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Assessment of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants for Waste Heat Recovery in Data Center with On-Chip Two-Phase Cooling Loop

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Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer 2024年第4期22卷 1171-1188页

作者： Yuming Zhao Jing wang Bin Sun zhenshang wang Huashan Li Jiongcong Chen Shenzhen Power Supply Bureau Co. Ltd.Shenzhen518020China Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510640China

Data centers(DCs)are highly energy-intensive facilities,where about 30%–50%of the power consumed is attributable to the cooling of information technology *** makes liquid cooling,especially in twophase mode,as an alternative to air cooling for the microprocessors in servers of *** need to meet the increased power density of server racks in high-performance DCs,along with the push towards lower global warming potential(GWP)refrigerants due to environmental concerns,has motivated research on the selection of two-phase heat transfer fluids for cooling servers while simultaneously recovering waste *** this regard,a heat pump-assisted absorption chiller(HPAAC)system for recovering waste heat in DCs with an on-chip twophase cooling loop driven by the compressor is proposed in the present paper and the low GWP hydrofluoroolefin refrigerants,including R1224yd(Z),R1233zd(E),R1234yf,R1234ze(E),R1234ze(Z),R1243zf and R1336mzz(Z),are evaluated and compared against R245fa as server *** theHPAAC system,beginning with the development of energy and economic models,the performance is analyzed through both a parametric study and optimization using the coefficient of performance(COP),energy saving ratio(ESR),payback period(PBP)and net present value(NPV)as thermo-economic *** a standard vapor compression cooling system as a benchmark,the results indicate that with the evaporation temperature between 50℃and 70℃and the subcooling degree ranging from5℃to 15°C,R1233zd(E)with moderate compressor suction pressure and pressure ratio is the best refrigerant for the HPAAC systemwhile R1234yf performs the *** importantly,R1233zd(E)is also superior to R245fa based on thermo-economic performance,especially under work conditions with relatively lower evaporation temperature as well as subcooling *** the given working conditions,the overall COP,ESR,NPV,and PBP of R1233zd(E)HPAAC with optimum subcooling degree range from4.99 to 11.27,25.5

关键词： Heat pump absorption chiller waste heat recovery two-phase cooling loop

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Preliminary design of high power magnet converter for CRAFT

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Plasma Science and Technology 2020年第4期22卷 113-120页

作者： Zhongma wang Peng FU Liansheng HUANG Zhiquan SONG Xiuqing ZHANG Tianbai DENG Tao CHEN Ronglin HUANG zhenshang wang Xiaojiao CHEN Shiying HE Zejing wang Guanghong wang Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei 230031People's Republic of China University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026People's Republic of China

In order to test the superconducting magnet performance for the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology(CRAFT)project of China,a power supply converter needs to be *** this paper,short circuits upstream and downstream of the direct current(DC)reactor are analyzed,and the thyristor style and the parallel number are determined by the limit analysis of junction temperature and fault current I^*** this basis,the over current and voltage verification of fast fuse are finished to protect the thyristor at fault cases by considering the short circuit of the bridge ***,the resistor and capacitor parameters of thyristor snubber are committed to decreasing the reverse over *** analysis results will be used as the preliminary design of high power magnet converter for CRAFT.

关键词： CRAFT converter thyristor fast fuse snubber

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边缘计算在电力系统供需互动应用的研究进展与展望

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电网技术 2024年第10期48卷 4327-4340,I0121页

作者：朱斌刘东刘天元王静王振尚唐文俊电力传输与功率变换控制教育部重点实验室(上海交通大学) 上海市闵行区200240 电力科学研究院(深圳供电局有限公司) 广东省深圳市518000

供需互动通过电力系统需求侧与供应侧的信息交互可构建灵活的能源调控体系,是实现电力系统高效经济运行的可靠保障,是新型电力系统的重要特征。随着电力物联网的不断发展,电力系统供需终端所产生的数据量急速上升,传统的云计算架构难以... 详细信息

