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A comprehensive review of radiation effects on solder alloys and solder joints

DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY 2024年第9期39卷 86-102页

作者： ismail, Norliza Yusoff, Wan Yusmawati Wan Manaf, Nor Azlian abdul Amat, Azuraida Ahmad, Nurazlin Salleh, Emee Marina Univ Pertahanan Nas Malaysia Ctr Def Fdn Studies Dept Phys Kuala Lumpur 57000 Malaysia Mineral Res Ctr Dept Mineral & Geosci Malaysia Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah Ipoh 31400 Perak Malaysia

In the realm of military and defence applications, exposure to radiation significantly challenges the performance and reliability of solder alloys and joints in electronic systems. This comprehensive review examines radiation-induced effects on solder alloys and solder joints in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties. In this paper, we evaluate the existing literature, including experimental studies and fundamental theory, to provide a comprehensive overview of the behavior of solder materials under radiation. A review of the literature highlights key mechanisms that contribute to radiation-induced changes in the microstructure, such as the formation of intermetallic compounds, grain growth, micro-voids and micro-cracks. Radiation is explored as a factor influencing solder alloy hardness, strength, fatigue and ductility. Moreover, the review addresses the challenges and limitations inherent in studying the effects of radiation on solder materials and offers recommendations for future research. It is crucial to understand radiation-induced effects on solder performance to design robust and radiationresistant electronic systems. A review of radiation effects on solder materials and their applications in electronics serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners in that field. (c) 2024 China Ordnance Society. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

关键词： Defence technology Solder alloy Solder joints Radiation-induced effect Microstructure Mechanical properties MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION GAMMA-IRRADIATION DAMAGE SN RELIABILITY SNAGCU ISSUES RAY

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A comprehensive review of radiation effects on solder alloys and solder joints

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Defence Technology 2024年第09期 86-102页

作者： Norliza ismail Wan Yusmawati Wan Yusoff Nor Azlian abdul Manaf Azuraida Amat Nurazlin Ahmad Emee Marina Salleh Department of Physics Centre for Defence Foundation Studies Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Sungai Besi Department of Mineral and Geoscience Malaysia Mineral Research Centre Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah

In the realm of military and defence applications, exposure to radiation significantly challenges the performance and reliability of solder alloys and joints in electronic systems. This comprehensive review examines radiation-induced effects on solder alloys and solder joints in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties. In this paper, we evaluate the existing literature, including experimental studies and fundamental theory, to provide a comprehensive overview of the behavior of solder materials under radiation. A review of the literature highlights key mechanisms that contribute to radiation-induced changes in the microstructure, such as the formation of intermetallic compounds, grain growth,micro-voids and micro-cracks. Radiation is explored as a factor influencing solder alloy hardness,strength, fatigue and ductility. Moreover, the review addresses the challenges and limitations inherent in studying the effects of radiation on solder materials and offers recommendations for future research. It is crucial to understand radiation-induced effects on solder performance to design robust and radiationresistant electronic systems. A review of radiation effects on solder materials and their applications in electronics serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners in that field.

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Partial Fusion (F) Gene Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus Detected in Pakistan during 2021-2022

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第5期12卷 256-275页

作者： Muhammad Danish Mehmood Huma Anwar Ul-Haq Rauf Khalid Yasir Amin Muhammad Usman Ghani Muhammad ismail Rabia Habib Fareeha Arshed abdul Rasheed Shaukat Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan Research & Development Division Ottoman Pharma Lahore Pakistan Quality Assurance Department Ottoman Pharma Lahore Pakistan Veterinary Research and Disease Investigation Center Abbottabad Pakistan Quality Control Department Ottoman Pharma Immuno Lahore Pakistan Production Department Ottoman Pharma Lahore Pakistan Poultry Production Department Sabir&#8217s Poultry Pvt. Ltd. Sabroso Pakistan

