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Study on the atmospheric heat engine efficiency and heat source characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第1期67卷 117-133页

作者： Yujie LI Xiaoqing GAO Yaoming MA zeyong hu Zhenchao LI Liwei YANG Xiao JIN Xiyin ZHOU Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions of Chinese Academy of Sciences Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Tianjin Key Laboratory for Oceanic Meteorology Tianjin Institute of Meteorological ScienceTianjin 300074China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

There are many types of atmospheric heat engines in land-air systems.The accurate definition,calculation and interpretation of the efficiency of atmospheric heat engines are key to understanding energy transfer and transformation of landair systems.The atmosphere over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)in summer can be regarded as a positive heat engine.The study of the heat engine efficiency is helpful to better understand land-air interaction and thermal-dynamic processes on the QTP.It also provides a new perspective to explain the impact of the QTP on the climate of China,East Asia and even the world.In this paper,we used MOD08 and ERA5 reanalysis data to calculate the atmospheric heat engine efficiency,surface heat source and atmospheric heat source on the QTP in summer(May to September)from 2000 to 2020.The average atmospheric heat engine efficiency on the QTP in summer from 2000 to 2020 varies between 1.2%and 1.5%,which is less than 1.6%;the heat engine efficiency in summer is higher than that in June,July and August;the Qaidam Basin is the region with the highest atmospheric heat engine efficiency,followed by the western QTP.The mean surface heat source on the QTP in summer from 2000 to 2020 is 96.0 W m^(−2),the atmospheric heat source is 90.7 W m^(−2),and the release of precipitation condensation latent heat is the most important component of the atmospheric heat source on the QTP in summer.There is a strong and significant positive correlation between the atmospheric heat engine efficiency and the surface heat source on the QTP in summer.The precipitation condensation latent heat is the most important component of the atmospheric heat source in summer and can reflect the precipitation process.There is a strong and significant negative correlation between the atmospheric heat engine efficiency and the atmospheric heat source on the QTP in summer.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Climate change Land-air system Atmospheric heat engine Heat source on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Strengthening the three-dimensional comprehensive observation system of multi-layer interaction on the Tibetan Plateau to cope with the warming and wetting trend

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2022年第4期15卷 67-71页

作者： Yaoming Ma Binbin Wang Xuelong Chen Lei Zhong zeyong hu Weiqiang Ma Cunbo Han Maoshan Li Land–Atmosphere Interaction and its Climatic Effects Group State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth SystemResources and Environment(TPESRE)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina College of Atmospheric Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina National Observation and Research Station for Qomolongma Special Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Changes DingriChina Kathmandu Center of Research and Education Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina China–Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesIslamabadPakistan School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology USTCHefeiChina Frontiers Science Center for Planetary Exploration and Emerging Technologies University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change NanjingChina Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina School of Atmospheric Science Chengdu University of Information TechnologyChengduChina

青藏高原的水循环变化对于高原及其下游区域人类的生产生活具有举足轻重的影响.在高原暖湿化的背景下,其水文循环加快,极端天气和自然灾害事件概率增大,比如,雪灾,洪水,滑坡,泥石流,冰崩在山区频发.因此,如何准确的估算青藏高原水循环... 详细信息

青藏高原的水循环变化对于高原及其下游区域人类的生产生活具有举足轻重的影响.在高原暖湿化的背景下,其水文循环加快,极端天气和自然灾害事件概率增大,比如,雪灾,洪水,滑坡,泥石流,冰崩在山区频发.因此,如何准确的估算青藏高原水循环各分量的大小及变化幅度是评估高原环境变化影响亟需解决的科学问题.根据水在各圈层间转换过程,我们提出了建立第三极地区(尤其是复杂山区)的三维立体多圈层地气相互作用综合观测系统(包括涡动相关系统,行星边界层塔,微波辐射计,风廓线仪和无线电探空系统观测的风温湿廓线及云雨雷达等)的紧迫性和具体方案,进而为研究青藏高原环境变化和山区灾害预测服务.

