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A lunar time scale from the perspective of the Moon’s dynamic evolution

Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第1期67卷 234-251页

作者： Dijun GUO Jianzhong LIU James WHEAD Fuqin ZHANG Zongcheng LING Shengbo CHEN Jianping CHEN Xiaozhong DING Jinzhu JI ziyuan ouyang State Key Laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550081China Department of Earth Environmental and Planetary SciencesBrown UniversityProvidence RI 02912USA Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment Institute of Space SciencesShandong UniversityWeihai 264209China College of Geoexploration Science and Technology Jilin UniversityChangchun 130026China School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Inner Mongolia University of TechnologyHohhot 010051China Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei 230026China

A geologic time scale is a chronological system that separates the geological strata of a planetary body into different units in temporal sequence and shows its progressive *** time scale of the Moon was established a half-century ago during the telescopic-early Apollo exploration era,using data with limited spatial coverage and *** past decades have seen a wide array of studies,which have significantly extended our understanding of global lunar geologic *** on a comprehensive review of lunar evolution with respect to the dynamical changes,we propose two major updates to the current lunar time scale paradigm to include the evolution of both endogenic and exogenic dynamic forces now known to have influenced early lunar ***,based on the temporal interplay of exogenic and endogenic processes in altering the Moon,we defined three Eon/Eonothem-level units to represent three dynamical evolutionary ***,the pre-Nectarian System is redefined and divided as the magma ocean-era Magma-oceanian System and the following Aitkenian System beginning with the South Pole-Aitken *** ejecta of this basin,Das Formation,was deposited on the primordial lunar crust as the oldest stratum produced from exogenic *** updated lunar time scale,facilitated by the post-Apollo exploration and research advances,provides an integrated framework to depict the evolution of the Moon and has important implications for the geologic study of other terrestrial planets.

关键词： The Moon Geologic time scale Evolution history Endogenic process Exogenic process

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Innovative developments in lunar and planetary science promoted by China's lunar exploration

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第11期66卷 2399-2418页

作者： Chunlai LI Wei YAN Jianjun LIU ziyuan ouyang Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration National Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550002China

As the only natural satellite of the earth, the Moon has always been the first choice for human exploration of the solar system. China's lunar exploration project(Chang'e project) was launched in 2004. At present, it has created a perfect end to the three phases of “orbiting, landing and returning”. A series of remarkable research achievements have been made on the basic issues of current lunar scientific research, such as the Earth-Moon space environment, lunar surface material, morphology,geological structure, lunar subsurface and internal structure, and the origin and evolution of the Moon, further deepening the human understanding of the Moon. This paper briefly reviews the development process of China's lunar exploration project,summarizes the main research results and scientific understanding, and finally prospects to the future development of China's lunar and planetary exploration.

关键词： Lunar exploration Lunar science Chang'e project Scientific achievements Future prospects

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Mapping Lunar Olivine Using Clementine Spectral Indices and Chemical Composition Parameters

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2012年第1期86卷 65-72页

作者： YUE Zongyu XIE Hongjie DI Kaichang ouyang ziyuan The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Institute of Remote SensingApplicationsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Department of Geological Sciences the University of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78249USA National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100012China

Olivine exposures at the central peak of Copernicus crater of the Earth＇s Moon have been confirmed by telescope observations and Clementine spectra data. Using these exposures as training sites, this study used a method of combining two spectral indices （950 nm/750 nm and 2000 nm/1500 nm）, one maturity index （Is/FeO）, and four chemical content indices （FeO, Mg, Al, Ca）, through a decision tree classifier, to map olivine-rich units on the west lunar surface based on mosaicked Clementine image （500 m pixel size）. Most classified olivine exposures are found inside craters or on their rays, suggesting that olivine exposures are directly associated with the impact processes. The results have been validated in several selected sites, though further validations with data from the newest missions are strongly needed.