Newcastle disease (ND) virus is a leading threat to commercial and domestic poultry in Pakistan. The virus infects and constitutes irreversible impairment to the nervous system, damages the respiratory system, and marks severe gastrointestinal lesions leading to heavy mortality in short-living birds and substantial losses in layers and breeders. The continuous emergence and evolution of the virus made it inclined to evade the humoral response and indirectly the circumvention of artificial active immunization. Newcastle disease is caused by the orthoavula genus of the paramyxoviridae family and has shown high genetic diversity even in their genotypes while information regarding enzootic trends of the virus is scanty in Pakistan. A total of 40 tracheal samples of NDV were collected from different commercial broiler farms and 11 isolates of NDV were identified. In the current study, we determined the genetic diversity of the Newcastle disease virus based on the partial sequencing of the fusion protein gene available in the NCBI database. Genetic analysis showed that seven isolates belonged to class I genotype VII and four belonged to class II genotype II. Interestingly, two isolates had epidemiological connections with vaccine-like class II genotype II. Our findings, concerning the recent outbreaks of class I genotype VII and class II genotype II of NDV in vaccinated commercial flocks, suggest possible potential partial mutations in the fusion protein gene. Genetic diversity and formation of the new cleavage site in an important neutralizing protein of wild strain are linked with the potency of artificial active immunization and a major cause of vaccine failure.

关键词： Newcastle Disease Virus Haemagglutination Inhibition Polymerase Chain Reaction Phylogenetic Tree Mutation Analysis

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3D Reconstruction of Fruit Shape based on Vision and Edge Sections

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Journal of Electronic & Information Systems 2022年第1期4卷 26-32页

作者： Nasr Abdalmanan Nasr Ali Kamarulzaman Kamarudin Chee Kiang Lam Muhamad Safwan Muhamad Azmi abdul halim ismail Norasmadi abdul Rahim Wan Mohd Nooriman Wan Yahya Goh Kheng Sneah Moey Lip Seng Teoh Phaik Hai Ong Thean Lye Noor Zafira Noor Hasnan Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia PerlisKampus Alam Pauh PutraArauPerlis02600Malaysia Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia PerlisKampus Alam Pauh PutraArauPerlis02600Malaysia Walta Engineering Sdn.Bhd. PraiPulau Pinang13600Malaysia Department of Process and Food Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra MalaysiaUPM SerdangSelangor43400Malaysia

The fruit industry has been known as one of the largest businesses in Malaysia,where most of the fruits pass through the peeling process well in advance before the final product as juice in a bottle or slices in a *** current industrial fruit peeling techniques are passive and inefficient by cutting parts of the pulp of the fruit with peels leading to *** avoid this issue,a multi-axis CNC fruit peeler can be used to precisely peel the outer layer with the guidance of a 3D virtual model of *** this work,a new cost-effective method of 3D image reconstruction was developed to convert 36 fruit images captured by a normal RGB camera to a 3D model by capturing a single image every 10 degrees of fruit rotation along a fixed *** point cloud data extracted with edge detection were passed to Blender 3D software for meshing in different *** vertical link frame meshing method developed in this research proved a qualitative similarity between the output result and the scanned fruit in a processing time of less than 50 seconds.

关键词： 3D Reconstruction Machine vision Fruit processing

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Hepatic and renal effects of oral stingless bee honey in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model

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World Journal of Experimental Medicine 2024年第1期14卷 113-123页

作者： Suriati Mohd Nasir Anis Farihan ismail Tuan Salwani Tuan ismail Wan Faiziah Wan abdul Rahman Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad Tengku Ahmad Damitri Al-Astani Tengku Din Kuttulebbai Nainamohammed Salam Sirajudeen Department of Chemical Pathology School of Medical SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaKota Bharu 16150KelantanMalaysia Endocrinology Laboratory Department of Chemical PathologySchool of Medical SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaKota Bharu 16150KelantanMalaysia Department of Pathology School of Medical SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaKota Bharu 16150KelantanMalaysia Biomedicine Program School of Health SciencesHealth CampusUniversiti Sains MalaysiaKota Bharu 16150KelantanMalaysia Department of Basic Medical Sciences Kuliyyah of MedicineInternational Islamic University MalaysiaBandar Indera MahkotaKuantan 25200PahangMalaysia

