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Persistent Precarity and the Disaster of Everyday Life: Homeless People’s Experiences of Natural and Other Hazards

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International Journal of Disaster Risk science 2019年第3期10卷 332-342页

作者： JC Gaillard Vicky walters Megan Rickerby Yu shi school of Environment The University of AucklandAuckland 1142New Zealand school of People Environment and PlanningMasseyUniversityAlbany 0632New Zealand Unit for Environmental sciences and Management North-West UniversityPotchefstroom 2520South Africa

Knowledge of how homeless people deal with natural hazards and disasters is sparse and there is a remarkable absence of homeless people in policies and practices for disaster risk reduction(DRR). This article aims at filling this gap by exploring the lives of homeless people in two New Zealand cities that are exposed to natural hazards. It shows that natural hazards are of marginal concern to homeless people in comparison to the everyday hazards that they experience and that make their everyday life a disaster in itself. The disaster of everyday life is created and compounded by homeless people’s precarious lifeworlds. The article, nonetheless, shows that homeless people’s vulnerability to natural hazards remains high as they lack power to control the processes that shape their everyday lives, to prepare for large-scale events, and to be represented in DRR policy. Therefore, the article ultimately argues that disaster policies require greater attention to be paid to the power structures that create persistent precarity and the ways in which this is experienced in everyday life.

关键词： Everyday life Hazard Homelessness New Zealand Precarity Vulnerability

Varicella zoster meningitis complicating combined anti-tumor necrosis factor and corticosteroid therapy in Crohn's disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第21期19卷 3347-3351页

作者： Christopher Ma Brennan walters Richard N Fedorak Division of Gastroenterology University of AlbertaEdmontonAL T6G 2X8Canada

Opportunistic viral infections are a well-recognized complication of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Cases of severe or atypical varicella zoster virus infection, both primary and latent reactivation, have been described in association with immunosuppression of Crohn's disease (CD) patients. However, central nervous system varicella zoster virus infections have been rarely described, and there are no previous reports of varicella zoster virus meningitis associated with anti-TNF therapy among the CD population. Here, we present the case of a 40-year-old male with severe ileocecal-CD who developed a reactivation of dermatomal herpes zoster after treatment with prednisone and adalimumab. The reactivation presented as debilitating varicella zoster virus meningitis, which was not completely resolved despite aggressive antiviral therapy with prolonged intravenous acyclovir and subsequent oral valacyclovir. This is the first reported case of opportunistic central nervous system varicella zoster infection complicating anti-TNF therapy in the CD population. This paper also reviews the literature on varicella zoster virus infections of immunosuppressed IBD patients and the importance of vaccination prior to initiation of anti-TNF therapy.

关键词： Varicella zoster virus Meningitis Crohn’s disease Adalimumab Infliximab corticosteroids Antitumor necrosis factor

Using our mini-brains: cerebral organoids as an improved cellular model for human prion disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第6期15卷 1019-1020页

作者： Bradley R.Groveman Ryan walters Cathryn L.Haigh Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division of Intramural ResearchRocky Mountain Laboratories National Institutes of Health

Neurodegenerative diseases are an ever-increasing burden in an aging *** no cure is available for any of these diseases and treatment is based on managing *** many candidate therapeutics demonstrating promise in animal models,none has yet shown efficacy in human *** is self-evident that humans are different from the animals used to model our diseases,especially models that have been highly manipulated to generate a disease in an animal that does not naturally have such a *** differences are likely the reason for the failures of drug candidates in human trials but,until recently,human models of neurodegenerative diseases were *** development of the human cerebral organoid model,by differentiating three-dimensional human neuronal tissue from pluripotent stem cells,represents a significant advance in studying human brain *** organoids have been used to model Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Down’s syndrome dementia and we have now shown they can be infected with human prions creating a new model of human prion diseases.