关键词： clementine olivine Copernicus crater

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Scientific Progress in China's Lunar Exploration Program

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空间科学学报 2014年第5期34卷 525-534页

作者： XU Lin ouyang ziyuan Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration National Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy of Sciences

Chang'E-1, the first lunar mission in China, was successfully launched on October 24,2007, which opened the prelude of China's Lunar Exploration Program. Later on, the Chang'E-2 and Chang'E-3 satellites were successfully launched in 2010 and 2013, respectively. In order to achieve the science objectives, various payloads boarded the spacecraft. The scientific data from these instruments were received by Beijing and Kunming ground stations simultaneously. Up to now, about 5.628 Terabytes of raw data were received totally. A series of research results has been achieved. This paper presents a brief introduction to the main scientific results and latest progress from Chang'E-3 mission.

关键词： China’s Lunar Exploration Program Chang’E satellite Scientific result Moon

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New achievements from CE-3 mission

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2017年第4期60卷 88-90页

作者： YongLiao Zou Qin Wang Jun Yan YueSong Chen ziyuan ouyang National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100012China

The Chang＇E-3 （CE-3） mission began with a smooth countdown and flawless launch on the Long March 3B rocket from the Xichang satellite launch center at 01：30 CST on December 2, 2013. It landed on the northeastern Imbrium basin （340.49°E, 44.12°N） at 21：11 CST on December 14, 2013, and the Yutu rover was deployed from the lander the next morning at 04：35.

关键词： Ti New achievements from CE-3 mission

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FeO-rich silicates and Ca, Al-rich inclusions in Qingzhen andYamato 691 (EH3) meteorites: Evidence for migration of mass in the solar nebula

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第2期47卷 150-153页

作者： LIN Yangting ouyang ziyuan A.EI Goresy Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550002China Max-Planck-Institut fur Chemie

The Qingzhen and Yamato 691 (EH3) enstatite chondrites, which formed under extremely reducing condi-tions, are studied using the scanning electron microscope and electron probe microanalyzer. Both meteorites contain FeO-rich silicates and minor Ca, Al-rich inclusions. Most FeO-rich silicates are Ca-poor pyroxenes and occur as frag-ments in matrix. A few grains of FeO-rich silicates were found in chondrules, and FeO-rich olivine is rare. In Qingzhen, FeO-rich silicates commonly contain abundant dust-like Ni-poor metals, which probably formed through reduction of FeO. In contrast, only a few fragments of FeO-rich silicates in Yamato 691 enclose dust-like metals. This difference is consistent with a more reducing condition of Qingzhen than Yamato 691. Ca, Al-rich inclusions have similar modal compositions and mineral chemistry as their counterparts in carbonaceous chondrites. We suggest that (1) the FeO-rich silicates probably formed in oxidized regions of the solar nebula, and then moved into the

关键词： solar nebula meteorite enstatite chondrite reduction migration.

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Bulk compositions of metallic Fe-Ni of chondrites: Constraints on fractionation of siderophile and chalcophile elements

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2009年第3期28卷 271-278页

作者： XU Lin LIN Yangting WANG Shijie ouyang ziyuan Key Laboratory of the Study of Earth＇s Deep Interior Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beifing 100029 China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100012 China Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550002 China