关键词：高原变暖变湿水文循环三维立体多圈层相互作用综合观测系统山区灾害应对青藏高原

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Origin and advances in implementing blowing-snow effects in the Community Land Model

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2019年第5期11卷 335-339页

作者： zeyong hu ZhiPeng Xie Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100085China

Snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)is closely related to regional and continental biological and hydrological processes.The vast snow cover,special climatic conditions,and sparse vegetative cover over the TP facilitate the occurrence of blowing snow,leading to substantial heterogeneities in the snow cover and great promotion in the moisture supply from the land surface to the overlying atmospheric boundary layer.However,blowing-snow processes are significantly misrepresented or even neglected in current models,which causes considerable uncertainties of numerical model simulations and leads to erroneous estimates of snow-related processes in mountainous terrain.We present in this paper a brief review of our work in the past 5 years to serve as a basis for further development and improvement of the land-surface model.These studies can be divided into three parts:detection of the problems,development of the land-surface model,and application of the coupled model over the TP(the logical framework is presented in Figure 1).The origin and advances in the development of a land-surface model with consideration of blowing-snow effects are described herein;and the importance of blowing-snow processes in the land-surface model,especially over the TP,is highlighted.We expect that the blowingsnow studies over the TP will play a key role in documenting and understanding the land-surface processes(LSPs)and the cryospheric changes over the TP.

关键词： blowing snow land surface process community land model Tibetan Plateau

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Parameter Sensitivities of the Community Land Model at Two Alpine Sites in the Three-River Source Region

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2020年第4期34卷 851-864页

作者： Qi LUO Jun WEN zeyong hu Yaqiong LU Xianyu YANG Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 Chengdu University of Information Technology Chengdu 610025 Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041

The three-river source region plays an important role on China’s ecological security and Asia’s water supply. Historically, the region has experienced severe ecological degradation due to climate change and human activities. Reasonable simulations of the energy and water cycles are essential to predict the responses of land surface processes to future climate change. Current land surface models involve empirical functions that are associated with many parameters. These parameter uncertainties will largely affect the simulation when applied to a new domain. The Community Land Model(CLM) is a widely used land surface model, and version 5.0 is the newest version. Compared to the prior version CLM4.5, CLM5.0 has largely updated plant hydraulic and stomatal conductance schemes. How these changes affect parameter sensitivities is unknown. In our work, we tested 17 key parameters in CLM4.5 and 19 parameters in CLM5.0 at two eddy flux sites in the three-river source region: the Maqu and Maduo sites. We adopted the simplest one-at-a-time changes on each parameter and quantified their sensitivities by the parameter effect(PE).We found that the Maqu site was more sensitive to vegetation parameters, while the Maduo site was more sensitive to the initial soil water content in both CLM4.5 and CLM5.0. This is because Maduo grid cell has wetland that does not respond to vegetation parameters in CLM, which may not reflect the reality. Further model development on wetland vegetation parameterization is important. Our validation on the default simulation showed CLM5.0 did not always improve the simulations. The largest difference between CLM5.0 and CLM4.5 was that soil moisture(SM) showed a much stronger decrease in response to a higher leaf area index(LAI) in CLM5.0 than in CLM4.5, suggesting that SM is more sensitive to vegetation changes in CLM5.0.

关键词： parameter sensitivities Community Land Model(CLM) three-river source region

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Changes of Extreme Precipitation and its Associated Mechanisms in Northwest China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第10期38卷 1665-1681页

作者： Shan LU zeyong hu Haipeng YU Weiwei FAN Chunwei FU Di WU Key laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Shaanxi Meteorological Service Center Xi’an 710014China Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Characterized by scarce water resources and fragile ecosystems,Northwest China(NWC)has experienced a climate shift from warm-dry to warm-wet conditions since the 1980s that has garnered extensive concern in recent years.In this study,the variability in extreme precipitation(EP)during 1961-2016 in different climate zones of NWC and the possible mechanisms for this variation are investigated.The results show that the EP trends significantly increased in most of the westerly zone(WZ)and plateau zone(PZ),while the EP trends did not significantly decrease in the monsoon zone(MZ).The start dates of extreme precipitation(SDEP)and end dates of extreme precipitation(EDEP)advanced and were postponed,respectively,in the WZ and PZ,while the opposite occurred in the MZ.Summer atmospheric circulation,water vapor transport,and atmospheric instability over NWC varied greatly with the interdecadal shift in EP before and after 1986.During 1986-2016,upper-level divergence and lower-level convergence occurred in the MZ and PZ,which strengthened ascending flow.In addition,the summer water vapor and atmospheric instability increased in the WZ and PZ.These characteristics created favorable conditions for increased occurrences of EP in the WZ and PZ in summer.Conversely,the upper-level convergence and lower-level divergence in the MZ strengthened descending flow.Decreases in summer water vapor and atmospheric instability occurred in the MZ after 1986.Hence,the environmental conditions in the MZ may have prevented the occurrence and development of EP in summer during 1986-2016.

