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Urban development and resource endowments shape natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第4期126卷 806-816页

作者： Yanbing Liu Fei Lu Chaofan Xian zhiyun ouyang State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

Improving the efficiency with which natural resources are utilized is an indispensable for achieving sustainable development and carbon neutrality. By analyzing the utilization efficiency of energy, water, and land, we established a comprehensive natural resource utilization efficiency index(NRUEI). We then calculated the 2016 index for 165 cities in China,and investigated what caused it to vary. We found three main results:(1) the NRUEI varied greatly across China and there were significant positive correlations between urban energy utilization efficiency(EUE), water utilization efficiency(WUE) and land utilization efficiency(LUE);(2) the NRUEI showed a significant positive correlation with a city’s population size,economy(Gross Domestic Product(GDP)), and the level of urban social development(GDP per capita);(3) cities in East China have the highest natural resource utilization efficiency,while cities in Northeast China have the lowest. These results indicate that China’s increasing urban development is associated with rising natural resource utilization efficiency and that the city’s endowment of natural resources is an important factor affecting that efficiency. Further, the results showed that the determinants of a city’s NRUEI differed in large and small cities. Lastly, our results suggest that improving EUE is key for improving NRUEI in urban China, and different efficiencies can be improved intertwined. A major takeaway of this study is that there is great potential for improving natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities and we include city-specific suggestions for efficiency improvements.

关键词： Urban development Resource endowment Resource utilization efficiency Sustainable city

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Beyond city expansion:multi-scale environmental impacts of urban megaregion formation in China

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National Science Review 2022年第1期9卷 79-91页

作者： Weiqi Zhou Wenjuan Yu Yuguo Qian Lijian Han Steward T.A.Pickett Jing Wang Weifeng Li zhiyun ouyang State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Beijing Urban Ecosystem Research Station Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences

Environmental degradation caused by rapid urbanization is a pressing global issue.However,little is known about how urban changes operate and affect environments across multiple scales.Focusing on China,we found urbanization was indeed massive from 2000 to 2015,but it was also very uneven,exhibiting high internal city dynamics.Urban areas in China as a whole became less green,warmer,and had exacerbated PM2.5 pollution.However,environmental impacts differed in newly developed versus older areas of cities.Adverse impacts were prominent in newly urbanized areas,while old urban areas generally showed improved environmental quality.In addition,regional environmental issues are emerging as cities expand,connect and interact to form urban megaregions.To turn urbanization into an opportunity for,rather than an obstacle to,sustainable development,we must move beyond documenting urban expansion to understand the environmental consequences of both internal city dynamics and the formation of urban megaregions.

关键词： urbanization urban and regional sustainability landscape change air pollution urban heat island

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Effects of land use, climate, topography and soil properties on regional soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2012年第3期24卷 387-395页

作者： Shufang Wang Xiaoke Wang zhiyun ouyang State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China

Soil organic carbon （SOC） and total nitrogen （TN） contents as well as their relationships with site characteristics are of profound importance in assessing current regional, continental and global soil C and N stocks and potentials for C sequestration and N conservation to offset anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This study investigated contents and distribution of SOC and TN under different land uses, and the quantitative relationships between SOC or TN and site characteristics in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China. Overall, both SOC and TN contents in natural secondary forests and grasslands were much higher than in plantations and croplands. Land use alone explained 37.2% and 38.4% of variations in SOC and TN contents, respectively. The optimal models for SOC and TN, achieved by multiple regression analysis combined with principal component analysis （PCA） to remove the multicollinearity among site variables, showed that elevation, slope, soil clay and water contents were the most significant factors controlling SOC and TN contents, jointly explaining 70.3% of SOC and 67.1% of TN contents variability. Only does additional 1.9% and 3% increase in the interpretations of SOC and TN contents variability respectively when land use was added to regressions, probably due to environment factors determine land use. Therefore, environmental variables were more important for SOC and TN variability than land use in the study area, and should be taken into consideration in properly evaluating effects of future land use changes on SOC and TN on a regional scale.

关键词： soil organic carbon soil total nitrogen principal component analysis multiple regression analysis

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Effects of spatial resolution of remotely sensed data on estimating urban impervious surfaces

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第8期23卷 1375-1383页

作者： Weifeng Li zhiyun ouyang Weiqi Zhou Qiuwen Chen State Key laboratory of Urban and Region Ecology Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing1000~85 China. Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis Mail Stop 1 1210 PES One Shields Ave. Davis CA 95616 USA