供需互动通过电力系统需求侧与供应侧的信息交互可构建灵活的能源调控体系,是实现电力系统高效经济运行的可靠保障,是新型电力系统的重要特征。随着电力物联网的不断发展,电力系统供需终端所产生的数据量急速上升,传统的云计算架构难以适应海量数据处理需求的增长。作为一种新兴的计算范式,边缘计算通过边缘侧具备一定计算能力的设备在数据源附近就近处理部分数据,具有低时延、高效率和分布式的特点。通过将边缘计算应用到电力系统供需互动领域,可以有效提高供需互动的效率,提升数据的安全性,增强互动的灵活性。文中首先总结了边缘计算在电力系统中的发展现状,然后阐述了边缘计算应用于供需互动领域的关键技术,最后对边缘计算与供需互动在未来进一步的研究前景进行了展望。

关键词：边缘计算云计算云边协同供需互动区块链

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基于ip-iq理论的改进谐波检测方法

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强激光与粒子束 2019年第5期31卷 93-98页

作者：王振尚傅鹏黄连生陈晓娇王重马曾思哲中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等离子体物理研究所合肥230031 中国科学技术大学研究生院科学岛分院合肥230026

有源电力滤波器(APF)是电力系统中实现电能质量管理的关键设备,谐波检测作为APF的关键技术之一,检测的精度和响应速度直接决定了APF的整体性能。介绍了传统的基于瞬时无功功率理论的ip-iq谐波电流检测算法;针对其检测精度受锁相环输出... 详细信息

有源电力滤波器(APF)是电力系统中实现电能质量管理的关键设备,谐波检测作为APF的关键技术之一,检测的精度和响应速度直接决定了APF的整体性能。介绍了传统的基于瞬时无功功率理论的ip-iq谐波电流检测算法;针对其检测精度受锁相环输出相位误差影响,以及低通滤波器的存在限制了谐波检测系统的响应速度,提出了应用锁频环技术,产生与电网电压同频的单位正余弦信号的一种改进谐波检测算法;并提出采用滑动平均滤波器(MAF)代替低通滤波器提高其响应速度以及改善谐波检测精度;对改进的检测算法进行了理论分析,通过MATLAB进行仿真研究,理论分析和仿真结果都证明了该方法的有效性。

关键词：有源电力滤波器谐波检测瞬时无功功率理论锁频环 MAF

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大功率变流器脉冲电流的计算

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强激光与粒子束 2019年第3期31卷 88-93页

作者：王重马黄连生傅鹏黄荣林陈晓娇王振尚曾思哲中国科学院等离子体物理研究所电源及控制工程研究室合肥230031 中国科学技术大学科学岛分院合肥230026

为了适应核聚变实验的要求,在下一代托卡马克的设计中需要变流器输出瞬时高强度脉冲电流为大型电气设备提供动热稳定等型式试验。提出一种将电源系统阻抗等效到整流变压器二次侧并结合变流器两端电压变化关系的方法,建立了大功率变流器... 详细信息

为了适应核聚变实验的要求,在下一代托卡马克的设计中需要变流器输出瞬时高强度脉冲电流为大型电气设备提供动热稳定等型式试验。提出一种将电源系统阻抗等效到整流变压器二次侧并结合变流器两端电压变化关系的方法,建立了大功率变流器的等效电路模型。在不同电气参数下计算得出了相应的多台变流器并联的总输出电流。以1000kA为目标,给出了符合条件的电气参数计算过程和结果。该结果作为给定参数下的极限条件,使得在大功率变流器脉冲电流设计时有了最低设计阈值,为后续的变流器器件选型和结构设计奠定了基础。

关键词：核聚变变流器脉冲电流阻抗托卡马克

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Dual modulation of homogeneous nanomaterialization and electrochemical activation enhancing zinc ion storage

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Science China Chemistry 2025年第1期68卷 385-393页

