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Life cycle assessment of low impact development technologies combined with conventional centralized water systems for the City of Atlanta, Georgia

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2016年第6期10卷 3-15页

作者： Hyunju Jeong Osvaldo A. Broesicke Bob drew Duo Li John C. Crittenden Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Rapid City SD 57701 USA Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 828 West Peachtree Street Suite 320 Atlanta GA 30332-0595 USA ECOVIE Rainwater Collection Systems 4287 Club Drive N.E. Atlanta GA 30319 USA Crittenden and Associates C-305 Building E Wangjing High-tech Park LizezhongEr Road Chaoyang District Beijing 100102 China

Low-impact development （LID） technologies, such as bioretention areas, rooftop rainwater harvesting, a_nd xeris_caping can co_ntrol stormwater runoff, supply non-potable water, and landscape open *** study examines a hybrid system （HS） that combines LID technologies with a centralized water system to lessen the burden on a conventional system （CS）. CS is defined as the stormwater collection and water supply infrastructure, and the conventional landscaping choices in the City of Atlanta. The study scope is limited to five single-family residential zones （SFZs）, classified R-1 through R-5, and four multi-family residential zones （MFZs）, classified RG-2 through RG-5. Population density increases from 0.4 （R-1） to 62.2 （RG-5） persons per 1,000 m2. We performed a life cycle assessment （LCA） comparison of CS and HS using TRACI 2.1 to simulate impacts on the ecosystem, human health, and natural resources. We quantified the impact of freshwater consumption using the freshwater ecosystem impact （FEI） indicator. Test results indicate that HS has a higher LCA single score than CS in zones with a low population density; however, the difference becomes negligible as population density increases. Incorporating LID in SFZs and MFZs can reduce potable water use by an average of 50%. and 25%,respectively.; however, water savings are negligible in zones with high population density （i.e., RG-5） due to the diminished surface area per capitaavailable for LID technoogies. The results demonstrate that LID technologies effectively reduce outdoor water demand and therefore would be a good choice to decrease the water consumption impact in the City of Atlanta.

关键词： Life cycle assessment (LCA) Low impact development (LID) Bioretention area Rainwater harvesting Xeriscaping

Comparative Study of Ascorbic Acid and Tocopherol Concentrations in Hydroponic- and Soil-Grown Lettuces

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Food and nutrition Sciences 2013年第10期4卷 1047-1053页

作者： drew n. Buchanan Stanley T. Omaye Agriculture Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences Department University of Nevada Reno USA.

Hydroponically-grown produce may be a way of helping to feed the world a variety of fruits and vegetables, regardless of soil quality, space availability or climate. The objective of this study was to determine whether hydroponicallygrown lettuce contains as much ascorbic acid and tocopherol as soil-grown lettuce. We analyzed four varieties of lettuce, including: Waldmann’s Dark Green, Red Lollo Antago, Red Romaine Annapolis, and Butterleaf. The tocopherol content of hydroponically-grown Waldmann’s Dark Green, Red Lollo Antago, and Red Romaine Annapolis was 229%, 497% and 492% higher, respectively, compared to their soil-grown counterpart. The ascorbic acid content of hydroponically-grown Waldmann’s Dark Green, Red Lollo Antago, and Red Romaine Annapolis was 93%, 171% and 216% higher, respectively, compared to their soil-grown counterparts. Hydroponically grown lettuce varieties are significantly higher in both ascorbic acid and tocopherol content than their soil-grown counterparts, and hydroponic gardening is a viable option for producing nutritious fruits and vegetables.

