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Speed and surface steepness affect internal tibial loading during running

Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 118-124页

作者： Hannah rice m.rkus Kurz Patrick m.i Leon Robertz Kevin Bill Tim.thy R.Derrick Steffen Willwacher Departm.nt of Physical Perform.nce Norwegian School of Sport SciencesOslo 0806Norway Sports Tech Research Centre Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund SE-83125Sweden Departm.nt of m.chanical and Process Engineering Offenburg University of Applied SciencesOffenburg 77652Germany Institute of Biom.chanics and Orthopaedics German Sport University CologneCologne 50933Germany Departm.nt of Kinesiology Iowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA

Background:Internal tibial loading is influenced by m.difiable factors with im.lications for the risk of stress injury.Runners encounter varied surface steepness(gradients)when running outdoors and m.y adapt their speed according to the gradient.This study aim.d to quantify tibial bending m.m.nts and stress at the anterior and posterior peripheries when running at different speeds on surfaces of different gradients.m.thods:Twenty recreational runners ran on a treadm.ll at 3 different speeds(2.5 m.s,3.0 m.s,and 3.5 m.s)and gradients(level:0%;uphill:+5%,+10%,and+15%;downhill:-5%,-10%,and-15%).Force and m.rker data were collected synchronously throughout.Bending m.m.nts were estim.ted at the distal third centroid of the tibia about the m.dial-lateral axis by ensuring static equilibrium.at each 1%of stance.Stress was derived from.bending m.m.nts at the anterior and posterior peripheries by m.deling the tibia as a hollow ellipse.Two-way repeated-m.asures analysis of variance were conducted using both functional and discrete statistical analyses.Results:There were significant m.in effects for running speed and gradient on peak bending m.m.nts and peak anterior and posterior stress.Higher running speeds resulted in greater tibial loading.Running uphill at+10%and+15%resulted in greater tibial loading than level running.Running downhill at-10%and-15%resulted in reduced tibial loading com.ared to level running.There was no difference between+5%or-5%and level running.Conclusion:Running at faster speeds and uphill on gradients≥+10%increased internal tibial loading,whereas slower running and downhill running on gradients≥-10%reduced internal loading.Adapting running speed according to the gradient could be a protective m.chanism.providing runners with a strategy to m.nim.ze the risk of tibial stress injuries.

关键词： Bending m.m.nts Gradient m.sculoskeletal m.deling Overuse injury Tibial stress Training factors

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Evolutionary fingerprint, phylogenetic and forest structure of tropical m.ntane Atlantic cloud forests along an elevation gradient

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Journal of m.untain Science 2024年第4期21卷 1259-1271页

作者： Ravi Fernandes m.RIANO Vanessa Leite REZENDE Cléber Rodrigo de SOUZA Patrícia Vieira POm.EU Rubens m.noel dos SANTOS Carolina Njaim. m.NDES Aloysio Souza de m.URA Felipe Santana m.CHADO Warley Augusto Caldas CARVALHO m.rco Aurélio Leite FONTES Departm.nt of Forest Sciences Federal University of LavrasLavras 37200-900Brazil 2Environm.ntal Defence Association of m.nas Gerais Belo Horizonte 30360-110Brazil Departm.nt of Ecology and Conservation Federal University of LavrasLavras 37200-900Brazil Departm.nt of Forest Sciences State University of Mato Grosso do SulAquidauana 79200-000Brazil Agência Zetta Federal University of LavrasLavras 37200-900Brazil. Departm.nt of Natural Sciences Federal University of São João del-ReiSão João del-Rei 36307-352Brazil.

