocatalytic conversion of CO_(2)to CH_(4).The Pd1Cu1/TiO_(2)-SBO photocatalyst exhibits excellent catalytic performance among the other catalysts for photoreduction of CO_(2)into CH_(4).More interestingly,the product selectivity of CH_(4)reaches up to 100%with a rate of 25μmol g^(-1)h^(-1).In-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS)and density functional theory(DFT)simulations indicate that the main reasons for the high selectivity of CH_(4)are attributed to the PdCu alloy and oxygen vacancies,which jointly enhance the photoinduced carrier separation and lower energy barriers of key ***,due to the tunable d-band center of the Cu site in the PdCu alloy,the generated intermediates can be well prevented from poisoning and promoted to participate in further ***,the current study will provide insight into the development of new,highly selective photocatalysts for the visible light-catalytic reduction of CO_(2)into CH_(4).

关键词： PdCu alloy Defective TiO_(2) Photoreduction of CO_(2) Photocatalytic mechanism

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Fine Sand and Clay Sediment Acoustic Properties of the Novel Sediment Sample from the Arabian Sea:Experimental Investigations and Biot−Stoll Model Validation

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China Ocean Engineering 2024年第1期38卷 169-180页

作者： Shahabuddin SHAIKH HUANG Yi-wang ZHANG Ze-chuan Habib hussain ZUBERI National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology and College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering Harbin Engineering UniversityHarbin 150001China

The present study explores the physical and acoustic characteristics of fine sand and clay in novel seabed marine sediments from of Pakistan coastline of the Arabian *** measured physical parameters included mean grain size,mass density,bulk density,salinity,porosity,permeability,pore size and mineralogical *** properties,including sound speed and attenuation,in the high frequency range of 90-170 kHz were analyzed.A controlled laboratory setup with the acoustic transmission method and Fourier transform techniques was utilized to examine the sound propagation and absorption of novel seabed *** standard deviation of mean sound speed in fresh water was 0.75 m/s,and attenuation was observed in the range of 0.43 to 0.61 dB/*** mean sound velocity in sand and clay varied from 1706 to 1709 m/s and 1602 to 1608 m/s,*** average attenuation was observed at 80 to 93 dB/m in sandy sediments and from 31.8 to 38.6 dB/m in clayey *** velocity variation within sandy sediment is low,consistent with expected results,and smaller than the predicted ***,clay sediment exhibited a positive linear correlation and low sound speed *** increased linearly with frequency for both ***,the laboratory results were validated by using the Biot−Stoll *** dispersion of sound speed in sandy and clayey sediments was consistent with the predictions of the Biot−Stoll *** attenuation aligned more with Biot−Stoll model predictions due to improved permeability,tortuosity and pore size parameter fitting.

关键词： physical and acoustic characteristics marine sediments sound speed attenuation Biot−Stoll model

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Knowledge and discriminatory attitudes towards HIV/AIDS among the women of reproductive age group of Pakistan using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey(MICS)

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Global Health Journal 2024年第2期8卷 74-82页

作者： Remsha hussain Russell Kabir School of Allied Health Faculty of HealthMedicine and Social CareAnglia Ruskin UniversityUnited Kingdom

Background Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS)has become a major worldwide public health issue,with a focus on developing *** having a very low HIV prevalence,South Asia faces serious issues with stigma and false information because of a lack of *** stigma highlights significant gaps in popular awareness while also sustaining unfavorable attitudes towards those living with HIV/*** is ranked second in South Asia for the rapidly increasing AIDS *** information and optimistic outlooks are essential for successful HIV/AIDS prevention,control,and *** false beliefs about how HIV/AIDS spreads lead to negative perceptions,which highlights the need to look into how women’s knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS in Pakistan are influenced by sociodemographic traits and *** The purpose of this study is to evaluate Pakistani women’s discriminatory attitudes and level of awareness on HIV/*** study used data(the women in reproductive age 15-49 years’dataset)from the Pakistan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey to conduct an analytical cross-sectional *** represent the respondents’attitudes and knowledge towards people living with HIV(PLHIV),two composite variables were developed and composite *** logistics regression was used to identify predictor variables and chi-square was used for bivariate *** The findings reveal that almost 90%of Pakistani women have poor knowledge and attitude with HIV/*** Punjab,72.8%of rural residents have low knowledge,whereas only 20.6%of young individuals(15-<25 years old)show the least amount of *** is shown to be crucial,and“Higher”education is associated with superior *** dwellers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa typically have more *** of HIV is positively correlated with education;those with higher education levels know a lot more(odds ratio[OR]=5.419).Similarly,quintil