作者： Jianwei wang Huan wang Kangning wang Wenhui wang Wenlin Zhang Yanzhong Zhen School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yan'an University

Vanadium-based electrode materials are widely investigated,but the low specific capacity and slow electrochemical kinetics in aqueous zinc-ion batteries still limit their commercial ***,the VS2/Ca V4O9material with the morphology of nanoflower was synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal *** to the blocky structure of pure VS2material,the VS2/Ca V4O9material is composed of thinner homogeneous *** open structures could provide abundant electrochemical active sites and ion transport channels,and then promote the electrochemical reaction *** addition,they can also buffer the bulk strain during the reaction *** improve the utilization of vanadium elements,an in-situ electrochemical activation strategy is used to explore the storage performance of the VS2/Ca V4O9material,the different activation voltage range of 0.4–1.6 and 0.4–1.4 V are selected,*** with the longer activation plateau of activated-VS2,the VS2/Ca V4O9cathode could quickly reach the activation state in the range of 1.4–1.6 V and cause the release of additional Zn storage sites *** VS2/Ca V4O9cathode delivers a higher power density of 37,000 W kg-1and a significant energy density of 423 Wh *** the high current density of 15 A g-1,the VS2/Ca V4O9cathode still has a discharge capacity of 183.9m Ah g-1after 5,000 cycles,and the capacity decay rate per cycle is only 0.0042%.Continuous cyclic voltammetry （CV） curves,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） measurements,density functional theory （DFT） calculation and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique （GITT） measurements demonstrate that the VS2/Ca V4O9cathode has a faster ion diffusion/charge transfer ***,the assembled flexible device has an excellent mechanical stability.

关键词： dual modulation homogeneous nanomaterialization electrochemical activation zinc ion storage

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An Iterated Greedy Algorithm with Memory and Learning Mechanisms for the Distributed Permutation Flow Shop Scheduling Problem

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第1期82卷 371-388页

作者： Binhui wang Hongfeng wang College of Information Science and Engineering Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China

The distributed permutation flow shop scheduling problem(DPFSP)has received increasing attention in recent *** iterated greedy algorithm(IGA)serves as a powerful optimizer for addressing such a problem because of its straightforward,single-solution evolution ***,a potential draw-back of IGA is the lack of utilization of historical information,which could lead to an imbalance between exploration and exploitation,especially in large-scale *** a consequence,this paper develops an IGA with memory and learning mechanisms(MLIGA)to efficiently solve the DPFSP targeted at the ***,we incorporate a memory mechanism to make a more informed selection of the initial solution at each stage of the search,by extending,reconstructing,and reinforcing the information from previous *** addition,we design a twolayer cooperative reinforcement learning approach to intelligently determine the key parameters of IGA and the operations of the memory ***,to ensure that the experience generated by each perturbation operator is fully learned and to reduce the prior parameters of MLIGA,a probability curve-based acceptance criterion is proposed by combining a cube root function with custom *** last,a discrete adaptive learning rate is employed to enhance the stability of the memory and *** ablation experiments are utilized to verify the effectiveness of the memory mechanism,and the results show that this mechanism is capable of improving the performance of IGA to a large ***,through comparative experiments involving MLIGA and five state-of-the-art algorithms on 720 benchmarks,we have discovered that MLI-GA demonstrates significant potential for solving large-scale *** indicates that MLIGA is well-suited for real-world distributed flow shop scheduling.