关键词： EP climate shift atmospheric circulation water vapor transport instability

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Local meteorology in a northern Himalayan valley near Mount Everest and its response to seasonal transitions

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2018年第6期10卷 493-501页

作者： FangLin Sun YaoMing Ma zeyong hu Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101 China

An automatic weather station(AWS) has been installed at the Qomolangma Station of the China Academy of Sciences(QOMS) since 2005, in a northern Himalayan valley near Mount Everest, with an altitude of 4,270 m a.s.l.. Nine years of meteorological records(2006–2014) from the automatic weather station(AWS) were analyzed in this study, aiming to understand the response of local weather to the seasonal transition on the northern slopes of Mount Everest, with consideration of the movement of the subtropical jet(STJ) and the onset of the Indian Summer Monsoon(ISM). We found:(1) Both the synoptic circulation and the orography have a profound influence on the local weather, especially the local circulation.(2) Southwesterly(SW) and southeasterly(SE) winds prevail alternately at QOMS in the afternoon through the year. The SW wind was driven by the STJ during the non-monsoon months, while the SE was induced by the trans-Himalayan flow through the Arun Valley, a major valley to the east of Mount Everest, under a background of weak westerly winds aloft.(3) The response of air temperature(T) and specific humidity(q) to the monsoon onset is not as marked as that of the nearsurface winds. The q increases gradually and reaches a maximum in July when the rainy period begins.(4) The alternation between the SW wind at QOMS and the afternoon SE wind in the pre-monsoon season signals the northward shift of the STJ and imminent monsoon onset. The average interval between these two events is 14 days.

关键词： mountain meteorology monsoon onset Trans-Himalayan flow orography influence

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Air Temperature Estimation with MODIS Data over the Northern Tibetan Plateau

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2017年第5期34卷 650-662页

作者： Fangfang huANG Weiqiang MA Binbin WANG zeyong hu Yaoming MA Genhou SUN Zhipeng XIE Yun LIN Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China Gansu Meteorological Information and Technology Support Center Gansu Meteorological Bureau Lanzhou 730020 China Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Time series of MODIS land surface temperature(Ts) and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) products,combined with digital elevation model(DEM) and meteorological data from 2001 to 2012,were used to map the spatial distribution of monthly mean air temperature over the Northern Tibetan Plateau(NTP). A time series analysis and a regression analysis of monthly mean land surface temperature(Ts) and air temperature(Ta) were conducted using ordinary linear regression(OLR) and geographical weighted regression(GWR). The analyses showed that GWR,which considers MODIS Ts,NDVI and elevation as independent variables,yielded much better results [RAdj2> 0.79; root-mean-square error(RMSE) =0.51℃–1.12℃] associated with estimating Tacompared to those from OLR(RAdj2= 0.40-0.78; RMSE = 1.60℃–4.38℃).In addition,some characteristics of the spatial distribution of monthly Taand the difference between the surface and air temperature(Td) are as follows. According to the analysis of the 0℃ and 10℃ isothermals,Tavalues over the NTP at elevations of 4000–5000 m were greater than 10℃ in the summer(from May to October),and Tavalues at an elevation of3200 m dropped below 0℃ in the winter(from November to April). Taexhibited an increasing trend from northwest to southeast. Except in the southeastern area of the NTP,T d values in other areas were all larger than 0℃ in the winter.

