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Distributions and sources of n-alkanes in PM_(2.5) at urban,industrial and coastal sites in Tianjin,China

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第10期22卷 1551-1557页

作者： Weifang Li Yue Peng zhipeng bai State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control College of Environmental Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China. Tianjin Academy of Environmental Protection Science Tianjin 300191 China Liaoning Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center Shenyang 110031 China

Aliphatic hydrocarbons （n-alkanes） associated with fine particulate matter were determined in the ambient air of urban, industrial and coastal areas in Tianjin, China, where intensive coal burning for industrial and domestic purpose takes place, n-Alkane homologues from C12 to C35 were quantifiable in all samples with C20-C31 being the most abundant species. Average concentrations of the total n-alkanes were 148.7, 250.1 and 842.0 ng/m3 in July, April and January, respectively. Seasonal variations were mainly attributed to ambient temperature changes and coal combustion for residential heating. Among the three studied areas, the highest levels of n-alkanes were observed in the industrial complex in winter and spring, but in summer the coastal alkane concentration moved up to the highest. A mono-modal distribution for n-alkanes was observed in spring and summer with odd carbon number predominance and a maximum centered at C27-C31, suggesting the release of plant wax into the atmosphere. The bimodal distribution with maxima at C22 and C26 observed in winter indicated a substantial influence of fossil fuel sources. All the CPIs （CPI1, CPI2, CPI3） values, varying between 0.64 and 1.97, indicated the influence of anthropogenic emissions on fine organic aerosols. The estimated contributions of plant wax to total n-alkanes were on average of 12.9%, 19.1% and 26.1% for winter, spring and summer, respectively.

关键词： PM2.5 n-alkanes distribution pattern CPIs plant wax

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Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric fine particles in Tianjin,China

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Particuology 2009年第6期7卷 432-437页

作者： Weifang Li zhipeng bai State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control College of Environmental Science and Engineering. Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China

PM2.5 samples were collected at urban, industrial and coastal sites in Tianjin during winter, spring and summer in 2007. Concentrations of elemental carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） were analyzed using the IMPROVE thermal-optical reflectance （TOR） method. Both OC and EC exhibited a clear seasonal pattern with higher concentrations observed in the winter than in the spring and summer, due to cooperative effect of changes in emission rates and seasonal meteorology. The concentrations of carbonaceous species were also influenced by the local factors at different sampling sites, ranking in the order of industrial〉 urban 〉 coastal during winter and spring. In the summer, the port emissions, enriched with EC, had a significant impact on carbonaceous aerosols at the coastal site. Total carbonaceous aerosol accounted for 40.0% in winter, 33.8% in spring and 31.4% in summer of PM2.5 mass. Good correlation （R = 0.84-0.93） between OC and EC indicated that they had common dominant sources of combustion such as coal burning and traffic emissions. The daily average OC/EC ratios ranged from 2.1 to 9.1, the elevated OC/EC ratios being found in the winter. The estimated secondary organic carbon （SOC） accounted for 46.9%, 35.3% and 40.2% of the total OC in the winter, spring and summer, respectively, indicating that SOC may be an important contributor to fine organic aerosol in Tianjin.

关键词： PM2.5 Organic carbon Elemental carbon Secondary organic carbon Tianjin

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Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of ozone addition to the double bonds of keto-limonene

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2012年第1期24卷 147-151页

作者： Lei Jiang Yisheng Xu Baohui Yin zhipeng bai College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China

The reaction mechanism of ozone （O 3） addition to the double bonds of gas phase keto-limonene was investigated using ab initio methods.Two different possibilities for O 3 addition to the double bond were considered and two corresponding van der Waals complexes （Complex 1 and Complex 2） were found for 1-endo and 2-endo.The rate constants were calculated using the transition state theory at the CCSD（T）/6-31G（d）＋ CF//B3LYP/6-31G（d,p） level.The high-pressure limit of the total rate constant at 298 K was 3.51×10-16 cm 3/（molecule·sec）,which was in a good agreement with the experimental data.