BACKGROUND Diabetes is known damage the liver and kidney,leading to hepatic dysfunction and kidney *** is believed to help in lowering the blood glucose levels of diabetic patients and reducing diabetic ***,the effect of stingless bee honey(SBH)administration in relieving liver and kidney damage in diabetes has not been *** To investigate the effect of SBH administration on the kidney and liver of streptozotocin-induced(STZ;55 mg/kg)diabetic Sprague Dawley *** The rats were grouped as follows(n=6 per group):non-diabetic(ND),untreated diabetic(UNT),metformin-treated(MET),and SBH+metformin-treated(SBME)*** successful diabetic induction,ND and UNT rats were given normal saline,whereas the treatment groups received SBH(2.0 g/kg and/or metformin(250 mg/kg)for 12 *** biochemical parameters and histological changes using hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)and periodic acid–Schiff(PAS)staining were *** On H&E and PAS staining,the ND group showed normal architecture and cellularity of Bowman’s capsule and tubules,whereas the UNT and MET groups had an increased glomerular cellularity and thickened basement *** SBH-treated group showed a decrease in hydropic changes and mild cellularity of the glomerulus vs the ND group based on H&E staining,but the two were similar on PAS ***,the SBME-treated group had an increase in cellularity of the glomerulus on H&E staining,but it was comparable to the SBH and ND groups on PAS *** diabetic rats had tubular hydropic tubules,which were smaller than other *** fatty vacuole formation and dilated blood sinusoids in liver tissue were seen in the SBH ***,the UNT group had high glucose levels,which subsequently increased MDA levels,ultimately leading to liver *** treatment reduced this damage,as evidenced by having the lowest fasting glucose,serum alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase,and alkaline phosphatase l

关键词： Diabetes Streptozotocin Stingless bee honey Hematoxylin and eosin Periodic acid-Schiff Liver Kidney

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Integration of CityGML and Oracle Spatial for implementing 3D network analysis solutionsand routing simulation within 3D-GIS environment

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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2013年第4期16卷 221-237页

作者： Umit ATILA ismail Rakip KARAS Alias abdul-RAHMAN Department of Computer Engineering Karabuk UniversityKarabukTurkey Department of Geoinformatics Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaJohorMalaysia

3D navigation within a 3D-GIS environment is increasingly getting more popular and spreading to various *** thelast decade,especially after the 9/11 disaster,evacuating the complex and tall buildings of today in case of emergencyhas been an important research area for *** of the current navigation systems are still in the 2D environmentand that is insufficient to visualize 3D objects and to obtain satisfactory solutions for the 3D ***,there is currently still a lack of implementation of 3D network analysis and navigation for indoor spaces in respect *** objective of this paper is to investigate and implement 3D visualization and navigation techniques andsolutions for indoor spaces within *** realizing this,we have proposed a GIS implementation that is capable ofcarrying out 3D visualization of a building model stored in the CityGML format and perform analysis on a networkmodel stored in Oracle *** proposed GUI also provides routing simulation on the calculated shortest paths withvoice commands and visual instructions.

关键词： 3D-GIS 3D network analysis indoor navigation evacuation

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Numerical Solution for Neutral Delay Differential Equation of Constant or Proportional Type using Hybrid Block Method

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Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 2022年第5期14卷 1138-1160页

作者： Nur Inshirah Naqiah ismail Zanariah abdul Majid Norazak Senu Institute for Mathematical Research Universiti Putra Malaysia43400 UPM SerdangSelangorMalaysia Department of Mathematics and Statistics Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Putra Malaysia43400 UPM SerdangSelangorMalaysia

Neutral Delay Differential Equation(NDDE)is a differential problem that has regularly existed in numerous occurrences and has represented a significant role in dealing with real-life phenomena,especially on their application in biological and physiological processes.A fifth-order two-point hybrid implicit multistep block method(2PIH5)has been formulated in this research for the numerical solution of Neutral Delay Differential Equation(NDDE).A Taylor series interpolation polynomial has been implemented in the formulation of the proposed *** order,consistency,and zero-stability for 2PIH5 have been *** analyses of convergence and stability test have been performed and *** initial value problems for the first-order NDDE with constant or proportional delay have been solved using the proposed block *** numerical results for the proposed method have been presented to prove the adaptability and applicability of the proposed method in solving *** proposed method is proved to be comparable with the other existing *** is assumed to be reliable and efficient for solving the first-order NDDE with constant or proportional delay.

