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Pore scale performance evaluation and impact factors in nitrogen huff-n-puff EOR for tight oil

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Petroleum Science 2022年第6期19卷 2932-2940页

作者： Yi-Lei song zhao-jie song Yun-Fei Zhang Ze-Hui Xie Li-Chao Zhang Dai-Gang Wang Gang Hui College of Carbon Neutral Energy State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting and Unconventional Petroleum Research InstituteChina University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing102249China

Nitrogen huff-n-puff(N_(2)HnP) appears to be an economical and high-efficiency enhanced oil recovery(EOR) technique for tight oil reservoirs.There is however a lack of understanding of the pore-level EOR performance of N2HnP under tight reservoir conditions.In this work,a non-magnetic reactor was created and combined with a nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) device for real-time monitoring of oil distribution in the HnP experiment.N_(2)HnP experiments were then performed in a tight sandstone core sample at a temperature of 353 K and an injection pressure≥ 24 MPa.The pore-level oil distribution under reservoir conditions was monitored and the EOR performance of N2HnP in specific pores was analyzed.The pore throat structures of the core sample and the phase behavior of the N_(2)-Oil system were analyzed to elucidate the EOR mechanism of N_(2)HnP.An oil recovery factor of 37.52% can be achieved after four cycles,which proves the EOR potential of N_(2)HnP for tight reservoirs.The highest recoveries after N_(2)HnP are obtained in the large pores,followed by the medium pores,the small pores,and finally the micro pores.Increases in soaking time and injection pressure resulted in slight and pronounced increases in oil recovery,respectively,both of which are mainly reflected in the first cycle.Specifically,increasing the soaking time only slightly improves the cumulative oil recovery in the small pores while increasing the injection pressure significantly improves the cumulative oil recovery in the small,medium,and large pores simultaneously.However,variations in both injection pressure and soaking time have a negligible effect on the cumulative oil recovery of the micro pores.

关键词： Tight oil reservoirs N_(2)huff-n-puff Pore-level production characteristics Impact factors Nuclear magnetic resonance

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Petroleum Science 2023年第1期20卷 362-369页

作者： Yu-Long Yang Yu Hu Ya-Ting Zhu Ji-Gang Zhang Ping song Ming Qin Hai-Rong Wu zhao-jie song Ji-Rui Hou State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing 102249China College of Carbon Neutral Energy China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing 102249China Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing 102249China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Xinjiang OilfieldKaramay 834000China

Tight conglomerate reservoirs are featured with extremely low permeability,strong heterogeneity and poor water injectivity.CO_(2) huff-n-puff has been considered a promising candidate to enhance oil recovery in tight reservoirs,owing to its advantages in reducing oil viscosity,improving mobility ratio,quickly replenishing formation pressure,and potentially achieving a miscible state.However,reliable inhouse laboratory evaluation of CO_(2) huff-n-puff in natural conglomerate cores is challenging due to the inherent high formation pressure.In this study,we put forward an equivalent method based on the similarity of the miscibility index and Grashof number to acquire a lab-controllable pressure that features the flow characteristics of CO_(2) injection in a tight conglomerate reservoir.The impacts of depletion degree,pore volume injection of CO_(2) and soaking time on ultimate oil recovery in tight cores from the Mahu conglomerate reservoir were successfully tested at an equivalent pressure.Our results showed that oil recovery decreased with increased depletion degree while exhibiting a non-monotonic tendency(first increased and then decreased)with increased CO_(2) injection volume and soaking time.The lower oil recoveries under excess CO_(2) injection and soaking time were attributed to limited CO_(2) dissolution and asphaltene precipitation.This work guides secure and reliable laboratory design of CO_(2) huff-n-puff in tight reservoirs with high formation pressure.