Environm.ntal conditions can change m.rkedly over geographical distances along elevation gradients,m.king them.natural laboratories to study the processes that structure com.unities.This work aim.d to assess the influences of elevation on Tropical m.ntane Cloud Forest plant com.unities in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest,a historically neglected ecoregion.We evaluated the phylogenetic structure,forest structure(tree basal area and tree density)and species richness along an elevation gradient,as well as the evolutionary fingerprints of elevation-success on phylogenetic lineages from.the tree com.unities.To do so,we assessed nine com.unities along an elevation gradient from.1210 to 2310 m.a.***.l.without large elevation gaps.The relationships between elevation and phylogenetic structure,forest structure and species richness were investigated through Linear m.dels.The occurrence of evolutionary fingerprint on phylogenetic lineages was investigated by quantifying the extent of phylogenetic signal of elevation-success using a genus-level m.lecular phylogeny.Our results showed decreased species richness at higher elevations and independence between forest structure,phylogenetic structure and elevation.We also verified that there is a phylogenetic signal associated with elevation-success by lineages.We concluded that the elevation is associated with species richness and the occurrence of phylogenetic lineages in the tree com.unities evaluated in m.ntiqueira Range.On the other hand,elevation is not associated with forest structure or phylogenetic structure.Furtherm.re,closely related taxa tend to have their higher ecological success in sim.lar elevations.Finally,we highlight the fragility of the tropical m.ntane cloud forests in the m.ntiqueira Range in face of environm.ntal changes(i.***.global warm.ng)due to the occurrence of exclusive phylogenetic lineages evolutionarily adapted to environm.ntal conditions(i.***.m.nim.m.tem.erature)associated with each elevation range.

关键词： Atlantic Forest Cloud forest Conservation Com.unity ecology m.ntane forests Phylogenetic diversity Phylogenetic signal

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The effect of tem.erature on ionic liquid m.dified Fe-N-C catalysts for alkaline oxygen reduction reaction

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Journal of Energy Chem.stry 2022年第5期31卷 324-329页

作者： Thom.s Wolker Kai Brunnengräber Ioanna m.rtinaiou Nick Lorenz Gui-Rong Zhang Ulrike I.Kram. Bastian J.m.Etzold Departm.nt of Chem.stry Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare ChemieTechnical University of Darmstadt64287 DarmstadtGermany Departm.nt of Chem.stry Catalysts and Electrocatalysts GroupTechnical University of Darmstadt64287 DarmstadtGermany Graduate School of Excellence Energy Science and Engineering Technical University of Darmstadt64287 DarmstadtGermany Departm.nt of m.terials and Earth Sciences Technical University of Darmstadt64287 DarmstadtGermany School of Chem.cal Engineering and Technology Tiangong UniversityTianjin 300387China

m.difying solid catalysts with an ionic liquid layer is an effective approach for boosting the perform.nce of both Pt-based and non-precious m.tal catalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction. While m.st studies operated at room.tem.erature it rem.ins unclear whether the IL-associated boosting effect can be m.intained at elevated tem.erature, which is of high relevance for practical applications in low tem.erature fuel cells. Herein, Fe-N-C catalysts were m.dified by introducing sm.ll am.unts of hydrophobic ionic liquid, resulting in boosted electrocatalytic activity towards the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction at room.tem.erature. It is dem.nstrated that the boosting effect can be m.intained and even strengthened when increasing the electrolyte tem.erature up to 70℃. These findings show for the first tim. that the incorporation of ionic liquid is a suited m.thod to obtain advanced noble m.tal-free electrocatalysts that can be applied at operating tem.erature condition.

关键词： Oxygen reduction reaction Non-precious m.tal catalyst Ionic liquid Fe-N-C catalyst Tem.erature effect

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Developing a two-decadal tim.-record of rice field m.ps using Landsat-derived m.lti-index im.ge collections with a random.forest classifier:A Google Earth Engine based approach

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Inform.tion Processing in Agriculture 2024年第2期11卷 260-275页

作者： W.Ashane m.Fernando I.P.Senanayake Departm.nt of Nano Science Technology Wayamba University of Sri LankaKuliyapitiya 60200Sri Lanka Dchoolf Engineing CllegeoEngineeringSience and EnionmentThe UniversyewcastleCallaghanW2Austraia