关键词： keto-limonene O3 transition state theory

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Gravimetric analysis for PM_(2.5) mass concentration based on year-round monitoring at an urban site in Beijing

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016年第2期28卷 154-160页

作者： Yanli Wang Wen Yang Bin Han Wenjie Zhang Mindong Chen zhipeng bai State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology

Daily PM_（2.5）（particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of below 2.5 μm） mass concentrations were measured by gravimetric analysis in Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences（CRAES）, in the northern part of the Beijing urban area, from December 2013 to April 2015. Two pairs of Teflon（T1/T2） and Quartz（Q1/Q2） samples were obtained, for a total number of 1352 valid filters. Results showed elevated pollution in Beijing,with an annual mean PM_（2.5）mass concentration of 102 μg/m^3. According to the calculated PM_（2.5）mass concentration, 50% of our sampling days were acceptable（PM_（2.5）〈 75 μg/m^3）, 30% had slight/medium pollution（75–150 μg/m^3）, and 7% had severe pollution（〉 250 μg/m^3）. Sampling interruption occurred frequently for the Teflon filter group（75%） in severe pollution periods,resulting in important data being missing. Further analysis showed that high PM_（2.5）combined with high relative humidity（RH） gave rise to the interruptions. The seasonal variation of PM_（2.5）was presented, with higher monthly average mass concentrations in winter（peak value in February, 422 μg/m^3）, and lower in summer（7 μg/m^3 in June）. From May to August, the typical summer period, least severe pollution events were observed, with high precipitation levels accelerating the process of wet deposition to remove PM_（2.5）. The case of February presented the most serious pollution, with monthly averaged PM_（2.5）of 181 μg/m^3 and 32% of days with severe pollution. The abundance of PM_（2.5）in winter could be related to increased coal consumption for heating needs.

关键词： PM_（2.5） Gravimetric analysis Sampling interruption Pollution level Relative humidity（RH） Seasonal variation

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Emission factors, ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential of volatile organic compounds emitted from industrial biomass boilers

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第9期31卷 64-72页

作者： Chunmei Geng Wen Yang Xuesong Sun Xinhu Wang zhipeng bai Xia Zhang State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection Beijing 100037 China China National Environmental Monitoring Centre Beijing 100012 China

To evaluate the potential benefits of biomass use for air pollution control, this paper identified and quantified the emissions of major reactive organic compounds anticipated from biomass-fired industrial boilers. Wood pellets(WP) and straw pellets(SP) were burned to determine the volatile organic compound emission profiles for each biomass-boiler combination. More than 100 types of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) were measured from the two biomass boilers. The measured VOC species included alkanes, alkenes and acetylenes, aromatics, halocarbons and carbonyls. A single coal-fired boiler(CB) was also studied to provide a basis for comparison. Biomass boiler 1(BB1) emitted relatively high proportions of alkanes(28.9%–38.1% by mass) and alkenes and acetylenes(23.4%–40.8%),while biomass boiler 2(BB2) emitted relatively high proportions of aromatics(27.9%–29.2%)and oxygenated VOCs(33.0%–44.8%). The total VOC(TVOC) emission factors from BB1(128.59–146.16 mg/kg) were higher than those from BB2(41.26–85.29 mg/kg). The total ozone formation potential(OFP) ranged from 6.26 to 81.75 mg/m^3 with an average of 33.66 mg/m^3 for the two biomass boilers. The total secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP) ranged from 61.56 to 211.67 mg/m^3 with an average of 142.27 mg/m^3 for the two biomass boilers.The emission factors(EFs) of TVOCs from biomass boilers in this study were similar to those for industrial coal-fired boilers with the same thermal power. These data can supplement existing VOC emission factors for biomass combustion and thus enrich the VOC emission inventory.