Impervious surfaces are the result of urbanization that can be explicitly quantified, managed and controlled at each stage of land development. It is a very useful environmental indicator that can be used to measure the impacts of urbanization on surface runoff, water quality, air quality, biodiversity and rnicroclimate. Therefore, accurate estimation of impervious surfaces is critical for urban environmental monitoring, land management, decision-making and urban planning. Many approaches have been developed to estimate surface imperviousness, using remotely sensed data with various spatial resolutions. However, few studies, have investigated the effects of spatial resolution on estimating surface imperviousness. We compare medium-resolution Landsat data with high-resolution SPOT images to quantify the imperviousness in Beijing, China. The results indicated that the overall 91% accuracy of estimates of imperviousness based on TM data was considerably higher than the 81% accuracy of the SPOT data. The higher resolution SPOT data did not always predict the imperviousness of the land better than the TM data. At the whole city level, the TM data better predicts the percentage cover of impervious surfaces. At the sub-city level, however, the ring belts from the central core to the urban-rural peripheral, the SPOT data may better predict the imperviousness. These results highlighted the need to combine multiple resolution data to quantify the percentage of imperviousness, as higher resolution data do not necessarily lead to more accurate estimates. The methodology and results in this study can be utilized to identify the most suitable remote sensing data to quickly and efficiently extract the pattern of the impervious land, which could provide the base for further study on many related urban environmental problems.

关键词： remote sensing impervious surface landscape pattern spatial resolution object-based image analysis urban landscape

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Evaluating Beijing’s human carrying capacity from the perspective of water resource constraints

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第8期22卷 1297-1304页

作者： Yingxuan Zhang Min Chen Wenhua Zhou Changwei Zhuang zhiyun ouyang Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana 61801 USA

As the demands on limited water resources intensify, concerns are being raised about the human carrying capacity of these resources. However, few researchers have studied the carrying capacity of regional water resources. Beijing, the second-largest city in China, faces a critical water shortage that will limit the city’s future development. We developed a method to quantify the carrying capacity of Beijing’s water resources by considering water-use structures based on the proportions of water used for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes. We defined a reference structure as 45：22：33 （% of total, respectively）, an optimized structure as 40：20：40, and an ideal structure as 50：15：35. We also considered four domestic water quotas： 55, 75, 95, and 115 m 3 /（person·yr）. The urban carrying capacity of 10–12 million was closest to Beijing’s actual 2003 population for all three water-use structures with urban domestic water use of 75 m 3 /（person·yr）. However, after accounting for our underlying assumptions, the adjusted carrying capacity is closer to 5–6 million. Thus, Beijing’s population in 2003 was almost twice the adjusted carrying capacity. Based on this result, we discussed the ecological and environmental problems created by Beijing’s excessive population and propose measures to mitigate these problems.

关键词： urban population carrying capacity regional water resources sustainable urban development water resource management

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Response of runoff and soil loss to reforestation and rainfall type in red soil region of southern China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第11期22卷 1765-1773页

作者： Zhigang Huang zhiyun ouyang Fengrui Li Hua Zheng Xiaoke Wang Department of Ecology & Agriculture Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China

To evaluate the long-term effects of reforestation types on soil erosion on degraded land, vegetation and soil properties under conventional sloping farmland （CSF） and three different reforestation types including a Pinus massoniana secondary forest （PSF）, an Eucommia ulmoides artificial economic forest （EEF） and a natural succession type forest （NST）, were investigated at runoff plot scale over a six-year period in a red soil region of southern China. One hundred and thirty erosive rainfall events generating runoff in plots were grouped into four rainfall types by means of K-mean clustering method. Erosive rainfall type I is the dominant rainfall type. The amount of runoff and the soil loss under erosive rainfall type III were the most, followed by rain-fall type II, IV and I. Compared with CSF treatment, reforestation treatments decreased the average annual runoff depth and the soil loss by 25.5%–61.8% and 93.9%– 96.2% during the study period respectively. Meanwhile, runoff depth at PSF and EEF treatments was significantly lower than that in NST treatment, but no significant difference existed in soil erosion modulus among the three reforestation treatments. This is mainly due to the improved vegetation properties （i.e., vegetation coverage, biomass of above- and below-ground and litter-fall mass） and soil properties （i.e., bulk density, total porosity, infiltration rate and organic carbon content） in the three reforestation treatments compared to CSF treatment. The PSF and EEF are recommended as the preferred reforestation types to control runoff and soil erosion in the red soil region of southern China, with the NST potentially being used as an important supplement.

关键词： reforestation type rainfall type vegetation and soil property soil erosion red soil region

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Modeling soil conservation, water conservation and their tradeoffs: A case study in Beijing

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2012年第3期24卷 419-426页

作者： Yang Bai zhiyun ouyang Hua Zheng Xiaoma Li Changwei Zhuang Bo Jiang State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Institute of Applied Ecology Shanghai Academy of Environmental SciencesShanghai 200233China Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences Ministry of Environmental ProtectionNanjing 210042China

Natural ecosystems provide society with important goods and services. With the rapid increase in human populations and excessive utilization of natural resources, humans frequently enhance the production of some services at the expense of the others. Although the need for tradeoffs between conservation and development is urgent, the lack of efficient methods to assess such tradeoffs has impeded progress. Three land use strategy scenarios （development scenario, plan trend scenario and conservation scenario） were created to forecast potential changes in ecosystem services from 2007 to 2050 in Beijing, China. GIS-based techniques were used to map spatial and temporal distribution and changes in ecosystem services for each scenario. The provision of ecosystem services differed spatially, with significant changes being associated with different scenarios. Scenario analysis of water yield （as average annual yield） and soil retention （as retention rate per unit area） for the period 2007 to 2050 indicated that the highest values for these parameters were predicted for the forest habitat under all three scenarios. Annual yield/retention of forest, shrub, and grassland ranked the highest in the conservation scenario. Total water yield and soil retention increased in the conservation scenario and declined dramatically in the other two scenarios, especially the development scenario. The conservation scenario was the optimal land use strategy, resulting in the highest soil retention and water yield. Our study suggests that the evaluation and visualization of ecosystem services can effectively assist in understanding the tradeoffs between conservation and development. Results of this study have implications for planning and monitoring future management of natural capital and ecosystem services, which can be integrated into land use decision-making.