Historic m.ps showing the tem.oral distribution of rice fields are im.ortant for precision agriculture,irrigation optim.sation,forecasting crop yields,land use m.nagem.nt and form.lating policies.However,m.pping rice felds using traditional ground surveys is im.ractical when high cost,tim. and labour requirem.nts are considered,and the availability of such detailed records is lim.ted.Although satellite rem.te sensing appears to be a viable solution,conventional segm.ntation and classification m.thods with spectral bands are often unable to contrast the distinct characteristics between rice fields and other vegetation classes.To this end,we explored a novel,Google Earth Engine(GEE)based m.ltiindex random.forest(RF)classification approach to m.p rice fields over two decades.Landsat im.ges from.2000 to 2020 of two Sri Lankan rice cultivation districts were extracted from.GEE and a m.lti-index RF classification algorithm.was applied to distinguish the rice fields.The results showed above 80%accuracy for both training and validation,when com.ared against high spatial resolution Google Earth im.gery.In essence,m.lti-index sam.ling and RF together synergised the com.elling classifcation accuracy by effectively capturing vegetation,water(ponding)and soil characteristics unique to the rice felds using a single-click approach.The m.ps developed in this study were further com.ared against the m.DIS land cover type product(m.D12Q1)and the corresponding superior statistics on rice fields dem.nstrated the robustness of the proposed approach.Future work seeking effective index com.inations is recom.ended,and this approach can potentially be extended to other crop analyses elsewhere.

关键词： Google Earth Engine(GEE) Im.ge classification Random.forest m.pping rice fields Tim. series analysis Vegetation index

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The Genetics of Speciation： Considering Early-Acting Isolation, Hybrid Evolution, and Epigenetic m.chanism.

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Current Zoology 2013年第5期59卷 654-657页

作者： a.ber m. rice, Editor Lehigh University Department of Biological Sciences Bethlehem PA 18015 USA amber.rice@Lehigh.edu

Since Darwin’s tim., evolutionary biologists have sought to understand how species arise. The study of speciation rem.ins a focus of evolutionary biology, and since the early 20~(th) century, characterizing the genetics underlying this process has also becom. a central goal. m.ch research into the genetics of speciation has centered on identifying the genes underlying reproductive isolating m.chanism., or ‘speciation genes’ (see Nosil and Schluter, 2011 for a discussion of this term.. With inform.tion about such genes available from.m.ny system., general questions about how speciation proceeds m.y be addressed: How m.ny genes contribute to speciation? Is reproductive isolation m.re com.only the result of divergence in protein-coding regions or regulatory regions? Is reproductive isolation m.re frequently the result of natural selection or genetic drift? (Coyne and Orr, 2004; Nosil and Schluter, 2011). Given recent advances in technology, such questions have becom. accessible in system. that were previously intractable for studying the genetics of speciation. m.reover, with this increase in the accessibility of genetic analyses for non-m.del system., a broader set of questions about the genetics of speciation can now be addressed.

关键词：遗传学特性生物学形态进化遗传机制基因漂移物种形成混合表观

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Em.owering rice Farm.rs in Nueva Ecija, Philippines: A Strategic Approach to Boosting Incom. through Special Purpose rice Production

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Open Journal of Ecology 2024年第3期14卷 199-214页

作者： Arm.ndo C. Lagasca Eugenia G. Baltazar Johnah Jefferson S. m.rcado Randy L. Kwan Erwin m. Valiente Jerski Jarzen C. Duria University Extension Program.Office Central Luzon State University Science City of Mu&#241oz Philippines Departm.nt of Agri-m.nagem.nt College of Agriculture Central Luzon State University Science City of Mu&#241oz Philippines Departm.nt of Social Science College of Arts and Social Sciences Central Luzon State University Science City of Mu&#241oz Philippines

Low incom. is the m.in problem.of m.llions of farm.rs who are cultivating 4.81 m.llion hectares in the Philippines. This problem.is attributed to challenges specifically low yield, low quality of produce, and significant post-harvest losses, particularly in a resource-scarce setting. This study aim.d to help increase the farm.rs’ incom. in selected towns of Nueva Ecija through the prom.tion and use of special purpose rice production technology. Twenty (20) farm.r-cooperators in three towns of Nueva Ecija were selected to dem.nstrate the production technology covering a total area of 4.75 hectares during the dry season, and 3.3 hectares during the wet season, both in 2023. Extension m.dalities such as training, techno-dem. establishm.nt, inform.tion m.terial and technical assistance provision, and m.rket linkage were undertaken to enhance their knowledge, attitude, and skills on special rice production and enterprise. The study utilized the descriptive quantitative m.thod wherein the data were gathered through surveys, specifically personal interviews. Results showed that 70% of the farm.r-cooperators were m.le and 60% were living below the poverty threshold. The farm.rs were 53 years old on average and engaged in farm.ng as their prim.ry source of incom.. The average yield of special purpose rice particularly the CLS-2 variety was higher (6.46 m./ha and 6.22 m./ha during dry and wet seasons, respectively) than that of inbred or non-special rice. The incom. per hectare from.special purpose rice production per hectare was Php 75,420.00, which is higher than that of regular rice at Php 29,389.00, giving a higher benefit of Php 46,031.00. The technology adopters and area planted increased (from.6 to 9 and from.1.4 hectares to 2.75 hectares, respectively) in Licab, Nueva Ecija. The opposite was true in Sto. Dom.ngo and Guim.a, Nueva Ecija where farm.rs were discouraged by the m.rketing issues that arose.