关键词： cerebral likely spite

Investigation of the unstable flow phenomenon in a pump turbine

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science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2014年第6期57卷 1119-1127页

作者： YIN JunLian WANG DeZhong walters D.Keith WEI XianZhu school of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiaotong University Department of Mechanical Engineering Mississippi State University state Key Laboratory of Hydropower Equipment

Instability of pump turbine with s-shaped curve is characterized by large fluctuations of rotational speed during the transient *** investigating this phenomenon,a numerical model based on the dynamic sliding mesh method(DssM)is presented and used to numerically solve the 3D transient flow which is characterized by the variable rotation speed of *** method is validated by comparison with measured data for a load rejection process in a prototype pump *** results show that the calculated rotation speed agrees well with the experimental *** on the validated model,simulations were performed for the runaway process using an artificially assumed operating condition under which the unstable rotation speed is expected to *** results confirm that the instability of runner rotational speed can be effectively captured with the proposed *** results include the time history profiles of unit flow rate and unit rotating *** internal flow characteristics in a typical unstable period are discussed in detail and the mechanism of the unstable hydraulic phenomenon is ***,the results suggest that the method presented here can be a viable alternative to predict the dynamic characteristics of pump turbines during transient processes.

关键词： pump turbine transient process dynamic sliding mesh flow stability

Hidden heterogeneity and its influence on dengue vaccination impact

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2020年第1期5卷 783-797页

作者： Magdalene walters T.Alex Perkins Department of Biological sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health University of Notre DameNotre DameIN46556USA

The CYD-TDV vaccine was recently developed to combat dengue,a mosquito-borne viral disease that afflicts millions of people each year throughout the tropical and subtropical *** rollout has been complicated by recent findings that vaccinees with no prior exposure to dengue virus(DENV)experience an elevated risk of severe disease in response to their first DENV infection subsequent to *** a result of these findings,guidelines for use of CYD-TDV now require serological screening prior to vaccination to establish that an individual does not fall into this high-risk *** complications mean that the public health impact of CYD-TDV vaccination is expected to be higher in areas with higher *** important practical difficulty with tailoring vaccination policy to local transmission contexts is that DENV transmission is spatially heterogeneous,even at the scale of neighborhoods or blocks within a *** raises the question of whether models based on data that average over spatial heterogeneity in transmission could fail to capture important aspects of CYD-TDV impact in spatially heterogeneous *** explored this question with a deterministic model of DENV transmission and CYD-TDV vaccination in a population comprised of two communities with differing transmission *** to the full model,a version of the model based on the average of the two communities failed to capture benefits of targeting the intervention to the high-transmission community,which resulted in greater impact in both communities than we observed under even *** addition,the model based on the average of the two communities substantially overestimated impact among vaccinated individuals in the low-transmission *** the event that the specificity of serological screening is not high,this result suggests that models that ignore spatial heterogeneity could overlook the potential for harm to this segment of the population.

关键词： Dengue Vector borne disease Dengvaxia CYD-TDV Computational modeling sIR R spatial heterogeneity

Deciphering the Origin of Abiotic Organic Compounds on Earth:Review and Future Prospects

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Acta Geologica sinica(English Edition) 2023年第1期97卷 288-308页

作者： WANG Chao TAO Renbiao Jesse B.walters REN Tianshi NAN Jingbo ZHANG Lifei MOE Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution School of Earth and Space SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Center for High Pressure science and Technology Advanced Research(HPsTAR) Beijing 100094China Institut für Geowissenschaften Goethe-Universität FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main 60438Germany Department of Ocean science and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China

The geologic production of abiotic organic compounds has been the subject of increasing scientific attention due to their use in the global carbon flux balance,by chemosynthetic biological communities,and for energy *** analysis of methane(CH_(4))and other organics in diverse geologic settings,combined with thermodynamic modelings and laboratory simulations,have yielded insights into the distribution of specific abiotic organic molecules on Earth and the favorable conditions and pathways under which they *** updated and comprehensive review summarizes published results of petrological,thermodynamic,and experimental investigations of possible pathways for the formation of particular species of abiotic simple hydrocarbon molecules such as CH_(4),and of complex hydrocarbon systems,e.g.,long-chain hydrocarbons and even solid carbonaceous matters,in various geologic processes,distinguished into three classes:(1)pre-to early planetary processes;(2)mantle and magmatic processes;and(3)the gas/water-rock reaction processes in low-pressure ultramafic rock and high-pressure subduction zone *** not only emphasize how organics are abiotically synthesized but also explore the role or changes of organics in evolutionary geological environments after synthesis,such as phase transitions or organic-mineral ***,there is an urgent need to explore the diversity of abiotic organic compounds prevailing on Earth.