关键词： Tight conglomerate reservoir CO_(2)huff-n-puff Similarity-based equivalent pressure Enhanced oil recovery

A synthetical geoengineering approach to evaluate the largest hydraulic fracturing-induced earthquake in the East Shale Basin, Alberta

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Petroleum Science 2023年第1期20卷 460-473页

作者： Gang Hui Zhang-Xin Chen Zheng-Dong Lei zhao-jie song Lin-Yang Zhang Xin-Ran Yu Fei Gu State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of PetroleumBeijing102249PR China Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of CalgaryCalgaryABT2N1N4Canada Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing10083PR China School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering Qingdao University of TechnologyQingdao257000ShandongPR China College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580ShandongPR China

On 2019-03-04,the largest induced earthquake(ML4.18)occurred in the East Shale Basin,Alberta,and the underlying physical mechanisms have not been fully understood.This paper proposes a synthetical geoengineering methodology to comprehensively characterize this earthquake caused by hydraulic fracturing.Based on 3D structural,petrophysical,and geomechanical models,an unconventional fracture model is constructed by considering the stress shadow between adjacent hydraulic fractures and the interactions between hydraulic and natural fractures.Coupled poroelastic simulations are conducted to reveal the triggering mechanisms of induced seismicity.It is found that four vertical basement-rooted faults were identified via focal mechanisms analysis.The brittleness index(BI)along two horizontal wells has a high magnitude(BI>0.5),indicating the potential susceptibility of rock brittleness.Due to the presence of overpressure,pre-existing faults in the Duvernay Formation are highly susceptible to fault reactivation.The occurrence of the earthquake clusters has been attributed to the fracturing fluid injection during the west 38^(th)-39^(th) stage and east 38^(th) stage completions.Rock brittleness,formation overpressure,and large fracturing job size account for the nucleation of earthquake clusters,and unconventional natural-hydraulic fracture networks provide fluid flow pathways to cause fault reactivation.This workflow can be used to mitigate potential seismic risks in unconventional reservoirs in other fields.

关键词： Geoengineering Hydraulic fracturing Induced seismicity Fault reactivation Mitigation strategies East Shale Basin

A machine learning-based study of multifactor susceptibility and risk control of induced seismicity in unconventional reservoirs

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Petroleum Science 2023年第4期20卷 2232-2243页

作者： Gang Hui Zhang-Xin Chen Hai Wang zhao-jie song Shu-Hua Wang Hong-Liang Zhang Dong-Mei Zhang Fei Gu National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of PetroleumBeijing102249PR China Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of CalgaryCalgaryABT2N1N4Canada Eastern Institute for Advanced Study Ningbo315200ZhejiangPR China Computer Modeling Group Ltd.Calgary ABT2L2M1Canada CNOOC Research Institute Beijing100028PR China China University of Geoscience(Wuhan) Wuhan430074HubeiPR China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing10083PR China

A comprehensive dataset from 594 fracturing wells throughout the Duvernay Formation near Fox Creek, Alberta, is collected to quantify the influences of geological, geomechanical, and operational features on the distribution and magnitude of hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity. An integrated machine learning-based investigation is conducted to systematically evaluate multiple factors that contribute to induced seismicity. Feature importance indicates that a distance to fault, a distance to basement, minimum principal stress, cumulative fluid injection, initial formation pressure, and the number of fracturing stages are among significant model predictors. Our seismicity prediction map matches the observed spatial seismicity, and the prediction model successfully guides the fracturing job size of a new well to reduce seismicity risks. This study can apply to mitigating potential seismicity risks in other seismicity-frequent regions.