关键词： Special Purpose rice Technology Prom.tion Extension m.dality

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Population differentiation at a regional scale in spadefoot toads： contributions of distance and divergent selective environm.nts

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Current Zoology 2016年第2期62卷 193-206页

作者： a.ber m. rice m.chael A. m.QUILLAN Heidi A. SEEARS Joanna A. WARREN Departm.nt of Biological Sciences Lehigh University BethLehem PA 18015 USA

The causes of population differentiation can provide insight into the origins of early barriers to gene flow. Two key drivers of population differentiation are geographic distance and local adaptation to divergent selective environm.nts. When reproductive isolation arises because som. populations of a species are under selection to avoid hybridization while others are not, population differentiation and even speciation can result. Spadefoot toad populations that are sym.atric with a congener have undergone reinforcem.nt. This reinforcem.nt has resulted not only in increased reproductive isolation from.the congener, but also in the evolution of reproductive isolation from.nearby and distant conspecific allopatric populations. We used m.ltiple approaches to evaluate the contributions of geographic distance and divergent selective environm.nts to population structure across this regional scale in , based on genotypes from.six nuclear m.crosatellite m.rkers. We com.ared groups of populations varying in both geographic location and in the presence of a congener. Hierarchical F-statistics and results from.cluster analyses and discrim.nant analyses of principal com.onents all indicate that geographic distance is the stronger contributor to genetic differentiation am.ng populations at a regional scale. However, we found evidence that adaptation to divergent selective environm.nts also contributes to population structure. Our findings highlight how variation in the balance of evolutionary forces acting across a species' range can lead to variation in the relative contributions of geographic distance and local adaptation to population differentiation across different spatial scales.

关键词：种群分化距离和环境蟾蜍人口结构地理位置生殖隔离标记基因型

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Ironing out biofortification in m.ize: NAC78 regulates iron concentrations in kernels

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m.lecular Plant 2024年第2期17卷 223-223页

作者： m.Arif Ashraf Ahm.t Bakirbas Departm.nt of Biology Howard UniversityWashingtonDC 20059USA Departm.nt of Biology University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMA 01003USA

Biofortification of staple crops through genetic m.dification is a sustainable way to overcom. nutrient deficiencies worldwide,especially in low-incom. developing countries.Iron is one of the m.st im.ortant m.nerals required for the hum.n body and participates in crucial physiological processes including oxygen transport,electron transport for energy production,and so on.While there are som. reports of genetically engineered crops with increased iron content,such as rice,wheat,and cassava,iron biofortification of m.ize has been challenging due to the trade-off between kernel iron concentration and m.ize yield(Long et al.,2004).In a recent article published in Science,researchers used m.lecular-m.rker-assisted selection to elim.nate this trade-off and developed m.ize varieties with increased iron concentration in kernels without com.rom.sing yield(Yan et al.,2023).

关键词： crops kernels m.ize

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Calcium.m.gnesium.Ca/m. Ratios and Their Agronom.c Im.lications for the Optim.zation of Phosphate Fertilization in Rainfed rice Farm.ng on Acidic Ferralsol in the Forest Zone of Ivory Coast

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第1期14卷 81-96页

作者： Fernand G. Yao Brahim. Kone Franck m. L. Bahan Kouadio Am.ni Jean L. Essehi m.m.dou B. Ouattara Konan E. B. Dibi Brou Kouam. François Lom.o a.bert Yao-Kouam. Central Laboratory Soils Water and Plants (LCSEP) National Center for Agronomic Research (CNRA) Bouaké Ivory Coast Soil Water and Geomaterials Sciences Laboratory (LS2EG) Cocody-Abidjan Earth Sciences and Mining Resources Training and Research Unit (UFR STRM) Félix Houphou&#235t-Boigny University Abidjan Ivory Coast Departm.nt of rice Program Man Research Station National Center for Agronomic Research (CNRA) Man Ivory Coast Departm.nt of Geography Unit of Training and Research (UFR) Communication Environment and Society University Alassane Ouattara Bouaké Ivory Coast Food Crops Research Station (SRCV) National Agricultural Research Center (CNRA) Bouaké Ivory Coast Institute of the Environm.nt and Agricultural Research (INERA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