关键词： air temperature estimation MODIS land surface temperature geographical weighted regression Northern Tibetan Plateau

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Characteristics of land-atmosphere energy and turbulentfluxes over the plateau steppe in central Tibetan Plateau

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2016年第2期8卷 103-115页

作者： MaoShan Li ZhongBo Su YaoMing Ma XueLong Chen Lang Zhang zeyong hu Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente EnschedeThe Netherlands Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

The land-atmosphere energy and turbulence exchange is key to understanding land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Using observed data for Aug. 4 to Dec. 3, 2012 from the Bujiao observation point(BJ) of the Nagqu Plateau Climate and Environment Station(NPCE-BJ), different characteristics of the energy flux during the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) season and post-monsoon period were analyzed. This study outlines the impact of the ASM on energy fluxes in the central TP. It also demonstrates that the surface energy closure rate during the ASM season is higher than that of the post-monsoon period. Footprint modeling shows the distribution of data quality assessments(QA) and quality controls(QC) surrounding the observation point. The measured turbulent flux data at the NPCE-BJ site were highly representative of the target land-use type. The target surface contributed more to the fluxes under unstable conditions than under stable conditions. The main wind directions(180° and 210°) with the highest data density showed flux contributions reaching 100%, even under stable conditions. The lowest flux contributions were found in sectors with low data density, e.g., 90.4% in the 360° sector under stable conditions during the ASM season. Lastly, a surface energy water balance(SEWAB) model was used to gap-fill any absent or corrected turbulence data. The potential simulation error was also explored in this study. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients(NSEs) of the observed fluxes with the SEWAB model runs were 0.78 for sensible heat flux and 0.63 for latent heat flux during the ASM season, but unrealistic values of-0.9 for latent heat flux during the post-monsoon period.

关键词： turbulent energy flux Asian summer monsoon gap-filling surface energy water balance model central Tibetan Plateau

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The bulk transfer coefficients in the permafrost region at the Tanggula Pass of Tibetan Plateau

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2011年第4期3卷 366-373页

作者： LiangLei Gu JiMin Yao Lin Zhao zeyong hu YongPing Qiao Naqu Observatory for High and Cold Climate and Environment Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute （CAREERI） Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science CAREERI CAS Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in CoM and Arid Regions CAREERI CAS Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China

This paper presents research on the surface drag coefficients, CD, and the bulk transfer coefficients of sensible heat flux, CH, in the permafrost region at the Tanggula Pass of the Tibetan Plateau. The data were obtained from the Open-Path Eddy Covariance System and the 10-m Automatic Weather Station （AWS） at the TGLMS site which supported by Cryosphere Research Station （Chinese Academy of Science） on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau （Tibetan Plateau）. The characteristics of Co and CH in relation to atmospheric instability and wind velocity are discussed, and it was found that the bulk transfer coefficients varied with air conditions and were different in different months. However, the bulk transfer coefficients obtained from the eddy covariance system did not show a significant increasing trend with increasing atmospheric instability, and the bulk transfer coefficients did not change greatly with increasing wind velocity at 10 m.

关键词： eddy covariance permafrost atmospheric stability wind velocity

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Study on potential evapotranspiration and wet-dry condition in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2011年第2期3卷 172-178页

作者： huiGen He zeyong hu XueYi Xun Jun Sun Li Hao LiJiao Xu Wen Peng Nagqu Station of Plateau Climate and Environment Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China Chongqing Climate Center Chongqing 401147 China Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Meteorological Observatory Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010051 China Shaanxi Province Climate Center Xi ＇ an Shaanxi 710015 China

This study was based on the CEOP/CAMP-Tibet observed data at AWS （Automatic Weather Station） of MS3478 in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau from March 2007 to February 2008. The variation characteristics of PE （potential evapotransph＇ation） were analyzed based on the Penman-Monteith method recommended by FAO （the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- lions）. The contributions of dynamic, thermal and water factors to PE were discussed, and the wet-dry condition of the plateau region was further studied. The results indicated that daily PE was between 0.52 mm and 6.46 mm for the whole year. Monthly PE was over 107 mm from May to September, but decreased to less than 41 mm from November to February. Annual PE was 1,037.8mm. In the summer, thermal PE was significantly more than dynamic PE, but conversely in the winter. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern. In addition, drought and semi-drought climate lasted for a long time while semi-humid climate was short. The effect of water and dynamic factors on PE varied considerably with the seasons. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern.

关键词： northern Tibetan Plateau seasonal frozen soil region potential evapolranspimtion dynamic and thermal effects water factor wet -dry condition

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