关键词： abiotic hydrocarbons high P-T methane abiotic solid organic compounds deep carbon cycle

Nordhaus-Gaddum Results for the sum of the Induced Path Number of a Graph and Its Complement

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Acta Mathematica sinica,English series 2012年第12期28卷 2365-2372页

作者： Johannes H.HATTINGH Ossama A.sALEH Lucas C.VAN DER MERWE Terry J.walters Department of Mathematics East Carolina University Department of Mathematics University of Johannesburg Department of Mathematics University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

The induced path number p（G） of a graph G is defined as the minimum number of subsets into which the vertex set of G can be partitioned so that each subset induces a path. Broere et hi. proved that if G is a graph of order n, then 〈 p（G）＋ p（G）〈3n/2] . In this paper,_we characterize [3n/2], improve the lower bound on p（G）＋ p（G） by one when the graphs G for which p（G） -4- p（G） = 3n n is the square of an odd integer, and determine a best possible upper bound for p（G）＋ p（G） when neither G nor G has isolated vertices.

关键词： Nordhaus-Gaddum induced path number

The structure of mixed-species bird flocks,and their response to anthropogenic disturbance,with special reference to East Asia

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Chinese Birds 2015年第3期6卷 121-131页

作者： Eben Goodale Ping Ding Xiaohu Liu Ari Martínez Xingfeng si Mitch walters scott K.Robinson Department of Forestry Guangxi University College of Life sciences Zhejiang University Wildlife Conservation society China Program Department of Biology San Francisco State University Department of Biology University of Florida Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida

Mixed-species flocks of birds are distributed world-wide and can be especially dominant in temperate forests during the non-breeding season and in tropical rainforests *** review from a community ecology perspective what is known about the structure and organization of flocks,emphasizing that flocking species tend to be those particularly vulnerable to predation,and flocks tend to be led by species that are able to act as sources of information about predators for other *** on how flocks respond to fragmentation and land-use intensification continue to accumulate,but the question of whether the flock phenomenon makes species more vulnerable to anthropogenic change remains *** review the literature on flocks in East Asia and demonstrate there is a good foundation of knowledge on which to *** then outline potentially fruitful future directions,focusing on studies that can investigate how dependent species are on each other in flocks,and how such interdependencies might affect avian habitat selection in the different types of human-modified environments of this region.

关键词： Biodiversity crisis Biological networks Community assembly Competition Interspecific communication Keystone species Mutualism Pr

Proximate and ultimate factors that promote aggregated breeding in the Western sandpiper

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zoological Research 2011年第2期32卷 128-140页

作者： Matthew Johnson Jeffrey R walters Department of Biological sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

We report that Western sandpipers （Calidris mauri） on Alaska’s Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta exhibited aggregated breeding behavior at a relatively small spatial scale. Prior to clutch initiation, males performing song flight displays on a 36 ha plot were aggregated as were subsequent initial nesting attempts on the plot. We tested three hypotheses commonly invoked to explain aggregated breeding in territorial species （social mate choice, predation, and material resources hypotheses）, and found support for the material resources hypothesis, as dispersed individuals were more often associated with tundra habitat patches, and aggregated individuals nested more often in undulating-tundra habitat patches compared to patch availability. The pattern of habitat occupancy conformed to an ideal despotic distribution with aggregated nesting birds in undulating-tundra patches experiencing lower reproductive success. On our study plot, older, more aggressive males solicited females more often, and defended larger, more dispersed sites in tundra habitat patches, compared to younger, less aggressive males that were aggregated in undulating-tundra habitat patches. Breeding aggregations are often concentrated on or near a critical resource. In contrast, Western sandpiper breeding aggregations occur when dominant and/or older individuals exclude younger, subordinate individuals from preferred habitat. Although many taxa of non-colonial birds have been reported to aggregate breeding territories, this is the first quantitative report of aggregated breeding behavior in a non-colonial monogamous shorebird species prior to hatch.

关键词： Calidris mauri space use Reproduction Despotic distribution Material resources hypothesis