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Greenhouse gas budget for terrestrial ecosystems in China

Science China Earth Sciences 2012年第2期55卷 173-182页

作者： cai zucong State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China

Terrestrial ecosystems may act as a source or a sink for the atmospheric greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), depending on land use and management. This paper reviews the literature on carbon, CH4, and N2O fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems in China, and analyzes its national greenhouse gas budget. Carbon storage in biomass and soils in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems decreased in the past 300 years, due to deforestation and expansion of cultivated land, and reached a minimum in the late 1970s. Since then, carbon storage has increased at an estimated rate of 0.19 to 0.26 Pg C yr-1, mainly owing to reforestation and afforestation. CH4 emission from natural wetlands decreased from 6.65 Tg CH4 yr-1 in 1990 to 5.71 Tg CH4 yr-1 in 2000 owing to the decrease in wetland area. CH4 emission from flooded rice fields was 7.41 Tg CH4 yr-1. At the same time, aerobic soils took up atmospheric CH4 at a rate of 2.56 Tg CH4 yr-1. Nitrous oxide emission from forestlands, grasslands, and farmlands was positively correlated with precipitation at a national scale, and the emission rate was positively correlated with the CH4 uptake rate of forestlands and grasslands (P<0.01). Natural N2O sources were estimated to be 419 Gg N yr-1 and anthropogenic sources (from farmlands) to be 292 to 476.3 Gg N yr-1, with a mean of 372.6 Gg N yr-1. The integrated budget of greenhouse gasses indicates that Chinese terrestrial ecosystems act as a small net sink for global warming potential (GWP), ranging from 0.04 to 0.32 Pg CO2-eq yr-1, in a striking contrast to terrestrial ecosystems globally, which are a source of 2.75 to 6.78 Pg CO2-eq yr-1. The ratios of anthropogenic to natural sources of CH4 and N2O are much larger in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems than they are in global averages, reflecting greater human disturbance of terrestrial ecosystems in China.

关键词： terrestrial ecosystems carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide

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Key Variables Explaining Soil Organic Carbon Content Variations in Croplands and Non-Croplands in Chinese Provinces

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Chinese Geographical Science 2012年第3期22卷 255-263页

作者： WU Lezhi cai zucong Department of Geographical Science Hubei Normal University Huangshi 435002 China College of Geographical Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210046 China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in global carbon *** spatial variations in SOC contents result in uncertain estimates of the SOC pool and its *** the present study,the key variables explaining the SOC contents of croplands (CPs) and non-croplands (NCPs) in Chinese provinces were *** on SOC and other soil properties (obtained from the Second National Soil Survey conducted in the late 1970s to the early 1990s),climate parameters,as well as the proportion of the CP to the total land area (Pcp) were *** content variations within a province were larger than those among *** clay and total phosphorus content,ratio of annual precipitation to mean temperature,as well as Pcp were able to explain 75% of the SOC content variations in whole soil *** pH,mean temperature during the growing season from May to October,and mean annual wind velocity were able to explain 63% of the SOC content variations in NCP *** with NCP soils,CP soils had lower SOC contents,with smaller variations within and among provinces and lower C/N *** regression showed that the soil clay content was a unique factor significantly correlated with the SOC content of CP ***,this factor only explained 24% of the *** result suggested that variables related to human activities had greater effects on SOC content variations in CP soils than soil properties and climate *** on SOC contents directly averaged from soil samples and estimated by regression equations,the total SOC pool in the topsoil (0-20 cm) of China was estimated at 60.02 Pg and 57.6 *** of years of intensive cultivation in China resulted in CP topsoil SOC loss of 4.34-4.98 Pg.