Bulk compositions of metallic Fe-Ni from two equilibrated ordinary chondrites, Jilin (H5) and Anlong (H5), and two unequilibrated ones, GRV 9919 (L3) and GRV 021603 (H3), were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The CI-, Co-normalized abundances of siderophile and chalcophile elements of metallic Fe-Ni from the unequilibrated ordinary chondrites correlate with 50% condensation temperatures (i.e., volatility) of the elements. The refractory siderophile elements (i.e., platinum group elements, Re), Au, Ni and Co show a flat pattern (1.01×CI Co-normalized), while moderate elements (As, Cu, Ag, Ga, Ge, Zn) decrease with volatility from 0.63×CI (Co-normalized, As) to 0.05×CI (Co-normalized, Zn). Cr and Mn show deficit relative to the trend, probably due to their main partition in silicates and sulfides (nonmagnetic). Metallic Fe-Ni from the equilibrated ordinary chondrites shows similar patterns, except for strong deficit of Cr, Mn, Ag and Zn. It is indicated that these elements were almost all partitioned into silicates and/or sulfides during thermal metamorphism. The similar deficit of Cr, Mn, Ag and Zn was also found in iron meteorites. Our analyses demonstrate similar behaviors of W and Mo as refractory siderophile elements during condensation of the solar nebula, except for slight depletion of Mo in the L3 and H5 chondrites. The Mo-depletion of metallic Fe-Ni from GRV 9919 (L3) relative to GRV 021603 (H3) could be due to a more oxidizing condition of the former than the latter in the solar nebula. In contrast, the Mo-depletion of the metallic Fe-Ni from the H5 chondrites may reflect partition of Mo from metal to silicates and/or sulfides during thermal metamorphism in the asteroidal body.

关键词：亲硫元素球粒陨石金属铁铁元素成分散装分馏镍

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Evidence of Nd isotope for unhomogeneity and origin of upper mantle of North China platform

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第6期44卷 556-560页

作者： Jianzhong Liu ziyuan ouyang Fuqin Zhang Shijie Wang Chinese Acad Sci Inst Geochem Guiyang 550002 Peoples R China

Based on isptopic age of Sm-Nd and its initial composition and its evolution obtained during the recent years of archean metamorphic magnesio-ferro the vocanics of upper mantle of the North China platform, it is concluded that the isotopic composition of Archean upper mantle of the North China platform is not homogeneous, and values of /Nd don not change regularly through the whole Archean; in contrast, they present obvious differences in different regions. All this demands that the unhomogeneity of Archean upper mantle of the North China platform inherits initial unhomogeneity of origin, and the origin of the North China platform should contribute to uneven accumulation of planetesimals.

关键词： North China platform initial unhomogeneity Sm-Nd isotope.

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Background deduction of the Chang'E-1 gamma-ray spectrometer data

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2012年第3期31卷 234-241页

作者： ZHANG Liyan LI Chunlai LIU Jinazhong ZOU Yongliao ouyang ziyuan National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100012China Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550002China Graudate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Gamma-ray spectrometer(GRS) is used to detect the elemental abundances and distributions on the lunar *** derive the elemental abundances,it is vital to acquire background gamma rays except lunar gamma *** GRS would observe background spectra in the course of earth-moon transfer on *** in fact,GRS was not switched on in the course of flying toward the *** the CE-1 probe finished one-year mission,GRS car-ried out a test on background data on November 21?22,*** authors did conduct research on the methods of background deduction using 2105 hours of usable gamma-ray spectra acquired at the 200-km orbital height by the GRS and more than 5 hours of gamma-ray spectra acquired in the GRS background *** final research results showed that the method of deducting the background using the minimum counts in the CE-1 GRS pixels is optimal for the elements,U,K and *** method applies to such a case that the elemental abundances in the pixel with the minimum counting rate are 0 μg/g and the continuum background counts are constant over the *** on the method of background deduction,the full energy peak counts of U,K,and Th are calculated.

关键词：背景扣除 γ射线谱仪嫦娥一号伽玛射线表面元素元素丰度 GRS 光谱仪

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China's Deep-space Exploration to 2030

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空间科学学报 2014年第5期34卷 516-517页

作者： ZOU Yongliao LI Wei ouyang ziyuan Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration National Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy of Sciences

Focusing on the key scientific questions of deep space exploration which include the origin and evolution of the solar system and its planets, disastrous impact on the Earth by the solar activities and small bodies, extraterrestrial life, this paper put forward a propose about the roadmap and scientific objectives of China's Deep-space Exploration before 2030.

关键词： China’s Deep-space Exploration Scientific objectives Solar system and its planets

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