关键词： HIV/AIDS PLHIV Knowledge Attitudes Women Pakistan

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微观和宏观经济变量对次级融资来源的影响在巴基斯坦

微观和宏观经济变量对次级融资来源的影响在巴基斯坦

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作者： hussain abid（阿比德）哈尔滨工业大学

学位级别：硕士

论述了巴基斯坦视角下的贸易信用概念和贸易信用类型。贸易信用的概念是买方和供应商之间关系的概念,它成为当今企业的一个组成部分。风险是当买家不被支持融资时,就产生了对买方公司流动性的担忧。这些买方公司然后寻找其他融资来源,... 详细信息

论述了巴基斯坦视角下的贸易信用概念和贸易信用类型。贸易信用的概念是买方和供应商之间关系的概念,它成为当今企业的一个组成部分。风险是当买家不被支持融资时,就产生了对买方公司流动性的担忧。这些买方公司然后寻找其他融资来源,贸易信贷为他们的利益服务得很好。贸易信用,双方的协议,买方和供应商,其中供应商签发货物赊销给买方在某些条款和条件,以支付在稍后的日期。贸易信用是给予另一家公司购买货物或提供服务的信用。商业信用不需要立即支付购买货物。贸易信用的重要性因国而异。在美国,商业信用是许多商业公司的主要资本来源,同时也是商业和商业销售商最大的资本使用。以赊销方式进行的贸易产生了企业的扩张,从而建立了买家和供应商之间的长期关系。供应商向买方提供资金,以获取业务并拓展自己的业务。由于交易信用,交易成本也降低了。贸易信用是检测货物质量的最好手段。商业信用可根据商业组织的买方结构融资.金融机构是2008次金融危机的主要贡献者。在这段时间内,银行贷款减少,因此,非金融公司无法从金融机构获得信贷。正如梅尔泽所建议的,信誉良好的公司可以通过采用再分配政策来赊销商品来增加销售额。当每一个公司都试图增加其市场份额时,那些在资本摩擦市场中获得更好的进入资本市场的公司,在金融摩擦时期给予贸易信贷后,可能会增加其市场份额。较小的公司也可以通过不同的渠道增加他们的市场份额。在金融危机期间,小企业在采用贸易信贷政策后可以创造更多的利润。另一方面,那些无法从金融机构获得信贷的信用较差的公司可能会在这种时候专注于供应商融资。从巴基斯坦贸易信用的角度来看,贸易信用不同于企业和金融债务:第一,供应商主要供应商使用某种产品,而不是直接现金参与交易。其次,与银行等金融机构相比,贸易信贷没有提供买卖双方之间的正式协议。第三,巴基斯坦的非金融企业是贸易信用的最大使用者,服务于他们的手段。在许多不同类型的公司和通过许多不同的经济体,借款的来源主要是在许多个人层面的企业信用。国家中央银行制定了货币政策。所有这些信誉良好的公司在货币政策的执行中起着非常重要的作用。巴基斯坦的贸易信贷有非金融企业面临融资困境的情况。巴基斯坦的纺织业仍然是贸易信贷中最大的贸易部门之一。银行贷款需要担保,有时会使客户难以利用,而贸易信贷则成为巴基斯坦融资的重要来源。贸易信用增加了企业的市场价值,这里的销售是增长的基本指标,贸易信用增加了销售,从而增加了客户数量。本课题研究的基本问题是:企业层面变量与贸易信贷供给有关系吗?宏观经济变量与贸易信贷供给有关系吗?这项研究有助于更好地理解货币政策执行和贸易信用关系。贸易信用是衡量合同质量的一个有用指标,同时也降低了买方信息传播与货物交付质量之间的不对称性。买家可以管理产品质量。销售量表明商品质量随着市场需求的降低而降低,如果销售量增加,就会减少贸易信用的供给。不同规模的企业具有不同的资本结构决定因素的构成。公司规模越大,管理机制越好,管理越好,管理者的交易和记录就越可靠,交易大厅的交易也越多。大公司在利用市场力量时对盈利能力产生影响。大型企业的破产成本最低,经营中的清算也很低,因此公司规模对绩效和交易信用有正向影响。质量较好的企业获得了更多的贸易信用。小公司没有任何抵押品,因此无力偿还债务,面临偿付能力问题。经济状况描述了整个国家市场条件的稳定性。贸易信用合同对不稳定经济的作用更好。在国内生产总值下降的情况下,企业增加了使用贸易信贷。在卖方和买方的情况下,贸易信用是区别价格的方式。价格可以通过两种方式来调整:通过打折或增加信用时间来增加销售。卖方以这种方式调整价格。价格歧视既允许提前付款的顾客,也允许延迟付款的消费者。存货越多,交易信用交易越多,业务就越繁荣。货币供应可以作为一种服务来获得相应的贸易。监管政策对于增加信贷利差是必要的。使用应收账款来重新分配信贷意味着一些公司有权获得可用于此目的的资金。最近几年的信息表明,大公司能够获得比小型企业更大的资金获得。这些资金的一个明显来源是商业银行系统。另一些则是资本市场、保险公司和金融中介机构。另一个资金来源来自贷款公司在决定增加或允许向客户增加信贷的时候所持有的流动资产。商业信用是指赊销货物的合同。在这个过程中,只有非金融公司参与。由于这一性质的贸易信用交易研究只收集了来自巴基斯坦的非金融公司的数据。有两种主要类型的公司在一个经济体中完成了工作。第一,直接处理货币渠道的金融公司,大多数时候都接受存款和发放贷款。第二,与生产商品有关,有兴趣销售和生产不同商品的企业。各行业在性质、资本结构等方面存在很大差异。在这项研究中,数据收集来自非金融公司,因为他们有兴趣在信贷销售和购买。由于贸易信贷交易的性质,金融和服务部门已被排除在我们的样本之外。为了检验贸易信贷的使用方式,加班研究已经收集了年度数据。数据包括十一年2001至2011

