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Quantification of Antibiotic Residues and Determination of Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Microorganisms Isolated from Bovine Milk in Lebanon

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Food and Nutrition sciences 2013年第7期4卷 1-9页

作者： Kassaify zeina Abi Khalil Pamela sleiman Fawwak Department of Animal and Veterinary sciences American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon. Department of Nutrition and Food sciences American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon

The rapid growth of dairy sectors in the Middle East, particularly in Lebanon, led to extensive use of antibiotics to enhance the health and productivity of animals. Prolonged usage may lead to antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin;hence, the emergence of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Accurate data on the antibiotic usage in livestock treatment, antibiotic residues and antimicrobial resistances in raw milk in Lebanon are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the types and usages of antibiotics in cattle, their residual levels and the potential microbial resistances in raw milk samples. A questionnaire-based survey identified Gentamicin and streptomycin as the most frequently used antibiotics. selected raw milk samples from main dairy farms were then analyzed in duplicate by quantitative ELIsA for the antibiotics residual levels. The mean residual levels of Gentamicin and streptomycin were 90 and 80 μg/L, respectively;which are below the allowable maximum residue limit of 200 μg/L as set by the FAO/WHO. staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli and total aerobic microorganisms isolated from the milk samples were then tested for resistance against Gentamicin and streptomycin by the disc agar diffusion method. All the s. aureus, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes isolates showed high resistance to Gentamicin. However, 95% of s. aureus, 60% of E. coli and 58% of L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to streptomycin. The obtained results provide evidence that antimicrobial resistant strains of the above pathogens have become remarkably widespread in raw milk. This requires better management for antibiotic usages among livestock farmers to control sources of food contamination and reduce the health risks associated with the development of resistant microbial strains.

关键词： Milk Antibiotics Residues Resistant Pathogens

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N-Acetyl Cysteine to Treat <i>Polygonum multiflorum</i>Hepatotoxicity: A Case Report

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Case Reports in Clinical Medicine 2021年第1期10卷 1-7页

作者： Musa s. ALfaifi Kassem A. Barada Ziad N. Kazzi zeina s. Mneimneh Eveline A. Hitti Maher A. Malaeb santina A. Mustapha Melissa H. Gittinger Emory University school of Medicine Atlanta USA American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon

Background: Polygonum multiflorum (brand name Fo-ti) is a Chinese herb used as an antioxidant, antiaging agent, and liver and kidney health. It can cause acute hepatotoxicity and even death. There is no published data... 详细信息

strong>Background:strong> Polygonum multiflorum (brand name Fo-ti) is a Chinese herb used as an antioxidant, antiaging agent, and liver and kidney health. It can cause acute hepatotoxicity and even death. There is no published data on the effectiveness of N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) as a sole effective therapy. strong>Case:strong> A 23-year-old, healthy male, presented with jaundice and malaise of one-month duration. He had been taking a Chinese herb named Fo-Ti for 2 months. Physical examination revealed jaundice, with no stigmata of chronic liver disease. His laboratory results showed transaminitis with markedly elevated transaminases. Testings for infectious and autoimmune causes were unremarkable. The patient was admitted to the hospital. Fo-Ti was stopped and he was started on oral NAC as peroral protocol. He was discharged home on esomeprazole and oral NAC. He returned on the second day with worsening jaundice. He was readmitted and esomeprazole was discontinued. NAC was continued and his liver enzymes eventually improved. The supplement was tested by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry and measured the presence of emodin. strong>Discussion:strong> This case highlights the potential benefit of NAC as treatment of Polygonum multiflorum induced hepatotoxicity. The proposed mechanism of emodin induced liver injury is through disturbing glutathione metabolism in liver cells. This could explain the favorable response as NAC has the ability to replenish intracellular glutathione. strong>Conclusion:strong> Polygonum multiflorum use has been associated with severe and prolonged hepatotoxicity. Oral NAC should be considered in the treatment of these patients due to the favorable risk-benefit ratio.

关键词： Polygonum multiflorum N-Ace Tylcysteine Hepatotoxicity

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Extraction of Total Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Tannins from Grape Byproducts by Response surface Methodology. Influence of solid-Liquid Ratio, Particle size, Time, Temperature and solvent Mixtures on the Optimization Process

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Food and Nutrition sciences 2014年第4期5卷 397-409页

作者： Hiba N. Rajha Nada El Darra zeina Hobaika Nadia Boussetta Eugene Vorobiev Richard G. Maroun Nicolas Louka Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche UR TVA Faculté des Sciences Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth Lebanon Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche UR TVA Faculté des Sciences Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth Lebanon UTC/EsCOM EA 4297 TIMR Département de Génie des Procédés Industriels Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable Université de Technologie de Compiègne Centre de Recherche de Royallieu Compiègne France. UTC/EsCOM EA 4297 TIMR Département de Génie des Procédés Industriels Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable Université de Technologie de Compiègne Centre de Recherche de Royallieu Compiègne France.