关键词： Constant delay hybrid method multistep block method neutral delay differential equation proportional delay

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BIOMONITORING OF AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CADMIUM,COPPER,LEAD AND ZINC IN THE COASTAL WETLAND WATER BY USING GILLS OF THE GREEN-LIPPED MUSSEL PERNA VIRIDIS

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湿地科学 2006年第4期4卷 247-252页

作者： Chee Kong Yap Ahmad ismail abdul Rahim ismail Soon Guan Tan Department of Biology Faculty of Science University Putra Malaysia UPM 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia

The distribution and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in the gills and remaining soft tissues of Perna viridis collected from 12 geographical sites (10 from the west and 2 from the east coastal waters) of Peninsular Malaysia. All samples showed that the levels of Cd, Pb and Zn were generally higher in the gill than those in the remaining soft tissues. These results could be due to the fact that gills are the first organ of metal accumulation and larger surface area with mucus sheets in the organ. Since the mussel gill is a better accumulator of Cd, Pb and Zn of ambient seawater than remaining soft tissue, it is a potential indicator of ambient levels of dissolved metals in the ambient seawater. However, further validations based on laboratory conditions are needed.

关键词： gill heavy metals Perna viridis

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Passive cooling techniques through reflective and radiative roofs in tropical houses in Southeast Asia:A literature review

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2014年第3期3卷 283-297页

作者： Karam M.Al-Obaidi Mazran ismail abdul Malek abdul Rahman School of Housing Building and PlanningUniversiti Sains Malaysia

Cooling is one of the major concerns in building tropical *** problem is exacerbated by the heat gain of the roof,which constitutes 70%of the total heat *** passive cooling technique is one of the innovative practices and technologies that provide buildings with comfortable conditions through natural *** and radiative processes are the methods used to decrease heat gain by facilitating the elimination of excess heat in a building's interior to maintain a comfortable *** that the potential of these techniques vary from region to region,their application in the tropics should be *** these approaches in detail allows us to rethink how to effectively adapt these techniques to overcome the build-up of heat in modern tropical houses in Southeast *** study reviews the physical characteristics of these approaches to guide architects and building *** indicate a great reduction in operational ***,the significant differences in the performance of colour and material properties should be considered,given that the selected approach strongly affects the required thermal conditions of a building.

关键词： Passive cooling Reflective roof Radiative roof Southeast Asia Tropical houses

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A study of the impact of environmental loads that penetrate a passive skylight roofing system in Malaysian buildings

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2014年第2期3卷 178-191页

作者： Karam M. Al-Obaidi Mazran ismail abdul Malek abdul Rahman School of Housing Building & Planning Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang 11800 Malaysia

A passive skylight system is a significant building design element that provides an ideal condition for interior spaces. However, the use of this system is limited to specific climatic regions because of its considerable effect on the indoor environment. Malaysia is a tropical country that has favorable natural benefits, such as solar geometry and natural light, which can brighten building interiors throughout the year. However, harnessing this benefit affects spaces, especially those in single-story buildings, because of excessive natural loads. This study reviews a concept to understand the passive behavior of solar radiation in the form of light and heat that falls on, interacts with, and is emitted from a skylight system in a single-story building. The study method is theoretically based on descriptive analysis to assess design requirements. The review shows that designs grounded on the physical aspects of climate （influenced variables）, materials （design variables）, and human comfort （affected variables） in one process （ESI） can develop the architectural way of thinking rather than estimate the condition based on a limited perspective. This assumption indicates that the adoption of this concept in the preliminary design stage will enable designers to balance the building environment effectively.

关键词： Skylight system Tropics Solar radiation Light Heat Malaysian builtenvironment

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