关键词：短期融资应收帐款货币政策国内生产总值巴基斯坦

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Underwater image clarifying based on human visual colour constancy using double-opponency

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CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology 2024年第3期9卷 632-648页

作者： Bin Kong Jing Qian Pinhao Song Jing Yang Amir hussain Institute of Intelligent Machines Chinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina Peng Cheng Laboratory ShenzhenChina Anhui Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensing and Advanced Robot Technology HefeiChina University of Science and Technology of China HefeiChina Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School ShenzhenChina Edinburgh Napier University EdinburghScotland

Underwater images are often with biased colours and reduced contrast because of the absorption and scattering effects when light propagates in *** images with degradation cannot meet the needs of underwater *** main problem in classic underwater image restoration or enhancement methods is that they consume long calcu-lation time,and often,the colour or contrast of the result images is still *** of using the complicated physical model of underwater imaging degradation,we propose a new method to deal with underwater images by imitating the colour constancy mechanism of human vision using ***,the original image is converted to the LMS *** the signals are linearly combined,and Gaussian convolutions are per-formed to imitate the function of receptive fields(RFs).Next,two RFs with different sizes work together to constitute the double-opponency ***,the underwater light is estimated to correct the colours in the *** contrast stretching on the luminance is *** show that the proposed method can obtain clarified underwater images with higher quality than before,and it spends significantly less time cost compared to other previously published typical methods.

关键词： computers computer vision image processing image reconstruction

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M_(4)X_(3) MXenes:Application in Energy Storage Devices

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Nano-Micro Letters 2024年第10期16卷 522-542页

作者： Iftikhar hussain Waqas Ul Arifeen Shahid Ali Khan Sikandar Aftab Muhammad Sufyan Javed Sajjad hussain Muhammad Ahmad Xi Chen Jiyun Zhao PRosaiah Khaled Fahmi Fawy Adnan Younis Sumanta Sahoo Kaili Zhang Department of Mechanical Engineering City University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloon TongHong KongPeople's Republic of China School of Mechanical Engineering Yeungnam UniversityDaehak-roGyeongsan-siGyeongbuk-do 38541South Korea Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering and Clean Energy Sejong UniversitySeoul 05006Republic of Korea School of Physical Science and Technology Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000People's Republic of China Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering Sejong UniversitySeoul 05006Republic of Korea Department of Physics Saveetha School of EngineeringSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS)ThandalamChennai 602105India Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityP.O.Box 900461413 AbhaSaudi Arabia Department of Physics College of ScienceUnited Arab Emirates UniversityP.O.Box 15551Al-AinUnited Arab Emirates School of Chemical Engineering Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsanGyeongbuk 38541South Korea

MXene has garnered widespread recognition in the scientific com-munity due to its remarkable properties,including excellent thermal stability,high conductivity,good hydrophilicity and dispersibility,easy processability,tunable surface properties,and admirable *** have been categorized into different families based on the number of M and X layers in M_(n+1)X_(n),such as M_(2)X,M_(3)X_(2),M_(4)X_(3),and,recently,M_(5)X_(4).Among these families,M_(2)X and M_(3)X_(2),par-ticularly Ti_(3)C_(2),have been greatly explored while limited studies have been given to M_(5)X_(4)MXene ***,studies on the M_(4)X_(3)MXene family have developed recently,hence,demanding a compilation of evaluated ***,this review provides a systematic overview of the latest advancements in M_(4)X_(3)MXenes,focusing on their properties and applications in energy storage *** objective of this review is to provide guidance to researchers on fostering M_(4)X_(3)MXene-based nanomaterials,not only for energy storage devices but also for broader applications.