The current work concerns the optimization process of phenolic compounds solid liquid extraction from grape byproducts at high temperatures and short incubation times. The effect of five experimental parameters (solidliquid ratio, particle size, time, temperature and solvent mixture) mostly believed to affect the extraction process was undertaken. A first response surface methodology experimental design was used to optimize the solid-liquid ratio and milling time parameters. A second design was used for the optimization of the quantitative and qualitative parameters. The quantitative parameters studied are: total phenolic compounds, flavonoid content, total monomeric anthocyanin composition and tannin concentration. The qualitative parameters analyzed are: antiradical activity and antioxidant capacity. The second design was based on the use of time, temperature and solvent mixture as optimization parameters. The assays were first conducted separately revealing the best experimental conditions for the maximization of each response variable alone. A simultaneous response surface methodology of all the responses taken together was then conducted, showing the optimal extraction conditions to be: 93 minutes at 94?C and in 66% ethanol/water solvent. The maximal response values obtained for each parameter are: Total Phenolic Compounds yield (5.5 g GAE/100g DM), Flavonoid Content (5.4 g GAE/100g DM), Total Monomeric Anthocyanin yield (70.3 mg/100g DM), Tannin Concentration (12.3 g/L), Antiradical Activity (67.3%) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (393 mgAAE/L). All of the optimal values were acquired at 3 mL/g solid-liquid ratio and 6.8 min milling time. The obtained extracts could be used as natural bioactive compounds in several industrial applications.

关键词： Phenolic Compounds Grape Byproducts Extraction Optimization Response surface Methodology Antioxidant

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Multiple Response Optimization of High Temperature, Low Time Aqueous Extraction Process of Phenolic Compounds from Grape Byproducts

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Food and Nutrition sciences 2014年第4期5卷 351-360页

作者： Hiba N. Rajha Nicolas Louka Nada El Darra zeina Hobaika Nadia Boussetta Eugène Vorobiev Richard G. Maroun Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche UR TVA Faculté des Sciences Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth Lebanon Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche UR TVA Faculté des Sciences Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth Lebanon UTC/EsCOM EA 4297 TIMR Département de Génie des Procédés Industriels Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable Université de Technologie de Compiègne Centre de Recherche de Royallieu Compiègne France. UTC/EsCOM EA 4297 TIMR Département de Génie des Procédés Industriels Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable Université de Technologie de Compiègne Centre de Recherche de Royallieu Compiègne France

In this study phenolic compounds extraction from grape byproducts was conducted using pure water as a solvent. High temperatures and low time incubation periods were used in the aim of reducing the cost of the process and heightening the phenolic compounds yield. Response surface methodology (RsM) was realized to study the effect of time and temperature on crushed and uncrushed grape pomace. The phenolic content was evaluated considering the quantity (total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (FC), total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA) and tannins (TC)), and quality (antiradical activity (AA) and antioxidant capacity (AC)) of the extracts. High temperature low time extraction design used in this study was compared to the extraction process at moderate temperatures with relatively long periods of time. This was proved to ameliorate the quantitative extraction of phenolic compounds from grape pomace without affecting their bioactivity. Moreover, multiple response optimization showed the optimal extraction parameters to be 81?C and 140 minutes for the unmilled pomace samples, and 88?C and 5 minutes for the milled. TPC, FC, TMA, TC, AA and AC are almost the same for both optimums. Thus the possibility of replacing the milling process by the extraction time prolongation (for the unmilled pomace) of 135 minutes seems to be very plausible. HPLC analysis showed different quantity and diversity of extracted phenolics for the optimums. However this difference did not significantly affect the overall activity, showing that PC in the different extracts act in complete synergy all together leading to important biological properties. The obtained results using the extraction strategy adopted in this work could lead to several industrial applications.

关键词： Phenolic Compounds Grape Byproducts Optimization Aqueous Extraction Response surface Methodology

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CDX2 as a marker for intestinal differentiation: Its utility and limitations

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal surgery 2011年第11期3卷 159-166页

作者： Reda s saad zeina Ghorab Mahmoud A Khalifa Department of Pathobiology Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center University of Toronto

CDX2 is a nuclear homeobox transcription factor that belongs to the caudalrelated family of CDX homeobox genes. The gene encoding CDX2 is a nonclustered hexapeptide located on chromosome 13q12-13. Homeobox genes play an essential role in the control of normal embryonic development. CDX2 is crucial for axial patterning of the alimentary tract during embryonic development and is involved in the processes of intestinal cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and apoptosis. It is considered specif ic for enterocytes and has been used for the diagnosis of primary and metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. CDX2 expression has been reported to be organ specif ic and is normally expressed throughout embryonic and postnatal life within the nuclei of epithelial cells of the alimentary tract from the proximal duodenum to the distal rectum. In this review, the authors elaborate on the diagnostic utility of CDX2 in gastrointestinal tumors and other neoplasms with intestinal differentiation. Limitations with its use as the sole predictor of a gastrointestinal origin of metastatic carcinomas are also discussed.

关键词： CDX2 Colorectal carcinoma Aberrant expression

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