关键词： ecosystem services tradeoffs scenario management

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Spatial and seasonal variability of CO_2 flux at the air-water interface of the Three Gorges Reservoir

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第11期25卷 2229-2238页

作者： Le Yang Fei Lu Xiaoke Wang Xiaonan Duan Lei Tong zhiyun ouyang Hepeng Li State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Zhejiang Forestry Academy Bureau of Science and Technology for Resources and the Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Research Center for Urban Environment Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences

Diffusive carbon dioxide （CO2） emissions from the water surface of the Three Gorges Reservoir, currently the largest hydroelectric reservoir in the world, were measured using floating static chambers over the course of a yearlong survey. The results showed that the average,annual CO2 flux was （163.3 ± 117.4） mg CO2/（m^2.hr） at the reservoir surface, which was larger than the CO2 flux in most boreal and temperate reservoirs but lower than that in tropical reservoirs. Significant spatial variations in CO2 flux were observed at four measured sites, with the largest flux measured at Wushan （221.9 mg CO2/（m^2.hr）） and the smallest flux measured at Zigui （88.6 mg CO2/（m^2.hr））; these differences were probably related to the average water velocities at different sites. Seasonal variations in CO2 flux were also observed at four sites, starting to increase in January, continuously rising until peaking in the summer （June-August） and gradually decreasing thereafter. Seasonal variations in CO2 flux could reflect seasonal dynamics in pH, water velocity, and temperature. Since the spatial and temporal variations in CO2 flux were significant and dependent on multiple physical, chemical, and hydrological factors, it is suggested that long-term measurements should be made on a large spatial scale to assess the climatic influence of hydropower in China, as well as the rest of the world.

关键词： CO2 emission spatial variation seasonal variation water velocity temperature pH

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Market-based instruments for ecosystem services:framework and case study in Lishui City,China

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Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2020年第1期6卷 477-489,476页

作者： Xiaolong Gao Weihua Xu Ying Hou zhiyun ouyang State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPeople’s Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingPeople’s Republic of China

Introduction:Effective provision of ecosystem services(ES)and improvements in well-being of residents can be realized through policy interventions of stakeholder behavior.Of the several policies,market-based instruments(MBIs)have become the focus of global attention.Outcomes/others:To couple the theory with practice and solve the key problem of unclear definition of property rights,the framework of MBIs is designed.First,property rights of market creation must be clearly defined,verifiable,transferable,enforceable,and have policy continuity.Then,four key characteristics of MBIs need to be considered in the case design,namely those involving ES,stakeholders,trading mechanisms,and guarantee mechanisms.The Pledge Financing of the Right of the Ecological Public Welfare Forest(PFREPWF)in Lishui City is a typical case of China’s current marketization,which is a supplement and improvement to the ecological compensation policy.Based on clearly defined contract rights,Lishui City has realized the integration of ecological compensation and credit creation.Discussion:The case design still has the problems of lack of quantification and lack of correlations with ES.Conclusion:The theoretical and practical analysis around the market mechanism has reference value for solving market failures and providing environmental services.

关键词： Market-based instruments(MBIs) market failures ecosystem services(ES) ecological public welfare forests

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Transpiration rates of urban trees, Aesculus chinensis

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2012年第7期24卷 1278-1287页

作者： Hua Wang Xiaoke Wang Ping Zhao Hua Zheng Yufen Ren Fuyuan Gao zhiyun ouyang State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Institute of Forestry and Pomology Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing 100093China South China Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510650China Beijing Teaching Botanical Garden Beijing 100061China

Transpiration patterns of Aesculus chinensis in relation to explanatory variables in the microclimatic, air quality, and biological phenomena categories were measured in Beijing, China using the thermal dissipation method. The highest transpiration rate measured as the sap flux density of the trees took place from 10：00 am to 13：00 pm in the summer and the lowest was found during nighttime in the winter. To sort out co-linearity, principal component analysis and variation and hierarchical partitioning methods were employed in data analyses. The evaporative demand index （EDI） consisting of air temperature, soil temperature, total radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and atmospheric ozone （O3）, explained 68% and 80% of the hourly and daily variations of the tree transpiration, respectively. The independent and joint effects of EDI variables together with a three-variable joint effect exerted the greatest influences on the variance of transpiration rates. The independent effects of leaf area index and atmospheric 03 and their combined effect exhibited minor yet significant influences on tree transpiration rates.

关键词： horse chestnut sap flux density microclimate air pollutants leaf area index

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