关键词： MXene M_(4)X_(3)MXenes 2D materials Energy storage Properties

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Discharge evolution law of debris flow based on a sharp bend physical modeling test

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第6期21卷 1904-1915页

作者： LU Ming SUN Hao LIU Jinfeng Abrar hussain SHANG Yuqi FU Hang Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Process Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

For the basins with debris flow development,its channel terrain exhibits a tortuous shape,which significantly restricts the movement of debris flows and leads to severe erosion effects on the concave ***,this study aims to analyze the shear force of debris flows within the bend *** established the relationship between the shear force and bend curvature through laboratory *** the long-term erosion by debris flows,the curvature radius of bends gradually increases,however,when this increasing trend reaches an equilibrium state with the intensity of debris flow discharge,there will be no significant change in curvature *** general,the activity pattern and discharges of debris flows would remain relatively ***,we can infer the magnitude of debris flow discharges from the terrain parameters of the bend channel.

关键词： Debris flow discharge Erosion effect Bend channel Curvature radius

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Anticipating the lifespan: Predicting the durability of an anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell short stack over 50,000 h

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2024年第3期34卷 606-613页

作者： Muhammad Zubair Khan Amjad hussain Seung-Bok Lee Tak-Hyoung Lim Rak-Hyun Song Department of Materials Science & Engineering Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Hydrogen Energy Research Division Korea Institute of Energy Research Department of Advanced Energy and System Engineering Korea University of Science and Technology (UST)

In the present study, the operational lifetime of a solid oxide fuel(SOFC) short stack is predicted by investigating the performance degradation of both the short stack and its cells throughout 1000 h at 800°C. The short stack and integral cell voltages are continuously measured during the long-term test, with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) conducted every 200 h. The short stack voltage decreased rapidly for the initial 200–300 h and afterwards, it decreased at a slow rate due to the increase in the Ohmic and polarization resistances in the same manner. Scanning electron microscopy results show that there is no delamination or cracking among constituent layers of the short-stack cells. The single degradation effects of the Ni coarsening in the anode, cation migration and surface segregation in cathode and oxide scale growth in metallic interconnect mesh are successfully integrated into a comprehensive lifetime prediction model. The experimentally measured voltage degradation data of the short stack fits well with the developed mathematical model and allows the successful prediction of the lifetime up to 50,000 h.

关键词： Degradation Impedance Lifetime SOFC Stack

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Review on current development of polybenzimidazole membrane for lithium battery

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第4期91卷 579-608页

作者： Yonggui Deng Arshad hussain Waseem Raza Xingke Cai Dongqing Liu Jun Shen College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060GuangdongChina Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management(IRC-HTCM) King Fahd University of Petroleum&MineralsKFUPM Box 504031261 DhahranSaudi Arabia Institute for Advanced Study Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060GuangdongChina

With the rapid development of portable technology,lithium batteries have emerged as potential candidates for high-performance energy storage systems owing to their high energy density and cycling *** the key components of a lithium battery system,the separator plays a critical role as it directly influences the battery performance benchmark(cycling performance and safety).However,traditional polyolefin separators(polypropylene/polyethylene)are unable to meet the demands of highperformance and safer battery systems due to their poor electrolyte compatibility,thermal runaways,and ultimate growth of *** contrast,membranes fabricated using polybenzimidazole(PBI)exhibit excellent electrolyte wettability and outstanding thermal dimensional stability,thus holding great potential as separators for high-performance and high-safety *** this paper,we present a comprehensive review of the general requirements for separators,synthesis technology for separators,and research trends focusing PBI membranes in lithium batteries to alleviate the current commercial challenges faced by conventional polyolefin *** addition,we discuss the future development direction for PBI battery separators by considering various factors such as production cost,ecological footprint,preparation technology,and battery component *** exploring these perspectives,we aim to promote the continued application and exploration of PBI-based materials to advance lithium battery technology.

关键词： Lithium batteries Separators Porous separators Polybenzimidazole Membrane

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