关键词： soil organic carbon land use carbon loss soil property climatic variable

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Comparison of Gross N Transformation Rates in Two Paddy Soils Under Aerobic Condition

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Pedosphere 2017年第1期27卷 112-120页

作者： LAN Ting HAN Yong cai zucong College of Resources Science and Technology Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu 611130 China State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008 China School of Geography Science Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210097 China

Although to date individual gross N transformations could be quantified by 15N tracing method and models, studies are still limited in paddy soil. An incubation experiment was conducted using topsoil （0-20 cm） and subsoil （20-60 cm） of two paddy soils, alkaline and clay （AC） soil and neutral and silt loam （NSL） soil, to investigate gross N transformation rates. Soil samples were labeled with either 15NHaNO3 or NH4SN03, and then incubated at 25 ℃for 168 h at 60% water-holding capacity. The gross N mineralization （recalcitrant and labile organic N mineralization） rates in AC soil were 1.6 to 3.3 times higher than that in NSL soil, and the gross N nitrification （autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification） rates in AC soil were 2.4 to 4.4 times higher than those in NSL soil. Although gross NO3 consumption （i.e., NO3 immobilization and dissimilatory NO3 reduction to NH＋） rates increased with increasing gross nitrification rates, the measured net nitrification rate in AC soil was approximately 2.0 to 5.1 times higher than that in NSL soil. These showed that high NO3 production capacity of alkaline paddy soil should be a cause for concern because an accumulation of NO3 can increase the risk of NO3 loss through leaching and denitrification.

关键词： leaching immobilization mineralization 15N tracing model nitrification NO3 loss

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Effect of liming on sulfate transformation and sulfur gas emissions in degraded vegetable soil treated by reductive soil disinfestation

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第10期27卷 112-120页

作者： Tianzhu Meng Tongbin Zhu Jinbo Zhang zucong cai School of Geography Sciences Nanjing Normal University Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (VGE) Ministry of EducationNanjing Normal University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction

Reductive soil disinfestation（RSD）, namely amending organic materials and mulching or flooding to create strong reductive status, has been widely applied to improve degraded ***, there is little information available about sulfate（SO4^2-） transformation and sulfur（S）gas emissions during RSD treatment to degraded vegetable soils, in which S is generally accumulated. To investigate the effects of liming on SO4^2-transformation and S gas emissions,two SO4^2--accumulated vegetable soils（denoted as S1 and S2） were treated by RSD, and RSD plus lime, denoted as RSD0 and RSD1, respectively. The results showed that RSD0 treatment reduced soil SO4^2-by 51% and 61% in S1 and S2, respectively. The disappeared SO4^2-was mainly transformed into the undissolved form. During RSD treatment, hydrogen sulfide（H2S）,carbonyl sulfide（COS）, and dimethyl sulfide（DMS） were detected, but the total S gas emission accounted for 〈 0.006% of total S in both soils. Compared to RSD0, lime addition stimulated the conversion of SO42-into undissolved form, reduced soil SO4^2-by 81% in S1 and 84% in S2 and reduced total S gas emissions by 32% in S1 and 57% in S2, respectively. In addition to H2S, COS and DMS, the emissions of carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl disulfide were also detected in RSD1 treatment. The results indicated that RSD was an effective method to remove SO4^2-, liming stimulates the conversion of dissolved SO4^2-into undissolved form,probably due to the precipitation with calcium.

关键词： Vegetable soil Reductive soil disinfestations Lime Sulfate Sulfur gases

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Effects of temperature change and tree species composition on N20 and NO emissions in acidic forest soils of subtropical China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2014年第3期26卷 617-625页

作者： Yi Cheng Jing Wang Shenqiang Wang zucong cai Lei Wang State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China School of Geography Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210046 China Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences Ministry of Environmental Protection Nanjing 210042 China

Tree species and temperature change arising from seasonal variation or global warming are two important factors influencing N2O and NO emissions from forest soils. However, few studies have examined the effects of temperatures （5-35℃） on the emissions of forest soil N2O and NO in typical subtropical region. A short-term laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of temperature changes （5-35℃） on soil N2O and NO emissions under aerobic conditions in two contrasting （broad-leaved and coniferous） subtropical acidic forest types in China. The results showed that the temporal pattern of N2O and NO emissions between the three lower temperatures （5℃, 15℃, and 25℃） and 35℃ was significantly different for both broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. The effects of temperature on soil N2O and NO emission rates varied between broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. Both N2O and NO emissions increased exponentially with an increase in temperature in the broad-leaved forest soil. However, N2O and NO emissions in the coniferous forest soil were not sensitive to temperature change between 5℃ and 25℃. N2O and NO emission rates were significantly higher in the broad-leaved forest soil as compared with the coniferous forest soil at all incubation temperatures except 5℃. These results suggest that the broad-leaved forest could contribute more N2O and NO emissions than the coniferous forest for most of the year in the subtropical region of China.