关键词： Hydroponic Lettuce Ascorbic Acid Tocopherol Leafy Vegetables

Mesoporous Ag nanocubes synthesized via selectively oxidative etching at room temperature for surface- enhanced Raman spectroscopy

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nano Research 2015年第7期8卷 2351-2362页

作者： Lin Gan Meijia Yang Xi Ke Guofeng Cui Xudong Chen Shiva Gupta William Kellogg drew Higgins Gang Wu Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education of China Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China Electronic Packaging Electrochemistry Laboratory School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo The State University of New York Buffalo New York 14260 USA Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 36 I Canada

Silver nanocubes enriched with {100} facets have been extensively used for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Herein, we report a new water-phase synthesis method for weU-defined Ag nanocubes with tunable sizes via a two-step procedure at room temperature. First, irregularly shaped Ag nanoparticles （InPs） were prepared by reducing silver ammonia solution using ethylal. Second, the agglomerated InPs were selectively etched with HnO3 and C1- to yield {100} facet-rich mesoporous Ag nanocubes. The mechanism of Ag-nanocube formation and growth was investigated in detail by elucidating the involved chemical reactions and physical changes at each step during the synthesis. The addition of C1- anions was responsible for facilitating Ag nanoparticle growth by removing surface-adsorbed Ag＋ species, thereby eliminating inter-particle repulsive forces. This agglomeration was found crucial for the subsequent selective oxidation of Ag nanoparticles because the protective agent used, polyvinylpyrrolidone （PVP）, was the most effective one for adsorption on the surfaces of Ag nanoparticles of size greater than approximately 50 nm. Importantly mesopores were found inside the Ag nanocubes; this can be attributed to the unavoidable imperfect packing during the agglomeration of InPs. The newly prepared Ag nanocubes were further used to enhance the Raman signal of rhodamine 6G, which is capable of reducing the detection limitation to 10-16 mol·L-1.

关键词： Ag nanocube,selective etching water phase synthesis room tempersture surface-enhanced raman scattering(sers)

Cover Crop and Irrigation Effects on Soil Microbial Communities and Enzymes in Semiarid Agroecosystems of the Central Great Plains of north America

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Pedosphere 2016年第2期26卷 192-205页

作者： Francisco J. CALDerOn David nIELSEn Veronica ACOSTA-MARTInEZ Merle F. VIGIL drew LYOn USDA-ARS Central Great Plains Research Station Akron CO 80720 USA USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Unit Lubbock TX 79415 USA Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Washington State University Pullman WA 99164-6420 USA

Cover crops can have beneficial effects on soil microbiology by increasing carbon （C） supply, but these beneficial effects can be modulated by precipitation conditions. The objective of this study was to compare a fallow-winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） rotation to several cover crop-winter wheat rotations under rainfed and irrigated conditions in the semiarid US High Plains. Experiments were carried out at two sites, Sidney in nebraska, and Akron in Colorado, USA, with three times of soil sampling in 2012--2013 at cover crop termination, wheat planting, and wheat maturity. The experiments included four single-species cover crops, a 10-species mixture, and a fallow treatment. The variables measured were soil C and nitrogen （n）, soil community structure by fatty acid methyl ester （FAME） profiles, and soil β-glucosidase,β-glucosaminidase, and phosphodiesterase activities. The fallow treatment, devoid of living plants, reduced the concentrations of most FAMEs at cover crop termination. The total FAME concentration was correlated with cover crop biomass （R = 0.62 at Sidney and 0.44 at Akron）. By the time of wheat planting, there was a beneficial effect of irrigation, which caused an increase in myeorrhizal and protozoan markers. At wheat maturity, the cover crop and irrigation effects on soil FAMEs had subsided, but irrigation had a positive effect on the β-glucosidase and phosphodiesterase activities at Akron, which was the drier of the two sites. Cover crops and irrigation were slow to impact soil C concentration. Our results show that cover crops had a short-lived effect on soil microbial communities in semiarid wheat-based rotations and irrigation could enhance soil enzyme activity. In the semiarid environment, longer time spans may have been needed to see beneficial effects of cover crops on soil microbial community structure, soil enzyme activities, and soil C sequestration.