关键词： Induced seismicity Hydraulic fracturing Seismicity susceptibility Risk control Machine learning

Gas injection for enhanced oil recovery in two-dimensional geology-based physical model of Tahe fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs:karst fault system

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Petroleum Science 2020年第2期17卷 419-433页

作者： zhao-jie song Meng Li Chuang zhao Yu-Long Yang Ji-Rui Hou Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China Beijing Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Gas Sequestration and Oil Exploitation Beijing 102249China Basic Theory Laboratory of Improving Oil Recovery in Low Permeability Oilfields CNPC Tertiary Oil Recovery Key LaboratoryBeijing 102249China

Gas injection serves as a main enhanced oil recovery(EOR)method in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir,but its effect differs among single wells and multi-well groups because of the diverse fractured-vuggy configuration.Many researchers conducted experiments for the observation of fluid flow and the evaluation of production performance,while most of their physical models were fabricated based on the probability distribution of fractures and caves in the reservoir.In this study,a two-dimensional physical model of the karst fault system was designed and fabricated based on the geological model of TK748 well group in the seventh block of the Tahe Oilfield.The fluid flow and production performance of primary gas flooding were discussed.Gas-assisted gravity flooding was firstly introduced to take full use of gas-oil gravity difference,and its feasibility in the karst fault system was examined.Experimental results showed that primary gas flooding created more flow paths and achieved a remarkable increment of oil recovery compared to water flooding.Gas injection at a lower location was recommended to delay gas breakthrough.Gas-assisted gravity flooding achieved more stable gas-displacing-oil because oil production was at a lower location,and thus,the oil recovery was further enhanced.

关键词： Gas injection Remaining oil Enhanced oil recovery Geology-based physical model Karst fault system

Three-dimensional physical simulation and optimization of water injection of a multi-well fractured-vuggy unit

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Petroleum Science 2016年第2期13卷 259-271页

作者： Ji-Rui HOU Ze-Yu Zheng zhao-jie song Min LUO Hai-Bo Li Li Zhang Deng-Yu Yuan Research Institute of Enhanced Oil Recovery China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Key Laboratory of Marine Facies Sinopec Beijing 102249China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering Ministry of Education Beijing 102249 China

With complex fractured-vuggy heterogeneous structures, water has to be injected to facilitate oil pro- duction. However, the effect of different water injection modes on oil recovery varies. The limitation of existing numerical simulation methods in representing fractured- vuggy carbonate reservoirs makes numerical simulation difficult to characterize the fluid flow in these reservoirs. In this paper, based on a geological example unit in the Tahe Oilfield, a three-dimensional physical model was designed and constructed to simulate fluid flow in a fractured-vuggy reservoir according to similarity criteria. The model was validated by simulating a bottom water drive reservoir, and then subsequent water injection modes were optimized. These were continuous （constant rate）, intermittent, and pulsed injection of water. Experimental results reveal that due to the unbalanced formation pressure caused by pulsed water injection, the swept volume was expanded and consequently the highest oil recovery increment was achieved. Similar to continuous water injection, intermit- tent injection was influenced by factors including the connectivity of the fractured-vuggy reservoir, well depth, and the injection-production relationship, which led to a relative low oil recovery. This study may provide a constructive guide to field production and for the devel- opment of the commercial numerical models specialized for fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.

关键词： Multi-well fractured-vuggy unit Three-dimensional physical model Similarity criteria Bottom water drive. Optimization of water injection mode

The Persistence and Zonal Scale of Atmospheric Dipolar Modes

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第3期41卷 478-492页

作者： jie song State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP)Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

This study investigates the relationship between the persistence and the zonal scale of atmospheric dipolar modes(DMs). Results from the daily data of ERA5 and the long-term output of an idealized atmospheric model show that the atmospheric DMs with a broader(narrower) zonal scale dipolar structure possess a longer(shorter) persistence. A detailed vorticity budget analysis indicates that the persistence of a hemispheric-scale DM(1/1 DM) and a regional or sectoral DM(1/8 DM) in the model both largely rely on the persistence of the nonlinear eddy forcing. Linear terms can indirectly reduce the persistence of the anomalous nonlinear eddy forcing in a 1/8 DM by modifying the baroclinicity via the arousal of anomalous vertical motions. Therefore, the atmospheric DMs with a broader(narrower) zonal scale possess a longer(shorter) persistence because the effects of the linear terms are less(more) pronounced when the atmospheric DMs have better(worse) zonal symmetry. Further analyses show that the positive eddy feedback effect is weak or even absent in a 1/8DM and the high-frequency eddy forcing acts more like a concomitant phenomenon rather than a leading driving factor for a 1/8 DM. Thus, the hemispheric-scale DM and the regional or sectoral DMs are different, not only in their persistence but also in their dynamics.