关键词： N2O NO temperature broad-leaved forest coniferous forest

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Effect of orchard age on soil nitrogen transformation in subtropical China and implications

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第8期27卷 10-19页

作者： Yushu Zhang Jinbo Zhang Tongbin Zhu Christoph Müller zucong cai School of Geography Sciences Nanjing Normal University Institute of Soil and Fertilizer Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographical Environment Ministry of Education Nanjing Normal University Department of Plant Ecology Justus-Liebig University Giessen

A better understanding of nitrogen transformation in soils could reveal the capacity for biological inorganic N supply and improve the efficiency of N fertilizers. In this study, a15 N tracing study was carried out to investigate the effects of converting woodland to orchard, and orchard age on the gross rates of N transformation occurring simultaneously in subtropical soils in Eastern China. The results showed that inorganic N supply rate was remained constant with soil organic C and N contents increased after converting woodland into citrus orchard and with increasing orchard age. This phenomenon was most probably due to the increase in the turnover time of recalcitrant organic-N, which increased with decreasing soil p H along with increasing orchard age significantly. The amo A gene copy numbers of both archaeal and bacterial were stimulated by orchard planting and increased with increasing orchard age. The nitrification capacity（defined as the ratio of gross rate of nitrification to total gross rate of mineralization） increased following the Michaelis–Menten equation, sharply in the first 10 years after woodland conversion to orchard, and increased continuously but much more slowly till 30 years. Due to the increase in nitrification capacity and unchanged NO3-consumption, the dominance of ammonium in inorganic N in woodland soil was shifted to nitrate dominance in orchard soils. These results indicated that the risk of NO3-loss was expected to increase and the amount of N needed from fertilizers for fruit growth did not change although soil organic N accumulated with orchard age.

关键词： 15N tracing technique Gross rates of nitrogen transformation Subtropical orchard soil

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Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils: Nitrification and denitrification

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2014年第3期26卷 581-592页

作者： Ting Lan Yong Han Marco Roelcke Rolf Nieder zucong cai State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geoecology Technische Universitt Braunschweig School of Geography Sciences Nanjing Normal University

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH^-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.

关键词： ^15N tracing model N2O NO NO/N2O nitrification denitrification

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Effects of water regime, crop residues, and application rates on control of Fusarium oxysporum ***

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第5期27卷 30-37页

作者： Teng Wen Xinqi Huang Jinbo Zhang Tongbin Zhu Lei Meng zucong cai School of Geography Sciences Nanjing Normal University Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Agriculture Hainan University

Biological soil disinfestation is an effective method to control soil-borne disease by flooding and incorporating with organic amendments, but field conditions and resources sometimes limited its practical application. A laboratory experiment was conducted to develop practice guidelines on controlling Fusarium wilt, a widespread banana disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense（FOC）. FOC infested soil incorporated with rice or maize straw at rates of 1.5 tons/ha and 3.0 tons/ha was incubated under flooded or water-saturated（100% water holding capacity） conditions at 30℃ for 30 days. Results showed that FOC populations in the soils incorporated with either rice or maize straw rapidly reduced more than 90% in the first 15 days and then fluctuated till the end of incubation, while flooding alone without organic amendment reduced FOC populations slightly. The rapid and dramatic decrease of redox potential（down to- 350 m V） in straw-amended treatments implied that both anaerobic condition and strongly reductive soil condition would contribute to pathogen inactivation. Water-saturation combined with straw amendments had the comparable effects on reduction of FOC, indicating that flooding was not indispensable for inactivating FOC. There was no significant difference in the reduction of FOC observed in the straw amendments at between 1.5 and 3 tons/ha. Therefore,incorporating soil with straw（rice or maize straw） at a rate of 3.0 tons/ha under 100%water holding capacity or 1.5 tons/ha under flooding, would effectively alleviate banana Fusarium wilt caused by FOC after 15-day treating under 30℃.