关键词： Biomass boiler Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) Emission factor Ozone formation potential(OFP) Secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP)

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Emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from domestic coal combustion in China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2014年第1期26卷 160-166页

作者： Chunmei Geng Jianhua Chen Xiaoyang Yang Lihong Ren Baohui Yin Xiaoyu Liu zhipeng bai State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

Domestic coal stove is widely used in China, especially for countryside during heating period of winter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are important in flue gas of the stove. By using dilution tunnel system, samples of both gaseous and particulate phases from domestic coal combustion were collected and 18 PAH species were analyzed by GC-MS. The average emission factors of total 18 PAH species was 171.73 mg/kg, ranging from 140.75 to 229.11 mg/kg for bituminous coals, while was 93.98 mg/kg, ranging from 58.48 to 129.47 mg/kg for anthracite coals. PAHs in gaseous phases occupied 95% of the total of PAHs emission of coal combustion. In particulate phase, 3-ring and 4- ring PAHs were the main components, accounting for 80% of the total particulate PAHs. The total toxicity potency evaluated by benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, sum of 7 carcinogenic PAH components and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin had a similar tendency. And as a result, the toxic potential of bituminous coal was higher than that of anthracite coal. Efficient emission control should be conducted to reduce PAH emissions in order to protect ecosystem and human health.

关键词： domestic coal combustion emission factor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons potential toxicity risk diagnostic ratio

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Exposure measurement, risk assessment and source identification for exposure of traffic assistants to particle-bound PAHs in Tianjin, China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2014年第2期26卷 448-457页

作者： Xiaodan Xue Yan You Jianhui Wu Bin Han zhipeng bai Naijun Tang Liwen Zhang College of Public Health Tianjin Medical University College of Environmental Science and Engineering Nankai University Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

To investigate the levels of exposure to particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH） and to estimate the risk these levels pose to traffic assistants （TAs） in Tianjin （a rnegacity in North China）, a measurement campaign （33 all-day exposure samples, 25 occupational-exposure samples and 10 indoor samples） was conducted to characterize the TAs＇ exposure to PAHs, assess the cancer risk and identify the potential sources of exposure. The average total exposure concentration of 14 PAHs was approximately 2871 ＋ 928 ng/rn3 （on-duty）, and 1622 ＋ 457 ng/m3 （all-day）. The indoor PAHs level was 1257 ＋ 107 ng/m3. After 8000 Monte Carlo simulations, the cancer risk resulting from exposure to PAHs was found to be approximately 1.05 x 10-4. A multivariate analysis was applied to identify the potential sources, and the results showed that, in addition to vehicle exhaust, coal combustion and cooking fumes were also another two important contributors to personal PAH exposure. The diagnostic ratios of PAH compounds agree with the source apportionment results derived from principal component analysis.

关键词： polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure risk assessment traffic assistants source identification

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A land use regression model incorporating data on industrial point source pollution

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2012年第7期24卷 1251-1258页

作者： Li Chen Yuming Wang Peiwu Li Yaqin Ji Shaofei Kong Zhiyong Li zhipeng bai College of Urban and Environmental Science Tianjin normal UniversityTianjin 300387China College of Environmental Science and Engineering Nankai UniversityTianjin 300071China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution and Control Tianjin 300071China Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012China

Advancing the understanding of the spatial aspects of air pollution in the city regional environment is an area where improved methods can be of great benefit to exposure assessment and policy support. We created land use regression （LUR） models for SO2, NO2 and PMI0 for Tianjin, China. Traffic volumes, road networks, land use data, population density, meteorological conditions, physical conditions and satellite-derived greenness, brightness and wetness were used for predicting SOa, NO2 and PMt0 concentrations. We incorporated data on industrial point sources to improve LUR model performance. In order to consider the impact of different sources, we calculated the PSIndex, LSIndex and area of different land use types （agricultural land, industrial land, commercial land, residential land, green space and water area） within different buffer radii （1 to 20 kin）. This method makes up for the lack of consideration of source impact based on the LUR model. Remote sensing-derived variables were significantly correlated with gaseous pollutant concentrations such as SO2 and NO2. R2 values of the multiple linear regression equations for SO2, NO2 and PM10 were 0.78, 0.89 and 0.84, respectively, and the RMSE values were 0.32, 0.18 and 0.21, respectively. Model predictions at validation monitoring sites went well with predictions generally within 15% of measured values. Compared to the relationship between dependent variables and simple variables （such as traffic variables or meteorological condition variables）, the relationship between dependent variables and integrated variables was more consistent with a linear relationship. Such integration has a discernable influence on both the overall model prediction and health effects assessment on the spatial distribution of air pollution in the city region.