关键词： NAM NAO eddy feedback persistence linear term

Combining cisplatin and a STING agonist into one molecule for metalloimmunotherapy of cancer

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National Science Review 2024年第1期11卷 107-119页

作者： Shuren Zhang Dongfan song Wenhao Yu Ji Li Xiaoyu Wang Yachao Li Zihan zhao Qi Xue Jing zhao jie P.Li Zijian Guo State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) Nanjing University Department of Urology Afflliated Drum Tower HospitalMedical SchoolNanjing University Nanchuang (Jiangsu)Institute of Chemistry and Health

Mounting evidence suggests that strategies combining DNA-damaging agents and stimulator of interferon genes(STING) agonists are promising cancer therapeutic regimens because they can amplify STING activation and remodel the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. However, a single molecular entity comprising both agents has not yet been developed. Herein, we designed two PtIV-MSA-2 conjugates(Ⅰand Ⅱ) containing the DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin and the innate immuneactivating STING agonist MSA-2; these conjugates showed great potential as multispecific small-molecule drugs against pancreatic cancer. Mechanistic studies revealed that conjugate Ⅰ upregulated the expression of transcripts associated with innate immunity and metabolism in cancer cells, significantly differing from cisplatin and MSA-2. An analysis of the tumor microenvironment demonstrated that conjugate I could enhance the infiltration of natural killer(NK) cells into tumors and promote the activation of T cells, NK cells and dendritic cells in tumor tissues. These findings indicated that conjugate I, which was created by incorporating a Pt chemotherapeutic drug and STING agonist into one molecule, is a promising and potent anticancer drug candidate, opening new avenues for small-molecule-based cancer metalloimmunotherapy.

关键词： platinum drug STING agonist single-molecule multitarget metalloimmunology

Incorporation of source contributions to improve the accuracy of soil heavy metal mapping using small sample sizes at a county scale

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Pedosphere 2024年第1期34卷 170-180页

作者： jie song Xin WANG Dongsheng YU Jiangang LI Yanhe zhao Siwei WANG Lixia MA State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Chinese Academy of Sciences University Beijing 100049China Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Luanping County Luanping 068250China

Estimating heavy metal(HM) distribution with high precision is the key to effectively preventing Chinese medicinal plants from being polluted by the native soil. A total of 44 surface soil samples were gathered to detect the concentrations of eight HMs(As, Hg, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in the herb growing area of Luanping County, northeastern Hebei Province, China. An absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression(APCS-MLR) model was used to quantify pollution source contributions to soil HMs. Furthermore, the source contribution rates and environmental data of each sampling point were simultaneously incorporated into a stepwise linear regression model to identify the crucial indicators for predicting soil HM spatial distributions. Results showed that 88% of Cu, 72% of Cr, and 72% of Ni came from natural sources;50% of Zn, 49% of Pb, and 59% of Cd were mainly caused by agricultural activities;and 44% of As and 56% of Hg originated from industrial activities. When three-type(natural, agricultural, and industrial) source contribution rates and environmental data were simultaneously incorporated into the stepwise linear regression model, the fitting accuracy was significantly improved and the model could explain 31%–86% of the total variance in soil HM concentrations. This study introduced three-type source contributions of each sampling point based on APCS-MLR analysis as new covariates to improve soil HM estimation precision, thus providing a new approach for predicting the spatial distribution of HMs using small sample sizes at the county scale.

关键词： absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression Chinese herbal medicine influencing factors spatial distribution stepwise multiple regression