关键词： Biological soil disinfestation Banana Fusarium wilt Organic amendments Water regime treatment duration Treatment duration

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Effects of six years of simulated N deposition on gross soil N transformation rates in an old-growth temperate forest

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第3期29卷 644-653页

作者： Peng Tian Jinbo Zhang Christoph Müller zucong cai Guangze Jin College of Forestry Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040HeilongjiangPeople’s Republic of China School of Geography Sciences Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023People’s Republic of China Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Nanjing 210023People’s Republic of China Department of Plant Ecology(IFZ) Justus-Liebig University GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 2635392 GiessenGermany School of Biology and Environmental Science University College DublinDublinIreland

Elevated atmospheric nitrogen(N) deposition has been detected in many regions of China, but its effects on soil N transformation in temperate forest ecosystems are not well known. We therefore simulated N deposition with four levels of N addition rate(N0, N30, N60, and N120) for6 years in an old-growth temperate forest in Xiaoxing’an Mountains in Northeastern China. We measured gross N transformation rates in the laboratory usingN tracing technology to explore the effects of N deposition on soil gross N transformations taking advantage of N deposition soils. No significant differences in gross soil N transformation rates were observed after 6 years of N deposition with various levels of N addition rate. For all N deposition soils, the gross NH~+ immobilization rates were consistently lower than the gross N mineralization rates,leading to net N mineralization. Nitrate(NO~-) was primarily produced via oxidation of NH~+(i.e., autotrophic nitrification), whereas oxidation of organic N(i.e., heterotrophic nitrification) was negligible. Differences between the quantity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea were not significant for any treatment, which likely explains the lack of a significant effect on gross nitrification rates. Gross nitrification rates were much higher than the total NO~- consumption rates,resulting in a build-up of NO~-, which highlights the high risk of N losses via NO~- leaching or gaseous N emissions from soils. This response is opposite that of typical N-limited temperate forests suffering from N deposition,suggesting that the investigated old-growth temperate forest ecosystem is likely to approach N saturation.

关键词： N deposition Gross soil N transformation Temperate forest ecosystem ^(15)N tracing technology

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Effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in soils

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第4期21卷 458-467页

作者： LANG Man, cai zucong State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008, China State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China

The effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in six soils in upland and rice paddy environments were investigated. Laboratory aerobic （60% water holding capacity） and anaerobic （flooded） conditions were studied at 25℃ and fungicide addition rates of 5.5 mg/kg A. I. （field rate, FR）, 20 times （20FR） and 40 times （40FR） field rate, respectively. The results indicated that chlorothalonil at the field rate had a slight inhibitory effect on one soil only, and that soil did not nitrify much in the first place. But chlorothalonil at higher rates inhibited nitrification significantly in all soils. For soils JXP and JXU with a pH of less than 5.0, chlorothalonil almost completely stopped their nitrification at 20FR and 40FR during the whole 14 d incubation period. For soils HNP and HNU with a pH of greater than 8.0, chlorothalonil also significantly inhibit nitrification at 20FR and 40FR （p 〈 0.05）. However, NH4＋ that was added to the soil was also almost completely nitrified by the end of the incubation period in these two soils. The effects of chlorothalonil at 20FR and 40FR on the nitrification of JSP and JSU soils, with a pH of 5.4 and 7.2, respectively, were intermediate between the other soil types. Chlorothalonil had no effect on denitrification at the field rate and had little effect at the higher rates of application in some soils. Carbendazim had essentially no effect on nitrification and denitrification in soils assessed.

关键词： fungicide nitrification denitrification chlorothalonil carbendazim

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