关键词： land use regression air pollution Tianjin point source GIS

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Chemical composition, mass closure and sources of atmospheric PM_(10) from industrial sites in Shenzhen, China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第8期25卷 1626-1635页

作者： Gang Wu Xin Du Xuefang Wu Xiao Fu Shaofei Kong Jianhua Chen Zongshuang Wang zhipeng bai State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences CMA Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics and Environment Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology

Concentrations of atmospheric PM10 and chemical components （including twenty-one elements, nine ions, organic carbon （OC） and elemental carbon （EC）） were measured at five sites in a heavily industrial region of Shenzhen, China in 2005. Results showed that PM10 concentrations exhibited the highest values at 264 μg/m3 at the site near a harbor with the influence of harbor activities. Sulfur exhibited the highest concentrations （from 2419 to 3995 ng/m3） of all the studied elements, which may be related to the influence of coal used as fuel in this area for industrial plants. This was verified by the high mass percentages of SO42-, which accounted for 34.3%-39.7% of the total ions. NO3-/SO42- ratios varied from 0.64-0.71, which implies coal combustion was predominant compared with vehicle emission. The anion/cation ratios range was close to 0.95, indicating anion deficiency in this region. The harbor site showed the highest OC and EC concentrations, with the influence of emission from vessels. Secondary organic carbon accounted for about 22.6%-38.7% of OC, with the highest percentage occurring at the site adjacent to a coal-fired power plant and wood plant. The mass closure model performed well in this heavily industrial region, with significant correlation obtained between chemically determined and gravimetrically measured PM10 mass. The main constituents of PM10 were found to be organic materials （30.9%-69.5%）, followed by secondary inorganic aerosol （7.9%-25.0%）, crustal materials （6.7%-13.8%）, elemental carbon （3.5%-10.8%）, sea salt （2.4%-6.2%） and trace elements （2.0%-4.9%） in this heavily industrialized region. Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources for particulate matter in this industrial region were crustal materials and coal/wood combustion, oil combustion, secondary aerosols, industrial processes and vehicle emission.

关键词： PM10 chemical compositions mass closure analysis industrial sites principal component analysis

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A land use regression for predicting NO_2 and PM_(10) concentrations in different seasons in Tianjin region,China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第9期22卷 1364-1373页

作者： Li Chen zhipeng bai Shaofei Kong Bin Han Yan You Xiao Ding Shiyong Du Aixia Liu College of Environmental Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution and Control Iianjin 300071 China College of Urban and Environmental Science Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 China Jinan Institute of Environmental Sciences Jinan 250014 China Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science Tianjin 300074 China

Land use regression （LUR） model was employed to predict the spatial concentration distribution of NO2 and PM10 in the Tianjin region based on the environmental air quality monitoring data. Four multiple linear regression （MLR） equations were established based on the most significant variables for NO2 in heating season （R2 = 0.74）, and non-heating season （R2 = 0.61） in the whole study area; and PM10 in heating season （R2 = 0.72）, and non-heating season （R2 = 0.49）. Maps of spatial concentration distribution for NO2 and PM10 were obtained based on the MLR equations （resolution is 10 krn）. Intercepts of MLR equations were 0.050 （NOz, heating season）, 0.035 （NO2, non-heating season）, 0.068 （PM10, heating season）, and 0.092 （PM10, non-beating season） in the whole study area. In the central area of Tianjin region, the intercepts were 0.042 （NO2, heating season）, 0.043 （NO2, non-heating season）, 0.087 （PM10, heating season）, and 0.096 （PMl0, non-heating season）. These intercept values might imply an area＇s background concentrations. Predicted result derived from LUR model in the central area was better than that in the whole study area. Rz values increased 0.09 （heating season） and 0.18 （non-heating season） for NO2, and 0.08 （heating season） and 0.04 （non-heating season） for PMl0. In terms of R2, LUR model performed more effectively in heating season than non-heating season in the study area and gave a better result for NOz compared with PM10.

关键词： land use regression air pollution Tianjin background concentration geographic information system

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