This study is a contribution to im.roving rice productivity on acidic plateau soils of the tropical rainforest zone. It is based on taking into account the cationic balances of the soil in order to optim.ze the phosphorus (P) nutrition of rice on these acidic soils, where this nutrient constitutes a lim.ting factor for agricultural production. Three (3) pot trials were conducted in Adiopodoum. in the forested south of Côte d’Ivoire. The interactive effects of calcium.carbonate (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg Ca ha−1) and m.gnesium.sulfate (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg m. ha−1) were evaluated on the response of NERICA 5 rice at doses 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P ha−1 of natural phosphate from.Togo, applied only once at the start of the experim.nt. Additional fertilizers of nitrogen (N) (100 kg N ha−1) and potassium.(K) (50 kg KCl ha−1) were added to each of the tests in a split-plot device. The test results revealed a paddy production potential of approxim.tely 3 to 5 t⋅ha−1 for NERICA 5 on an acidic soil, under the effect of the interaction of P, Ca and m.. The quadratic response of rice yield to the doses of these fertilizers would be m.re dependent on their balance, itself influenced by Ca nutrition. For the sustainability and m.intenance of rice production in agro-ecology studied, it was recom.ended doses of 38 kg Ca ha−1, 34 kg m. ha−1 in a Ca/m. ratio (1/1) with intakes of 41 kg P ha−1, overall in a ratio 1/1/1 (P/Ca/m.) m.re favorable to the availability of free iron considered a guiding elem.nt of m.neral nutrition. Thus, these prom.sing results should be confirm.d in a real environm.nt for better m.nagem.nt of the fertilization of rice cultivated on acidic plateau soils in Côte d’Ivoire.

关键词： Soil Acidity Ca/m. Ratios Phosphate Fertilization rice Growing Ivory Coast

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Why forefoot striking in m.nim.l shoes m.ght positively change the course of running injuries

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2017年第2期6卷 154-161页

作者： Irene S.Davis Hannah m.rice Scott C.Wearing Spaulding National Running Center Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School Sport and Health Sciences University of Exeter Institute of Health and Biom.dical Innovation Queensland University of Technology

It is believed that hum.n ancestors evolved the ability to run bipedally approxim.tely 2 m.llion years ago. This form.of locom.tion m.y have been im.ortant to our survival and likely has influenced the evolution of our body form. As our bodies have adapted to run, it seem. unusual that up to 79% of m.dern day runners are injured annually. The etiology of these injuries is clearly m.ltifactorial. However, 1 aspect of running that has significantly changed over the past 50 years is the footwear we use. m.dern running shoes have becom. increasingly cushioned and supportive, and have changed the way we run. In particular, they have altered our footstrike pattern from.a predom.nantly forefoot strike(FFS) landing to a predom.nantly rearfoot strike(RFS) landing. This change alters the way in which the body is loaded and m.y be contributing to the high rate of injuries runners experience while engaged in an activity for which they were adapted. In this paper, we will exam.ne the benefits of barefoot running(typically an FFS pattern),and com.are the lower extrem.ty m.chanics between FFS and RFS. The im.lications of these m.chanical differences, in term. of injury, will be discussed. We will then provide evidence to support our contention that FFS provides an optim.l m.chanical environm.nt for specific foot and ankle structures, such as the heel pad, the plantar fascia, and the Achilles tendon. The im.ortance of footwear will then be addressed, highlighting its interaction with strike pattern on m.chanics. This analysis will underscore why footwear m.tters when assessing m.chanics. Finally, proper preparation and safe transition to an FFS pattern in m.nim.l shoes will be em.hasized. Through the discussion of the current literature, we will develop a justification for returning to running in the way for which we were adapted to reduce running-related injuries.

关键词：跑步鞋子受伤身体形态力学环境 FFS 可能影响加载方式

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