关键词： Distributed permutation flow shop scheduling makespan iterated greedy algorithm memory mechanism cooperative reinforcement learning

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Controlled cationic ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide by organic ion pair: novel approach to isotactic-rich and crystalline polylactide

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Science China Chemistry 2025年第1期68卷 394-402页

作者： Zhiqiang Ding Mingqian wang Zijing Zhou Bin wang Yuesheng Li Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University

Living/controlled cationic ring-opening polymerization （ROP） of L-lactide is a promising approach to isotactic-rich and crystalline poly（L-lactide）.In contrast with the unsubstituted lactones,L-LA can not be polymerized by organic Lewis acids or carbenium ions,and the state of the art in this field is the cationic ROP of L-LA catalyzed by Br?nsted acid/alcohol system via activated monomer ***,we reported the first example of controlled cationic ROP of L-LA by using Meerweintype ion pair[Me3O]+[B（C6F5）4]-as the catalyst.[Me3O]+[B（C6F5）4]-promoted rapid L-LA cationic polymerization in the absence of alcohol,producing isotactic-rich and crystalline PLLA without transesterification and epimerization side *** activated chain end mechanism,involving twice SN2 substitution and configuration-inversion （S→R→S） with the assistance of released Me2O,was proposed and further verified by density functional theory and control *** work expands the catalytic toolbox of isotactic-rich and crystalline polylactide *** represents a unique example of cationic-controlled polymerization of L-LA catalyzed by an organic ion pair.

关键词： organic ion pair controlled cationic ring-opening polymerization activated chain end mechanism isotactic-rich polylactide

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Impact of Startup Strategy and Buffer Tank Volume on the Compressor Inlet State for a 3-MW sCO2 Brayton Cycle

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Journal of Thermal Science 2025年第1期34卷 159-175页

作者： ZHAO Decai wang Bo Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy and Power Institute of Engineering Thermophysics(IET)Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

The supercritical carbon dioxide（sCO2） Brayton cycle system has become an emerging and highly promising method of thermal power conversion due to its efficiency advantage,system compactness,and excellent adaptability of the heat *** the low carbon sCO2Brayton cycle testbed with cycle output power approaching 3 MW,a relatively detailed dynamic simulation model of the entire system is constructed to explore the dynamic response characteristics of the system with different startup strategies and different buffer tank volumes during the startup *** simulation results indicate that the smaller the volume of the buffer tank,the more rapid and obvious the parameter fluctuation in the buffer tank during the *** the allowable relative deviation limit of density is 5%,then the ratio of the buffer tank volume to the volume of the entire closed loop should not be lower than 36.80%.The strategy of simultaneous temperature and speed increase during turbine bypass start can effectively reduce the fluctuation of compressor inlet parameters and reach the steady-state more *** paper provides the recommended matching table for the opening of the turbine bypass valve（TBV） and the main regulating valve（MGV） to reduce the parameter fluctuation during the bypass *** effectiveness of the proposed turbine bypass and bypass switching startup strategy is verified by simulation,which may be used as a reference for test bench's future debugging and operation.

关键词： buffer tank dynamic characteristic dynamic model sCO2 Brayton cycle startup strategy

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The Hilbert expansion of the Boltzmann equation in the incompressible Euler level in a channel

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Science China Mathematics 2025年第1期68卷 39-88页

作者： Feimin Huang Weiqiang wang Yong wang Feng Xiao Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Mathematical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computing and Stochastic Mathematics (Ministry of Education) School of Mathematics and StatisticsHunan Normal University

The study of the hydrodynamic limit of the Boltzmann equation with physical boundary is a challenging problem due to the appearance of the viscous and Knudsen boundary *** this paper,the hydrodynamic limit from the Boltzmann equation with the specular reflection boundary condition to the incompressible Euler equations in a channel is *** on the multi-scaled Hilbert expansion,the equations with boundary conditions and compatibility conditions for interior solutions,and viscous and Knudsen boundary layers are derived under different scaling,***,some uniform estimates for the interior solutions,and viscous and Knudsen boundary layers are *** the help of the L2-L∞framework and the uniform estimates obtained above,the solutions to the Boltzmann equation are constructed by the truncated Hilbert expansion with multiscales,and hence the hydrodynamic limit in the incompressible Euler level is justified.

关键词： Boltzmann equation incompressible Euler equations hydrodynamic limit Hilbert expansion specular reflection boundary condition viscous boundary layer Knudsen boundary layer

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