关键词： crop rotation enzyme activity FAME profile fatty acid methyl ester winter wheat

Restoration of Motor Function through Delayed Intraspinal Delivery of Human IL-10-Encoding nucleoside-Modified mRnA after Spinal Cord Injury

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Research 2023年第4期2023卷 131-144页

作者： LászlóGál Tamás Bellák Annamária Marton Zoltán Fekécs drew Weissman Dénes Török Rachana Biju Csaba Vizler Rebeka Kristóf Mitchell B.Beattie Paulo J.C.Lin norbert Pardi Antal nógrádi Krisztián Pajer Department of Anatomy Histology and EmbryologyAlbert Szent-Györgyi Medical SchoolUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary national Biotechnology Laboratory Institute of GeneticsBiological Research CentreSzegedHungary Institute of Biochemistry Biological Research CentreSzegedHungary Department of Medicine University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA Acuitas Therapeutics VancouverBCV6T 1Z3Canada

Efficient in vivo delivery of anti-inflammatory proteins to modulate the microenvironment of an injured spinal cord and promote neuroprotection and functional recovery is a great ***-modified messenger RnA(mRnA)has become a promising new modality that can be utilized for the safe and efficient delivery of therapeutic ***,we used lipid nanoparticle(LnP)-encapsulated human interleukin-10(hIL-10)-encoding nucleoside-modified mRnA to induce neuroprotection and functional recovery following rat spinal cord contusion *** administration of hIL-10 mRnA-LnP to rats led to a remarkable reduction of the microglia/macrophage reaction in the injured spinal segment and induced significant functional recovery compared to ***,hIL-10 mRnA treatment induced increased expression in tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 and ciliary neurotrophic factor levels in the affected spinal segment indicating a time-delayed secondary effect of IL-105 d after *** results suggest that treatment with nucleoside-modified mRnAs encoding neuroprotective factors is an effective strategy for spinal cord injury repair.

关键词： protective Restoration utilized

A Comparison between Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy, and Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy Techniques for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy of Lung Tumors

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International Journal of Medical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology 2015年第2期4卷 104-112页

作者： Ganesh narayanasamy drew Granatowicz Diana Baacke Ying Li Alonso Gutierrez niko Papanikolaou Sotirios Stathakis Department of Radiation Oncology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio USA

Introduction: The aim of this study is to dosimetrically compare 3D CRT, IMRT, and VMAT techniques that employ coplanar and non-coplanar beams for the SBRT of lung tumors. Methods and Materials: nine (n = 9) consecutive SBRT lung patients with ten tumor sites who were previously treated at our institution were selected for this study. Six (n = 6) treatment plans were created for each PTV: 1 coplanar and 1 non-coplanar 3D CRT, IMRT, and VMAT such that 98% of PTV received 100% of prescription dose, Rx of 50 Gy in 5 fractions. The data collected from each plan included the conformity index, R50%, and homogeneity index of the target as well as the volume of normal tissue irradiated by 5 Gy, 25 Gy isodose lines, V5 and V20 of total lung, and maximum dose to organs at risk. Beam angles and arc lengths were chosen in order to achieve the lowest total lung V5, V20 and R50% values. Results: According to the observed data, the mean total lung V5 and V20 values were lowest for the non-coplanar VMAT plans, but were not statistically different from the other planning techniques. Conformity values were similar for the IMRT and VMAT plans, and significantly lower than the 3D CRT plans. R50% values were lowest for the VMAT plans and significantly lower than both IMRT and 3D CRT plans in both coplanar and non-coplanar beam arrangements. However, dose homogeneity in the PTV is significantly higher in the IMRT coplanar plans than the corresponding 3D CRT and SmartArc (SA) coplanar plans. Coplanar VMAT plans were able to produce a significant 35.5% reduction in the maximum cord dose than coplanar 3D CRT plans

关键词： Lung SBRT VMAT Conformity Index Homogeneity Index

Hazards from lakes and reservoirs: new interpretation of the Vaiont disaster

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第6期19卷 1717-1737页

作者： Alan P.DYKES Edward n.BROMHEAD Centre for Engineering Environment and Society ResearchSchool of Engineering and the EnvironmentKingston UniversityPenrhyn RoadKingston upon ThamesKTi 2EEUK

Hazards in reservoirs and lakes arising from subaerial landslides causing impact waves(or ‘lake tsunamis’) are now well known, with several recent examples having been investigated in detail. The potential scale of such hazards was not widely known at the time of the Vaiont dam project in the 1950s and early 1960s, although a small wave triggered by a landslide at another new reservoir nearby in the Dolomites(northern Italy) drew the possible hazard to the attention of the Vaiont project’s managers. The Vaiont disaster in 1963 arose from a combination of disparate and seemingly unrelated factors and circumstances that led to an occurrence that could not have been imagined at that time. The ultimate cause was a very large landslide moving very rapidly into a reservoir and displacing the water. The resulting wave overtopped the dam to a height of around 175 m and around 2000 people were killed. This paper identifies and examines all of the issues surrounding the Vaiont dam and landslide in order to identify causal factors, contributory factors(including aggravating factors) and underlying factors. In doing so, it demonstrates that the disaster arose from the Vaiont dam project and cannot be attributed simply to the landslide. Underlying geological factors gave rise to the high speed of the landslide, which would have occurred anyway at some time. However, without the contributory factors that account for the presence of the reservoir, i.e. the choice of location for the project and management of the project with respect to a possible landslide hazard, there would have been no disaster. Indeed, the disaster could have been avoided if the reservoir could have been emptied pending further ground investigations. Understanding of this case provides many lessons for future dam projects in mountainous locations but also highlights an ongoing and perhaps under-appreciated risk from similar events involving other water bodies including geologically recent lakes formed behind n

关键词： Vaiont landslide Impulse wave Lake tsunami Dam project Causal factors for disaster

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阿斯顿·马丁的n24之路

汽车与运动 2014年第9期 122-123页

作者： Richard Meaden drew Gibson 范围

阿斯顿·马丁和纽伯格林n24的关系起源于2006年,那时候一个小工程师团队和一个纯业余车手阵容,包括阿斯顿马丁的CEO Ulrich Bez驾驶着公路版的V8 Vantage参加世界上竞争最为激烈的24小时耐力赛。今年阿斯顿·马丁带着职业赛车手和专门... 详细信息

阿斯顿·马丁和纽伯格林n24的关系起源于2006年,那时候一个小工程师团队和一个纯业余车手阵容,包括阿斯顿马丁的CEO Ulrich Bez驾驶着公路版的V8 Vantage参加世界上竞争最为激烈的24小时耐力赛。今年阿斯顿·马丁带着职业赛车手和专门为比赛而设计的阿斯顿·马丁赛车参加了适用Vantage车型的所有比赛。这一组别有超过170辆赛车参赛,AMR仅使用了一台V12 Vantage GT3参赛,由Darren Turner,Stefan Mücke和Pedro Lamy驾驶。

关键词：阿斯顿·马丁 n24 阿斯顿马丁 Turner Stefan 保时捷凯伦泄漏问题 German

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番木瓜离体繁殖和种质贮藏的改进技术

世界热带农业信息 1993年第5期 42-44,25页

作者： Roderich A. drew 余天一

本文描述了番木瓜(Carica Papaya L.)顶生主芽节部继代培养的繁殖技术。在含有0.5μM BAP和nAA的De Fossard(DF)改良培养基上,单节切片的繁殖率最高。将侧芽发育出的幼芽体切片置于含有10μM IBA的生根培养基上培养3天后,转移至无激素的... 详细信息

本文描述了番木瓜(Carica Papaya L.)顶生主芽节部继代培养的繁殖技术。在含有0.5μM BAP和nAA的De Fossard(DF)改良培养基上,单节切片的繁殖率最高。将侧芽发育出的幼芽体切片置于含有10μM IBA的生根培养基上培养3天后,转移至无激素的drew-Smith(DS)培养基上培养,由于该培养基用1％果糖代替2％蔗糖,外植体生长率明显降低。然而,不作继代培养于25℃下培育12个月后,采用上述技术对单节切片进行继代培养,结果却发现,果糖培养基上的番木瓜芽体100％恢复。显然这种技术用于种质贮藏具有很多优点,建议用其代替低温培育贮藏。这些技术还可应用于其他作物种类。所用化学试剂为:n^6-苄氨基嘌呤(BAP),1H-萘乙酸(nAA),1H-吲哚-3-乙酸(IBA)。

关键词：继代培养离体繁殖氨基嘌呤繁殖技术萘乙酸主芽细胞激动素愈伤组织培养化学试剂离体培养